Protestant Catholic Conflict from the Reformation to the Twenty-first Century

Protestant Catholic Conflict from the Reformation to the Twenty-first Century

Also by John Wolffe THE EXPANSION OF EVANGELICALISM: The Age of Wilberforce, More, Chalmers and Finney GOD AND GREATER BRITAIN: Religion and National Life in Britain and Ireland 1843 1945 GREAT DEATHS: Grieving, Religion and Nationhood in Victorian and Edwardian Britain THE PROTESTANT CRUSADE IN GREAT BRITAIN 1829 1860 A SHORT HISTORY OF GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM (with Mark Hutchinson)

Protestant Catholic Conflict from the Reformation to the Twenty-first Century The Dynamics of Religious Difference Edited by John Wolffe Professor of Religious History, The Open University

Selection, chapters 1 and 10 and editorial matter John Wolffe 2013 Remaining chapters Contributors 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-28972-8 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-45023-7 ISBN 978-1-137-28973-5 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781137289735 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13

Contents Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors vi vii 1 Exploring the History of Protestant Catholic Conflict 1 John Wolffe 2 Europe s Wars of Religion and their Legacies 22 Mark Greengrass 3 Eighteenth-Century English Anti-Catholicism: Contexts, Continuity, and Diminution 46 Colin Haydon 4 The Longue Durée of German Religious Conflict? 71 Helmut Walser Smith 5 Religious Conflict in Ulster, c. 1780 1886 101 Andrew R. Holmes 6 Sectarianism and Evangelicalism in Birmingham and Liverpool, 1850 2010 132 Philomena Sutherland 7 The Catholic Danger : Liberal Theology and Anti-Catholicism in Sweden 166 Yvonne Maria Werner 8 Protestant Catholic Conflict in the United States: The Cases of John F. Kennedy and Ronald W. Reagan 188 Thomas J. Carty 9 The Dynamics of Religious Difference in Contemporary Northern Ireland 219 John Bell 10 Conclusion: Beyond Protestant Catholic Conflict? 249 John Wolffe Index 272 v

Acknowledgements This book has been enabled as part of a project on Protestant Catholic Conflict: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Realities, funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council and the Economic and Social Research Council, as an Ideas and Beliefs Fellowship awarded to me under the Research Councils UK Global Uncertainties programme. In particular the grant enabled the contributors to meet together for a three-day symposium in Milton Keynes in May 2011, enabling the refinement and development of the individual chapters and the discussion of connecting themes and concepts. The aspiration is to present accessible expert assessments of the past, recent and contemporary experience of this particular form of religious tension and conflict, to inform both historical understanding and analysis of present-day legacies and comparisons. I should like to thank the funders for making the project possible, and the contributors for their consistently enthusiastic and helpful participation in a most stimulating and enjoyable enterprise. Other participants in the symposium Rehman Anwer, Marion Bowman, Richard Farnell, David Herbert, Neil Jarman and Stewart J. Brown made many valuable contributions to discussion. Above all, I am grateful for Philomena Sutherland s essential assistance in organizational as well as academic matters. John Wolffe The Open University, Milton Keynes July 2012 vi

Notes on Contributors John Bell was educated at Queen s University Belfast and is now Research Officer at the Institute for Conflict Research in Belfast, where he carried out the Northern Ireland-based research for the Protestant Catholic Conflict: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Realities project. His previous work with ICR includes Parades and Protests: An Annotated Bibliography (2007), contributions to an 18-month qualitative study of the impact of sectarianism and segregation in people s everyday lives and routines (2008) and the Community Relations Council-funded The Troubles aren t History yet research project which examined young people s perceptions of Irish historical events. Thomas Carty was educated at Holy Cross College and the University of Connecticut and is now Associate Professor of American Studies and History and Chair of the Social Sciences Department at Springfield College, Massachusetts. He is the author of A Catholic in the White House? Religion, Politics, and John F. Kennedy s Presidential Campaign (2008) and Backwards, in High Heels: Faith Whittlesey, Ronald Reagan s Madam Ambassador in Switzerland and the West Wing (2012). Mark Greengrass is Emeritus Professor of Early Modern History at the University of Sheffield, and Honorary Fellow of the Department of History, University of Warwick. In 2011, when he wrote this contribution, he was Senior External Research Fellow at FRIAS, the Institute for Advanced Studies at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau. He has recently completed vol. 5 of the Penguin History of Europe (A Disintegrating Christendom) which will appear in 2013, and is currently working on a study of communication and information in early-modern France. Colin Haydon was educated at the University of Oxford and is currently Reader in Early Modern History at the University of Winchester. He is the author of Anti-Catholicism in Eighteenth-Century vii

viii Notes on Contributors England c. 1714 80 (1994) and John Henry Williams (1747 1829), Political Clergyman : War, the French Revolution, and the Church of England (2007). He edited, with John Walsh and Stephen Taylor, The Church of England c. 1689 c. 1833: From Toleration to Tractarianism (1993). Andrew Holmes was educated at Queen s University Belfast and the University of St Andrews, and has been Lecturer in Modern Irish History at Queen s University Belfast since 2006. He is the author of The Shaping of Ulster Presbyterian Belief and Practice 1770 1840 (2006) and co-editor of Protestant Millennialism, Evangelicalism and Irish Society, 1790 2005 (2006) and Revising Burns and Ulster: Literature, Religion and Politics c 1770 1920 (2009). Helmut Walser Smith is Martha Rivers Ingram Professor of History at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. His books include German Nationalism and Religious Conflict 1870 1914 (1995), The Butcher s Tale: Murder and Anti-Semitism in a German Town (2002), The Continuities of German History: Nation, Religion and Race across the Long Nineteenth Century (2008), and, as editor, The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History. Philomena Sutherland completed her PhD at the Open University in 2010, focusing on evangelicalism, intra-protestant relations and anti-catholicism in Londonderry in the second half of the nineteenth-century. Since then she has been Research Associate in Religious Studies at the Open University, working on the Protestant Catholic Conflict: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Realities project. Yvonne-Maria Werner is Professor of History at the University of Lund, and the author of numerous works in Swedish on Scandinavian Catholicism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Her publications in English include two recent edited collections Christian Masculinity: Men and Religion in Northern Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries (2011) and (with Jonas Harvard) European Anti-Catholicism in a Comparative and Transnational Perspective (2013).

Notes on Contributors ix John Wolffe is Professor of Religious History at the Open University and also from 2009 to 2012 Ideas and Beliefs Fellow on the Research Councils UK Global Uncertainties research programme. He is the author of numerous publications on anti-catholicism and Protestant evangelicalism, including The Protestant Crusade in Great Britain, 1829 1860 (1991) and (with Mark Hutchinson) A Short History of Global Evangelicalism (2012).