Boat Song. This song is one of the many songs that written about the Jacobite Rebellion of

1 Speed bonnie boat, like a bird on a wing. Onward the sailors cry. Carry the lad, that s born to be king, over the sea to Skye. (Skye n.d). This is the first line of the chorus of the Skye Boat Song. This song is one of the many songs that written about the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745, but it is one of the most famous.it talks about a romanticized event that occurred after the Rebellion where Prince Charles Edward Stuart or Bonnie Prince Charlie, escaped after the final battle and was helped by a woman named Flora MacDonald.(Maclean 1988). This event has become part of Scottish culture and is romanticized in music.this song has also been rewritten by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. There are works of literature and music that have a basis on either the events of the Rebellion or the people who were involved in the Rebellion. It is not just the culture that was affected by the Rebellion, but there was a political effect that mainly happened in Scotland while the pretty much no real effects that occurred in England. To understand the effects that the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745 had on both the politics and culture in Scotland and England, it is important to know what exactly happened during the Rebellion, like its battles, causes, and the aftermath. Also, with knowing the biographies of the leading players of the Rebellion and the most famous writers who have associations with making favorite stories about the Rebellion. Using this information, I will show how the events of the Jacobite Rebellion had affected the politics in Scotland, and then I will discuss how the Rebellion made its mark on the culture mainly in literature and music. I will also compare how it is seen in culture in comparison to reality. My research question is how did the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745 affect the politics and culture of Scotland. The Jacobite Rebellion had very adverse effects on politics in Scotland, mostly through the laws passed by the British, but

2 caused a significant influence in culture mainly through the writing of Scottish writers and Scottish music. The question that I asked for my research paper was how did the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745 affect Scotland and England, politically and culturally. I did research about the Rebellion, and I found plenty of sources to answer my question. When I read and analyzed my sources, I was able to divide them into three schools of thought. The three schools of thought are biographies which are important during the Rebellion and biographies of important figures who play wrote literature about the Rebellion, the literature which talks about the Rebellion and how the Rebellion affects other people either culturally especially in identity. The final school of thought is the history of the Rebellion which includes the battles and the reasons of the Rebellion and the aftermath of the Rebellion. The first school of thought of my sources is the biographies about famous people in the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745.My first three sources focus on the two most important players in the Jacobite Rebellion.These three sources are The Life and Times of Prince Charles Edward Stuart by Alexander Ewald, Bonnie Prince Charlie by Fitzroy Maclean and the website Undiscovered Scotland biography of the Duke of Cumberland.I have two sources which are books that focus on the leading Scottish player, Charles Edward Stuart or Bonnie Prince Charlie. The other source is about Prince William, the Duke of Cumberland, he was one of the main English players, and they were like foils. These resources will help to tell about the events of the Rebellion which will lead to its effects on the politics and culture of Scotland. These three sources can compare the two people, and it will see how they are viewed throughout history. I also used biographies of two writers who wrote books that romanticized the Jacobite Rebellion.

3 These two authors are Sir Walter Scott, and Robert Louis Stevenson and both of these writers were Scottish and would write books that took place in old Scotland. I used the websites Biographical Sketch of Sir Walter Scott and Life of Robert Louis Stevenson.These two will help with my question because learning about the background of the writers will contribute to understanding why they wrote books about the Rebellion and what their impact was. The second school of thought for my sources is focused on the literature that is written about the Jacobite Rebellion. The sources I used were the articles We are Five and Forty: Meter and National Identity in Sir Walter Scott by Jack Kerkering, The Rehabilitation of Scottish Jacobitism by Colin Kidd and a website Jacobites.net. This section does not talk about the authors that wrote about the Jacobite Rebellion but talks about what kind of ideas came out of the literature of the Rebellion. Many of the literature associated with the rebellion would mainly focus on the romanticizing of the Rebellion and the idea that it is a central part of the Scottish identity. This usually talks about the author Sir Walter Scott since he wrote about the Rebellion mainly through his works and poetry. The romanticizing of the Rebellion also exists in songs like the Skye Boat Songs which tells the story of Bonnie Prince Charlie s escape. This will help answer my question because literature and music is an important part of culture and history can affect the culture that a country has. It also shows how the effect of the Rebellion has lasted even into the eighteen hundred and beyond mainly culturally. The final school of thought is the history of the Rebellion. The two sources I used were the book Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion by Jacqueline Riding and the website The Jacobite Revolts: Chronology.The one source talks about the Rebellion from the beginning and the reasons behind the Rebellion to the defeat and escape of Prince Charles and

4 the British repercussions to Scotland. The other source talks about a timeline of the important events of the Rebellion. This will help answer my question because knowing the history of the Rebellion will contribute to see the most important political effects of Scotland and Britain after the Rebellion and why the Rebellion took place. Also, it will help see important events and people which will serve as the background of novels and other cultural aspects of Scotland. What I learned from my research is that the Jacobite Rebellion had some significant effects on the politics in Britain and Scotland and also the culture mostly in Scotland. The political effects in Scotland were more negative than in Britain, however, years after the Rebellion the culture of Scotland became more connected to the Rebellion. These three schools of thought will help answer my question because two of the schools of thought will contribute to showing the more political effects of the Jacobite Rebellion and what exactly happened during the Rebellion. The knowledge of what occurred during the Rebellion will help set up the background for cultural changes in Scotland and Britain. The other school of thought also talk about how literature and music were affected by Rebellion and how some writers put a lot of focus on the Jacobite Rebellion. I am going to add to the knowledge of the Jacobite Rebellion hopefully is comparing how the real life is different from the portrayal in songs and literature, specifically the portrayal of Prince Charles Edward Stuart. Approach for the research paper is qualitative because since the paper is focused on history and culture, so numbers and charts do not play an important part of the paper. For this reason, quantitative research is not necessary for my particular paper mainly because it is mostly focused on a narrative and not so much on numbers and statistics. This approach will be sufficient to answering the question because I will start by researching the history of the Jacobite

5 Rebellion of 1745 because it is important to understand the history of the rebellion to find how it would affect the culture and the politics after the rebellion. I am going to use secondary sources to collect information for the research paper. I will use books, two of the books based on biographies and another book that tells the events of the rebellion from the battles to the reasons and the aftermath. I also use scholarly journals that talk about the connection between literature and the rebellion and how newspapers played a role in the rebellion. I also used websites which are also used for biographies of a major player and authors. I also used websites to talk about other aspects of Scottish culture like music. I intend to analyze the information I found by looking at the aftermath of the Rebellion and the literature that was inspired by the Rebellion and connecting those to the people and events that occurred during the Rebellion and how much the events of the Rebellion played a part of shaping the literature and music. I picked the countries of Scotland and England because both of these countries had fought each other and the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745 was one of the many times that Britain and Scotland fought against each other even after they were united. However, the Jacobite Rebellion is the most modern and many of the visuals of what it means to be Scottish and its cultural effects are still seen in Scotland. The possible limitations of collecting data are that it might be hard to find how the Jacobite Rebellion affected the culture and politics in Britain because a lot of the cultural aspects of literature and music are mostly based in Scotland, and the English do not seem to have as many cultural items that talk about the Rebellion.Also through the research, people can learn how something that could be so violent and two countries that are so close together, can have an effect on culture even when they are united. This is a limitation because I want to show both sides of the consequences of the Rebellion, not just talk about the

6 effects in Scotland. I want to continue to pursue this question because I think that I can find information about the effects in England but I just have to look harder because they are not as easy to find. Before one talks about the effects of the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745, it is important to know the reasons why the Rebellion place and what happened during the Rebellion. The Rebellion happened because of religion differences and a power struggle between distant relatives, and essentially the Rebellion was between the Catholic Stuarts and the Protestant Hanoverians. The seeds of the Rebellion began in 1688 when the Catholic, English King, James the Second was forced to flee to France due to the Glorious Revolution, which deposed him from the English Crown. (Riding,2016). The male line of the Stuart king became established in France but wanted to try to reclaim the united crown of England and Scotland. This rebellion attempt happened after the death of Queen Anne who was the daughter of James the Second, and she died without any children in 1714, the Stuart bloodline through James the Second's son, James Francis Edward, was passed over because he was Catholic. Riding told how the "Catholics had been excluded from the succession in England and Scotland since 1701 and 1704 respectfully."(riding,2016). For this reason, the Hanoverians, who were Germans who were from a small German electorate, called Hanover and they were Protestant. The Jacobite Rebellion of 1745 was not the first Rebellion to try and put the Stuarts back onto the throne of England and Scotland.There was one in 1715 which was meant to put James Francis Stuart on the throne, but it failed and even lead to James Francis Stuart being cut off from contact with France and would live in Italy.(Maclean,1988). However, there would be a new gleam of hope for the Jacobite cause, which would come in the form of Prince Charles Edward Stuart, the son

7 of Prince James Francis Stuart, and would bring the Stuart line to the closest it has been to the English throne since King James the Second. Prince Charles Edward Stuart was born on Dec 31, 1720, and was the son of James Francis Stuart and Princess Clementina Maria Sobieski.(Maclean 1988) Prince Charles was raised mostly in Italy, and even when he was born, he was painted in a negative light by an English agent in Rome, when he reported to the King. He described the Prince as having a congenital disability in his legs and that he was not threat, specifically that he would not live long. But not content with informing the government that the young hope of the Stuarts was deformed and doomed to an early grave. (Ewald,1883). This statement was quite the opposite of the truth because Prince Charles grew up being very athletic and when he was older was described as being somewhat handsome. Good-looking, amiable and endowed with social qualities which, had he not been a prince, would have been in themselves a recommendation, we are not surprised to learn from Walton s letters that Charles was a welcomed guest in Roman society. (Ewald,1883). Prince Charles was not exactly like the man that Walton described when the Prince was in the cradle but would end up posing a threat that was not initially believed to be present when he thought of as deformed. When Prince Charles was twenty-four, he arrived in Scotland, and the first major event was on August 19, 1745, in the city of Glenfinnan. (Maclean 1988).It was here where Catholic, Highland Clans like the MacDonalds would raise the Prince s standard and have his father named as King James the Third of England and James the Eighth of Scotland. This is where the Rebellion officially began even with a declaration of war with King George the Second of England." Atholl read out the commission from King James appointing Charles Regent and then

8 a manifesto which amounted to a declaration of war on the Elector of Hanover."(Maclean,1988). Shortly, after the declaring of the House of Stuart as King, Prince Charles entered Edinburgh and then left to travel to Perth and along the way the people would come out in support of Prince Charles. As Prince Charles described in a letter, I have their hearts, to a degree not to be easily conceived by those who did not see it."(maclean,1988). This quote shows how the people were to see the return of the Stuarts. Shortly after arriving in Perth, the first battle of the Rebellion happened. This battle was the Battle of Prestonpans on September 21, 1745, and it ended with a victory for the Jacobites, (Maclean 1988), and it leads to an advancement of the Jacobite Army further into England and would show how the Jacobites could defeat the British even with their lacking resources.the result of the battle was described as Charles's men had succeeded against a regular army that included artillery and cavalry- something the Jacobite army lacked"(riding,2016). With this victory under their belt, Prince Charles's army continued to move further south in England. The furthest the Jacobite get in England was in Derby, however, while they were only 150 miles from London, Charles called a council of war which advised him to go back up to Scotland. Charles did want to retreat up to Scotland. Charles discussed this decision as, In future, were his concluding words, I shall summon no more councils since I am accountable to nobody for my actions but God and my father"(maclean,1988). The other famous battle which was the Battle of Falkirk, which happened on January 17, 1746 (Riding 2016), and this fight also ended with a victory for the Jacobites, but it would be the last important one. For the crushing defeat of the Jacobite Rebellion came on the battlefield of Culloden Moor on April 16, 1746.(The Jacobite Revolt 2017) This fight would be a showdown between Prince Charles Edward Stuart and the second son of King George the Second, Prince William, the Duke of

9 Cumberland. This battle would be " the last major battle fought on British soil" (The Jacobite Revolt 2017 ). This battle shows how in certain conditions of the battlefield can help turn the fight because it was at Culloden where the Jacobites had the disadvantage due to the flat ground of the moor. Added to these terrible deficiencies, the ground they occupied was somewhat lower than that on which the English had formed,"(ewald,1883). Along with other disadvantages, the Jacobites met with their final defeat on Culloden Moor and Prince Charles Edward escaped the battlefield. This defeat would put an end to the Rebellion and the beginning of the British repercussions on the Highlanders. After the Battle of Culloden, Prince Charles had to escape Scotland and hopefully get back to the Continent because there was a price on his head. He found aid with a Scottish woman named Flora MacDonald, who helped Prince Charles escape to the Isle of Skye, dressed as a lady, named Betty Burke. Ewald described the escape in his book, Armed with these important documents, Miss Macdonald bade Niel conduct the Prince to Rosshinesss, where she would immediately join him with the clothes and provisions necessary for the flight"(ewald,1883). With this aid, Prince Charles was able to flee Scotland and travel to France. However, the Jacobites who were left behind in Scotland would not be as lucky as Prince Charlie. The Duke of Cumberland order his men to kill any of the Jacobites who tried to escape, were wounded or tried to surrender.(info 2000). It was for this reason he became known as a "Butcher Cumberland, " and one of the saddest stories involve a woman and her son who tried to help a wounded Jacobite. " For this friendly act, the woman was confined in a dungeon in such a position that she could neither sit nor lie down. Her son was brutally beaten by the soldiers of the Duke that he died within three days."(ewald,1883). The violence of the Duke of Cumberland was the quickest

10 repercussions for the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745, but the British Government would find a way through their policies to punish the Highlanders for their treason. The British Government would punish the Highlanders by taking away parts of their culture and their ways of protection. One of the laws that were passed after the Jacobite Rebellion was a ban of tartan or plaid. This law is in the Act of Proscription of 1746 and is known as the Dress Act of 1746. The act stated that " the wearing of Highland dress was prohibited. The official exception was within the British army, towards which Highland military fervor and prowess would now be channeled."(riding,2016). The wearing of Tartan for the Highlanders because it was traditional dress for the people who lived there. Another part of the Act of Proscription was the disarming of the Highlanders. The people who fought against the English were not allowed to store or carry weapons. "You must never expect to see a total end to the rebellious spirit of this country till the Highlanders are unclanned, undressed, effectively disarmed and taught to speak English."(Riding,2016). Another aspect of Highland culture that the British tried to take away would be something that most people think of when someone hears the name Scotland, Bagpipes. Since soldiers used bagpipes in battles, the British classified them as an instrument of war. One example of someone punished for playing Bagpipes was the Piper, James Reid. "The court came to a conclusion "no Highland regiment ever marched without a piper and therefore his bagpipes in the eyes of the law, was an instrument of warfare" (Bagpipe History n.d.). The English executed Reid for treason on 6th November 1746. The British took harsh actions to punish the Scottish Highlanders for taking up arms against King George the Second and supporting the Catholic Prince Charles or "The Young Pretender."

11 While there were some political consequences of the Jacobite Rebellion, but there were some cultural effects too, especially in literature and music that was inspired by the Jacobite Rebellion. Two primary authors wrote about the Jacobite Rebellion, and these two were the Scottish authors Sir Walter Scott and Robert Louis Stevenson. Sir Walter Scott, who lived from 15 August 1771 to 21 September 1832(Allingham 2014). He is known for writing historical novels, and a few of them took place during the Rebellion and others taking place either in Scotland during a different period or England. Some of his famous works are Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, and Red Gauntlet. Sir Walter Scott's first book was Waverley, and Scott published the novel in 1814. This book took place during the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745 and described as a novel concerns the romantic adventures of a young Englishman, Edward Waverley, in the Highlands"(Allingham 2014). This book, however, is not the only work of Scott's that takes place during the Rebellion, there were the books like Guy Mannering, The Astrologer and A Legend of Montrose.(Allingham 2014). It is through these novels; there is a formation of a Scottish identity through these works and while Scott did not want to seem anti-british but supported a real Scottish identity and would use demonstrate that through his books and his poems."such a composite self-a self who experiences the nation's history as his own memories shows Scott's reliance on poetry as the basis for his emerging vision of what it means to have Scottish national identity." (Kerkering,2001). Sir Walter Scott played a major part in the creation of a Scottish identity specifically based on the Jacobite Rebellion through his works like novels and poetry. Another notable author who wrote about the Jacobite Rebellion was Robert Louis Stevenson, who like Sir Walter Scott was a Scottish man. Stevenson lived from 13 November

12 1850 to 3 December 1894(Dury n.d.). He was known for such works as The Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Treasure Island and The Black Arrow (Dury n.d). He, however, wrote two books that are well known for their stories about the Jacobite Rebellion. These two works are Kidnapped and The Master of Ballantrae. These two stories, though taking place during the same period, these two books tell stories from different points of view of various people of the Rebellion. Kidnapped described the story of David Balfour, who ended up traveling through the Highlands with a Jacobite named Alan Breck Stewart, who was a real person.(stevenson 1959) While in the Master of Ballantrae, tells the story of two brothers who decide that one brother would join the Jacobites and the other would join the British to protect their estate.(stevenson 1965). These two stories, both of which I read tell a different point of view of the Jacobite Rebellion. In Kidnapped, it is after the Rebellion and Jacobites are being hunted down and there is a journey between a person who was loyal to the English king and a Jacobite and seeing their relationship. While in the Master of Ballantrae you see how people's relationships became divided because of the Rebellion. The Rebellion gave author s inspiration to tell stories that can focus on relationships and differences and can use both real and fictional characters to tell the story they want to tell. The Jacobite Rebellion also provided inspiration for songs, and these songs would be used to tell of the events or describe people who were part of the Rebellion. One of the most famous was the Skye Boat Song which describes the escape of Prince Charles after the Battle of Culloden with the aid of Flora MacDonald (Maclean,1988). While there is a version of the song that is more popular now which, the author is unknown, there were other people who wrote their version of this song. One example was a version written by Margaret Bean which includes the

13 line, "Fly, little boat, that our Prince may be free Over to loyal Skye."(Skye n.d). This line is not in the version of the song that most people hear. Another person who wrote a version of the song was Robert Louis Stevenson, which does explicitly mention Prince Charles or Flora MacDonald but keeps his lyrics vaguer but the spirit of the of the other songs is still present. One example would be the opening of Stevenson's song, "Sing me a song of a lad that is gone, Say, could that lad be I? Merry of soul he sailed on a day Over the sea to Skye."(Skye n.d). This song, no matter how many versions of this song exist, the Skye Boat Song, in general, has survived and has become part of traditional Scottish music. On the other hand, another hand a song called Ye Jacobites by Name written by Robert Burns.This song seems to be both a call to the Jacobites, but it also appears to be more of a criticism of the Jacobites because of this lyric, "Ye Jacobites by naming your faults I will proclaim Your doctrines I must blame, you shall hear (Gunn 1999).He describes how he will criticize the Jacobites more openly and is not a direct praise for the Jacobites. Another famous song was Loch Lomond, and while this song did not specifically mention the Jacobite Rebellion but believed vaguely about" two of Bonnie Prince Charlie's men were captured and left behind in Carlisle after the failed rising of 1745"(Songs n.d). It is shown in the chorus where the song describes going in different directions most likely meaning the death of one of the brothers. Oh ye'll tak' the high road and I ll tak the low road, and I ll be in Scotland before ye. (Songs n.d.)this is one of the interpretations of this song but is the most believed. Many other songs are about the Jacobite Rebellion, but these three are some of the most popular and show how much the Scotts like to tell about the Rebellion through song. Since there were real people became immortalized in either literature or song or both, it is important to learn about how different people portray them. Specifically, the man behind the

14 Rebellion, Prince Charles Edward Stuart. People seem to picture Prince Charles as the ideal handsome prince, which show in his nickname, Bonnie Prince Charlie, Bonnie meaning "physically attractive or appealing,"(bonny n.d.). It is also shown in the portrait of Prince Charles by Blanchet, where the prince is wearing armor and gives off the air of a prince and a future king.(maclean,1988). This portrait is, however, different from how history can view the Prince, especially after Bonnie Prince Charlie, ran away from the Culloden battlefield and one of the Jacobites, Lord Echo, proclaimed " Run you cowardly Italian"(Maclean,1988). This entirely different from the Prince that the artist portrayed in the portrait since a handsome prince who is dressed in armor would not run away. This quote also shows how Prince Charles was not thought of as a Scotsman because he was raised and educated in Italy and had no real personal connection to Scotland which is different to how the song and portrait of him portray him. While there was a ban on specific parts of Scottish culture that was banned shortly after the Rebellion, the Scottish Culture has now embraced these parts of the Rebellion, and they see the Jacobites as ideals of what it means to be Scottish and would usually be romanticized by writers."scott's intellectual adherence to modern Whiggism was preceded by an infatuation with the romance of the Jacobite cause. Yet, without questioning Scott's self-confessed attachment from boyhood to the Stuarts, his careful deployment of the Jacobite myth exhibits a sophisticated view of political history which transcends schoolboy fantasy"(kidd,1998). Certain stories of the Rebellion have become a form of fiction and stories to share and be proud of even if they were not entirely accurate. Also, people looking back on the Rebellion could see what people denied during the time the Rebellion was occurring, and so looking at it with fresh eyes can create a different a different point of view of the Jacobites.For example, the "modern-whig overhaul of traditional

15 whiggism paved the way for a reappraisal of the achievements of the Stuarts, and, in turn, for a more sympathetic portrayal of Jacobitism."(Kidd,1998). The Jacobite Rebellion had been viewed in many different ways, either very negatively during its time, then seen as part of the Scottish spirit, and nowadays it is embraced in Scottish literature and music. The last verse of the Skye Boat Song says, "Burned are our homes, exile and death Scatter the loyal men Yet e'er the sword cool in the sheath Charlie will come again"(traditional n.d). While this song has a form of hope even with the violence that occurred afterward, Charlie never returned to Scotland. Though the Jacobite Rebellion ended with the bloodshed at the Battle of Culloden, the presence of the Rebellion is still around in Scotland. The effects of the Rebellion is seen in the literature and music in Scotland, but there were adverse effects through the laws that the British passed, but those laws are now longer in place. The Rebellion shows in tiny parts of Scottish culture, like having portraits of Bonnie Prince Charlie and Flora MacDonald on shortbread cookie boxes indicates that the Scotts have not forgotten their history. After researching the Jacobite Rebellion, I think that the next research to do would be looking at other places where Britain had control and seeing how a conflict with Britain, like the United States with the Revolutionary War or places where Britain colonized like India. The Jacobite Rebellion shows that even when people try to destroy a culture to prevent a form of opposition, the tradition will never actually die out.

16 Works Cited. Allingham, Philip V. "Biographical Sketch of Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832)." Biographical Sketch of Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832). September 8, 2014. Accessed February 19, 2017. http://victorianweb.org/previctorian/scott/bio.html. "Bagpipe History." Scotia Pipers. Accessed April 18, 2017. http://www.scotiapipers.co.uk/about-scotia-pipers/bagpipe-history. "Bonny." The Free Dictionary. Accessed April 18, 2017. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bonny. Dury, Richard. "Life." Robert Louis Stevenson. Accessed February 17, 2017. http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/life/. Ewald, Alexander Charles. The life and times of Prince Charles Stuart: count of Albany, commonly called the Young pretender. London: Chatto & Windus, 1883.

17 Gunn, Marc. "YE JACOBITES BY NAME - Jacobite Scottish Songs, Lyrics, Free MP3, Chords, Sheet Music, Tab of Scotland." Brobdingnagian Bards - Scottish & Irish Songs at Renaissance Faires. 1999. Accessed April 25, 2017. http://www.thebards.net/music/lyrics/ye_jacobites_by_name.shtml. Info@undiscoveredscotland.co.uk, Undiscovered Scotland:. "Undiscovered Scotland." Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland. Accessed February 28, 2017. http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/c/dukeofcumberland.html. Kerkering, Jack. " We Are Five-and-forty : Meter and National Identity in Sir Walter Scott." Studies in Romanticism 40.1 (2001): 85-98,19 Feb,2017, Humanities Full Text (H.W. Wilson) (00393762). Kidd, Colin. "The Rehabilitation of Scottish Jacobitism." Scottish Historical Review 77, 1.203 (1998): 58-75, 19 Feb,2017, Historical Abstracts (4019028).

18 Maclean, Fitzroy. Bonnie Prince Charlie. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1988. Riding, Jacqueline. Jacobites: A New History of the '45 Rebellion. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016. Stevenson, Robert Louis. Kidnapped. New York City, NY: Signet Classic, 1959. Stevenson, Robert Louis. The Master of Ballantrae. New York, NY: The Heritage Press, 1965. "Songs & Poems - Loch Lomond." Songs & Poems, Loch Lomond, Scotland. Accessed April 18, 2017. http://www.loch-lomond.net/theloch/songs.aspx. "Skye Boat Song." Jacobite Rebellion of 1745. Accessed February 19, 2017. http://www.jacobites.net/skye-boat-song.html. "The Jacobite Revolts: Chronology." Historic UK - The History and Heritage Accommodation Guide. Accessed April 18, 2017. http://www.historic-uk.com/historyuk/historyofscotland/the-jacobite-revolts-chronol ogy/.

19 Traditional Scottish Songs - The Skye Boat Song. Accessed April 18, 2017. http://www.rampantscotland.com/songs/blsongs_skye.htm.