OTTOMAN EMPIRE Learning Goal 1: Explain what was significant about the organization of the Ottoman Empire and describe the impact the Ottomans had on global trade. (TEKS/SE s 1D,7D)
STUDY THE MAP WHAT EMPIRE WAS HERE BEFORE? WHAT CITIES DO YOU RECOGNIZE? WHAT RELIGION/RELIGIONS?
THE OTTOMANS Ottomans: Turks from Central Asia -Rulers of the ISLAMIC world in the 13 th century Known for: -Great horseman -Great warriors -Hired as mercenaries or military contractors for the Caliphs -Mongol Invasions pushed the Turks further west AWAY from Mongolia -End of the 13 th century -Turks set up their first empire in the region (Seljuk Empire) which eventually fell to the Mongol invaders
BYZANTINE EMPIRE WEAKENS 4 th crusade 1202-1204 Western European Crusaders attack and loot Constantinople Beginning of the end of the Byzantine Empire
OTTOMAN RISE TO POWER 1299 Osman I: Founder of the Ottoman empire Warrior Chief Unites Turks & begins conquest in Anatolia (Turkey) Takes land from Byzantine Empire Ruled 1299-1324 Rulers of the Ottoman empire became known as SULTANS Osman gave his name to the empire (in Arabic, Osman is spelled Othman, and the Venetians were unable to pronounce the th and pronounced the term Ottoman
THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE 1453 Mehmet II (Mehmet the Conqueror) 1453 Captured Constantinople Siege lasted 8 months Emperor of Byzantine Empire plead for help from European Christians - no response. Fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Byzantine Empire* 1453 Turks conquered the city of Constantinople making it their capital and renaming it Istanbul* Istanbul becomes capital city of the Ottoman Empire The Sultan and his lavish court ruled the entire empire from the capital city Sultan Mehmet II's entry into Constantinople, painting by Fausto Zonaro
THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE
GROWTH OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE Under Mehmet II & successors the Empire continued to expand Took control of the Eastern Mediterranean Ottoman Empire is center of trade between Europe & Asia* Ottomans now the Middle-Men of global trade Reunited most of the Muslim world under their rule after Mongol rule*
HEIGHT OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1526 Suleiman I (Suleiman the Magnificent) - r. 1520-1566 Under Suleiman the Ottoman Empire reached its height By 1526 had conquered Balkans, Greece, Hungary, & almost captured Vienna By the mid 1600 s Ottomans ruled an empire nearly the size of the Roman Empire
ORGANIZATION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE THE JANISSARIES Janissaries: soldiers of an elite group of Ottoman troops who were paid for their service - Superior training - Recruiting system called the devshirme, or boy-tribute system. * - conguered areas would be trained as soliders* - Once recruited and converted to Islam they were trained and educated* - They were looked at carefully and then placed in certain positions within the army - Well taken care of led to little rebellion
MILLETS Millet: community of non-muslims organized by religion and/or ethnicity with in the Ottoman Empire -Millets handled religious issues and kept detailed records -Millets helped to reduce conflict between different religious groups * -Conversion to Islam wasn t encouraged because the taxes on non- Muslims were so valuable
GUILDS Guilds: groups of artisans who produce the same goods (ex: baker, shoemaker) Role: -Distributed material -Set price -Cared for members -The guilds regulated the quality and price of manufactured goods
OTTOMAN IMPACTS ON TRADE -Ottomans were the middlemen in the trade* - They facilitated a large trade network that dominated Istanbul and controlled overland trade routes -the Ottomans were happy to stay and collect customs -Europeans wanted to find their own roads and trade routes to avoid going through and paying taxes to the Ottomans*
DECLINE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE After Suleiman the Magnificent died the Empire went into gradual decline 1571 Battle of Lepanto 1 st major defeat for the Ottomans 1683 failed to capture Vienna again Ottoman was no longer Invincibility Battle of Lepanto Also: Govt. corruption & mismanagement Economic problems Europeans had discovered new sea routes to go around the Ottomans (no longer the middle man!)
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE RISE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Causes Turks had been brought in by the Abbasids as mercenaries. They gained military strength and political power, especially after the Mongols were no longer a threat. At the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Turks obliterated a weakened Byzantine power in eastern Anatolia. By the end of the 13 th century, a weak Byzantium left Anatolia open for invasion, but the real push was to get out of the way of the Mongols who were finally turned back at the Battle of Ayn Jalut. In 1453 the Turks conquered the city of Constantinople making it their capital and renaming it Istanbul. Osman gave his name to the empire (in Arabic, Osman is spelled Othman,the Venetians were unable to pronounce the th and pronounced the term Ottman). Effects The Turks developed a very unique and effective system of administration (devshirme), a military structure (janisarries) that lasted until 1922. The multiethnic state was also organized around a religious structure (millet) that ensured against conflicts between Muslims and other religious groups. Controlling Anatolia and Constantinople put the Ottomans at the crossroads of overland trade routes and the Ottomans acted as middle men to support this trade. The Ottomans reaffirmed the power of the Muslim World (after the devastation by the Mongols). The Fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Post-Classical era and the Turkish nomadic ways ended.
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