Deshima, known as Dejima in Japanese, was a small artificial island in Nagasaki Bay (approximately 150 feet by 500 feet) on the southwestern Japanese island of Kyushu. From 1641 to 1845, Deshima served as the sole conduit of trade between Europe and Japan, and during the period of self-imposed Japanese seclusion (approximately 1639-1854) was Japan's only major link to the European world. Closed Country Edicts 1635 and 1639 POV?
1. Examine the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent. How large of an empire did he conquer? How was he able to build an empire that large? How powerful and wealthy was he? Discuss the magnificence of his court. 2. The Mughal conqueror Babur wrote that India is a country of few charms. If this is so, why did Babur conquer it? Compare and contrast motives for conquest of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals. Do states need a driving force? Explain. What happens if they lost it? Choose one example from the other Societies that we ve studied to support your response. 3. Examine the role of trade in the success of the Ottoman and Safavid empires. How wealthy were these empires? How did this reliance on trade leave them susceptible? 4. Examine the rise and spread of the Ottoman Empire. What factors allowed for its success? What would later lead to its decline? 5. Compare and contrast the cities of Istanbul and Isfahan. In what ways did Istanbul capture the grandeur grandeur of Constantinople? How important was Isfahan to the Islamic world? Was Isfahan worth worth its Description of being half the world? Explain.
Chapter 27: The Islamic Empires Ottomans: 1289-1923: wanted to be ghazis Safavids: 1501-1629: champions of Shiism Mughals: 1523-1707: soldiers of fortune
The Islamic Empires: Similarities: All used gunpowder. All developed bureaucracies from steppe traditions (military) All developed similar, strong, agrarian economic policies. (Coffee and tobacco mainstays of social life) All developed ambivalence to global trade over time (rarely left borders of their own empires/no ambassadors) All shared similar model for conquered peoples (status of protected people) All sought ways to maintain harmony among religious and ethnic groups (in exchange for loyalty and taxes, groups retained personal freedoms) Legitimacy of their regime was seen by their people in the efforts of their rulers to secure public welfare, support literacy and the arts All supported empires based on Muslim traditions/islam/ Holy war to extend their faith All three empires supported arts and public works: mosques, palaces, schools, hospitals, etc. Internal tensions characterized all three empires when religious conservatives abandoned policies of tolerance (Muslim clerics became offended by syncretic religions) All supported limits on foreign influence All had populations that were religiously/ ethnically diverse All generally did not expend energy on industrialization or on the development of military technology (too disruptive/ threaten stability) All believed women should not play active role in politics or public affairs but did allow them to play important advisory roles and were well respected (example: Chabi) All declined due to high cost of maintaining administrative/military apparatus (fine when expansion took place and could tax/ difficult with no expansion) All three empires were strong 16th Century but weakened by the mid 17th Century All three were plagued with problems of succession/ administrative incompetence
Ottoman Empire (1289-1923) Life and Death?? Ibrahim the Crazy: his own officials deposed and assassinated him
Osmen Bey (1289), Mehmed II the Conqueror (1451-1481) Suleyman the Magnificent (1520-1566) Devshirme? Janissaries? Political control through edicts/taxes
Siege of Chaldiran: 1514
Painting finished in 1584 by the famous Turkish miniaturist Mohammed bey of the 1456 Turkish attack on Belgrade, led by Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror (in the center of the painting, with white turban); the bombing of the city by cannons; European army on the walls, calmly awaiting invasion forces; and, at the end - organized withdrawal of the Turkish army (lower right corner). In the river Sava (and on the ground) are depicted numerous corpses; in the river (middle of the right part) a bow of a Hungarian army boat can be seen. During the siege, all necessities and food were transported into the city by boat, which was the main reason for the failure of the siege. Finally captured by Suleyman the Magnificent 1521.
Siege of Vienna: 1529
Europe is soooooo backward! Ottoman Empire: Suleyman the Magnificent Agrarian economy/ coffee-tobacco/ trade alliances
Mosque: Suleyman the Magnificent
Osmen Bey (1289), Mehmed II the Conqueror (1451-1481) Suleyman the Magnificent (1520-1566) (unbroken succession) of Ottoman rule Sunni Muslims Mehmed and Suleyman promoted Ottoman expansion absolute monarchy (early sultans very active- later vizars took more control) strong centralized state via religious warriors (ghazi)/ gunpowder Conquered the former Byzantine Empire (Istanbul)1453 strong military/ strong navy (Suleyman): threatened Vienna 1529 (as the empire expanded into the Balkans) Christian boys were enslaved (devshirme) and used as slave troops (janisseries) utilized concepts of protected peoples (dhimmi), millet and jizya tolerant of multi-ethnic empire empire included Muslims and Christians -------------------------------------------------- Ottoman Empire (1289-1923) Decline: political corruption, Janisseries rebel, insecurity, religious tension, economic disputes (costly unproductive wars with Hapsburgs), lost control of Mediterranean to Spain (Battle of Lepanto 1571), rejection of Western influence, cultural insularity weakened empire by late 18 th century Happily adopted gunpowder technology but drew little inspiration from the European religion, science or ideas Printing Press?? Role of calligraphy here?? Population growth (1500) 9 m (1800) 24 million Autonomous Religious communities When empires stopped expandingno wealth from taxes or plundergovernment was no longer supported
The Safavid Empire 1501-1629 CE Isfahan is half the world The first Safavid king was Ismail, who came from Azerbaijan to conquer Persia. Isfahan Mosque Shah Abbas the Great defeated the Uzbeks
Life and Death?? The Safavid Empire 1501-1629 CE Shah Ishmail I Ishmail s father ordered The wearing of the red hats
Persian Ambassadors (policy of Shah Abbas) being greeted in Venice, 1599
Shah Abbas II receiving European diplomats
Their imagination is animated, quick and fruitful. Their memory is free and prolific. They are very favorably drawn to the sciences, the liberal and mechanical arts. Their temperament is open and leans towards sensual pleasure and self-indulgence, which makes them pay little attention to economy or business. The Persians are the most civilized of the peoples of the East, and what the French are to Europe, they are to the Orient... Their bearing and countenance is the bestcomposed, mild, serious, impressive, genial and welcoming as far as possible. They never fail to perform at once the appropriate gestures of politeness when meeting each other... They are the most wheedling people in the world, with the most engaging manners, the most supple spirits and a language that is gentle and flattering, and devoid of unpleasant terms but rather full of circumlocutions. Persian miniature: Safavid polo match
The Safavid Empire 1501-1629 CE Shah Ismail (1501-1524): used propaganda to claim power (Claimed Title of SHAH) Persia and Mesopotamia Hidden imam Shiia Muslims/ imposed Twelve Shiism on formerly Sunni populations Twelve Shiism ("red hats : qizilbash) (distinguish from Ottomans and Mughals who were Sunnis)(Shiites never had a unified political base until NOW) no navy or military (gunpowder/firearms initially considered unmanly) Battle of Chaldiran 1514 vs. Ottomans= devastating loss to Safavids empire included mostly Muslims/ Prospered through TRADE tolerant: employed millet system Shah Abbas I (the Great) (1588-1629): revival of empire * moved capital to Isfahan/encouraged trade/reformed administration/reformed military * increased use of gunpowder/ strengthened army * sought alliances with Europeans against the Ottomans * attacked Uzbeks, Portuguese, Ottomans * NW Iran, Caucasus and Mesopotamia under his rule DECLINE: Economic woes Sunni v Shia Fell under control of conservative clerics Abbas succession fears (blinded son, killed likely Successors ) Empire destroyed in 1722: costly wars with Mesopotamia/ shut out of trade b/c of expansion of European maritime ventures Afghans seized the capital/cannibalism/ shah abdicated the throne in 1736
Mughal "Mongol" Empire (1523-1707) Akbar: 5000 Army: 40,000 Claimed descent through Tamerlane Babur (1523-1530) loosely knit empire by time of his death Akbar (1556-1605) (threw Adham Khan out the window!) Aurangzeb (1659-1707) (expanded the empire to the South) India: by early 18th C controlled Indian sub-continent empire ruled mostly non-muslims (mostly Hindus) "divine faith": monotheism that glorified the emperor (syncretism) drew heavily from Islam/ Sufi teachings no navy or merchant fleet/ not that interested in trade (+agric) Permitted trade stations for English, French and Dutch (taxed them) no millet: Akbar outlawed jizya Population growth (1500) 105 m (1800) 190 million Akbar: brilliant, thoughtful, supported religion and philosophy Aurangzeb: imposed tax on Hindus, no tolerance, religious tensions between Hindus and Mulsims, empire expanded deep into southern India, deposed Shah Jahan (Taj Mahal) and sent him to prison Akbar: supported Sikh faith = Hinduism and Islam DECLINE: costly war with southern India/resistant to the West/ religious intolerance=tension between Hindus and Muslims
Akbar the Great: 1556-1605
Shah Jahan: 20,000 workers 18 years
The name comes from the shape of a throne, having the figures of two peacocks standing behind it, their tails being expanded and the whole so inlaid with sapphires, rubies, emeralds, pearls and other precious stones of appropriate colors as to represent life, created for the Mughal Badshah Shah Jahan of India in the 17th century, which was in his imperial capital Delhi's Public audience hall.
In the allegorical painting on the left, from about 1615, the emperor Jahangir visits with the head of the Chisty order, Shaikh Husain Ajmeri, while the Ottoman sultan, King James I of England, and the painter Bichitr wait their turn. A Persian inscription in the painting s border relates that, although kings stand waiting before him, the emperor turns to religious men for guidance.
Sunni Ali Olaudah Equino King Afonso I Middle Passage Kingdom of Kongo Triangle Trade Creoles Maroons Queen Nzinga African Diaspora Manchu Kangxi Qianlong Tokugawa Shogunate Scholar bureaucrats Matteo Ricci Daimyo Samurai Deshima Nagasaki Forbidden City Native Learning Dutch Learning Bakufu Neo-Confucianism "Son of Heaven Mehmed the Conqueror Suleyman the Magnificent Akbar Babur Janisseries Ottomans Safavids Mughals Shah Jahan Osman Shah Abbas the Great Taj Mahal Isfahan Istanbul Divine Faith
1. Examine the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent. How large of an empire did he conquer? How was he able to build an empire that large? How powerful and wealthy was he? Discuss the magnificence of his court. 2. The Mughal conqueror Babur wrote that India is a country of few charms. If this is so, why did Babur conquer it? Compare and contrast motives for conquest of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals. Do states need a driving force? Explain. What happens if they lost it? Choose one example from the other Societies that we ve studied to support your response. 3. Examine the role of trade in the success of the Ottoman and Safavid empires. How wealthy were these empires? How did this reliance on trade leave them susceptible? 4. Examine the rise and spread of the Ottoman Empire. What factors allowed for its success? What would later lead to its decline? 5. Compare and contrast the cities of Istanbul and Isfahan. In what ways did Istanbul capture the grandeur grandeur of Constantinople? How important was Isfahan to the Islamic world? Was Isfahan worth worth its Description of being half the world? Explain.
1450-1750 CE
Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal?