ISRAEL The Historical Atlas The Story of Israel From Ancient Times to the Modern Nation By Correspondents of The New York Times Joel Brinkley Malcolm W. Browne Peter Grose Bernard Gwertzman Clyde Haberman Judith Miller Serge Schmemann David K. Shipler John Noble Wilford And a Special Biographical Section Nation Builders Leaders Who Shaped Israel Macmillan USA
ISRAEL: THE HISTORICAL ATLAS Contents PREFACE CHAPTER 1 THE ANCIENT LAND John Noble Wilford 14 CHAPTER 2 THE STRUGGLE FOR STATEHOOD Judith Miller A report on the personalities, issues and the internal conflicts that marked the Zionist movement, beginning in the late 19th Century, and which culminated in the creation of Israel in May, 1948. The agrarian kibbutz movement of early settlers to Palestine in the period between the wars was followed by the desperate efforts of Holocaust survivors to reach the Promised Land despite a powerful British military cordon. Then, as the British mandate began to crumble under political and Jewish military attack, fighting broke out between Jewish armies for supremacy in the conclusive chapter of the drive for statehood. Tracing the history from biblical times and the Roman Conquest, this chapter reviews the peoples of the Old Testament and the birth of Christianity, the Crusades through the fall of the Ottoman Empire up to the Balfour Declaration, the British Empire's reluctant promise in 1917 to create a Jewish homeland. The Fertile Crescent 16 Abraham's Migration 17 David's Kingdoms 18 The Exodus 18 The Assyrian Empire 19 Great Empires 20 Alexander's Empire 21 Jewish Settlements within the Roman Empire 22 The Jewish Revolt 23 The Siege and Capture of Jerusalem 27 The Ottoman Empire circa 1900 28 The Middle East 1914-1918 31 Last Years of Turkish Rule 1882-1916 Sykes Picot Plan for Palestine League of Nations Mandate 1921 Pledges and Border Changes 1923 Emigration to Israel 1919-1970 Percentage of World Jewish Population Living in Israel 1882-1948 The Arab Revolt 1936 Peel Commission Partition Plan 1937 The Holocaust 1939-1945 Jewish Agencies Partition Plan 1946 United Nations Partition Plan 1947 The Road to Jerusalem 1948 10
CHAPTER 3 THE YOUNG NATION 50 CHAPTER 4 THE SIX-DAY WAR 66 Peter Grose David K.Shipler The war's aftermath both inspired and traumatized Israel, and has had lasting influence on shaping its domestic political culture and on international relations in the Mideast. Israel was surrounded by implacable enemies as a flourishing democracy with characteristics of a virtual garrison state, a Cold War pawn with only one reliable ally. United Nations partition between Jews and Arabs led to an immediate multi-pronged Arab attack and the War of Independence. The next war wasn't long in coming: the 1956 Suez invasion, and superpower involvement in the future of the state. The period was marked by shifting internal politics, huge migration from abroad and economic growth. The Arab Invasion 1948 52 Israeli Counter Attack 1948-1949 52 Jerusalem Divided 1948-1967 54 Jewish Immigration 1948-1972 57 The Struggle for Water 1950-1965 59 The Sinai Campaign 1956 62 Malcom W. Browne Special Report: Israel and the Bomb 80 The Arab Advance to Israel's Borders 1967 67 The Six -Day War 1967 68 The Sinai Front 1967 70 The West Bank 1967 73 The Golan Heights 1967 77 11
ISRAEL: THE HISTORICAL ATLAS CHAPTER 5 FROM WAR TO PEACE 82 CHAPTER 6 THE WARS IN LEBANON AND AT HOME 96 Bernard Gwertzmah Joel Brinkley Following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982, aimed at wiping out the P.L.O. and its safe havens, world opinion turned against Israel and even Israelis questioned whether the nation's overwhelming military power had been wisely used. The division deepened with the rise of Palestinian terrorism abroad the Achille Lauro hijacking and the airport massacres in Rome and Vienna, all in 1985 and the beginning of organized Palestinian resistance, the intifada, at home. Israel harshly struck back and a renewal of the bitter standoff seemed the most likely future. The glory of the Six-Day War almost turned into a disaster for Israel when lands it had captured were overrun by Syria and Egypt. With U.S. emergency aid, Israel recovered and dealt its Arab foes both a military and psychological defeat. The stage was thus set for Anwar Sadat's historical journey to Jerusalem in 1977 the first truce in 30 years of war. Two years later Egypt and Israel, under its first Likud leader, Menachem Begin, signed a peace treaty brokered at Camp David by Jimmy Carter. Special Report: Massacre in Beirut 103 The Balance of Power 1973 Cease-fire October 1973 The Golan Heights 1973 Sinai Agreements 1974-1975 The Israeli/Syrian Disengagement 1974 85 86 87 88 91 New Jewish Settlements on the West Bank 1982 98 Invasion of Lebanon 1982 100 Beirut: Shatila and Sabra 1982 101 Gaza 1967-1973 108 Israel and the Gulf War 1991 112 Desert Storm 1990-1991 113 12
CHAPTER 7 BREAKTHROUGH 114 CHAPTER 8 HOPES AND FEARS 126 Clyde Haberman Serge Schmemann The peace process fitfully continued with Israeli withdrawal from portions of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, even while many Israelis had second thoughts about their future security, and since terrorist bombings did not subside, even some doves became edgy. Then, amidst increasingly angry and fearful opposition by right-wing Israelis, a young Orthodox student assassinated Prime Minister Rabin in November, 1995, just as he left a peace rally. His successor, Shimon Peres, could not allay security fears skillfully exploited by the young Likud leader, Benjamin Netanyahu. In an extremely close vote in May, 1996, the Labor government was toppled by Netanyahu. It was precisely the standoff and American pressure in the wake of Operation Desert Storm that led each side to radically rethink reality. Israel realized that it was better to seek a deal with the P.L.O. than confront more terrorism from increasingly powerful Islamic fundamentalists who threatened the P.L.O. as well. For its part, the P.L.O. finally admitted that Israel was here to stay. The twin conclusions led in 1993 to a secret deal in Oslo, sealed on the White House lawn in September, 1993, with a stunning handshake between Yitzhak Rabin and Yasir Arafat. A peace treaty with Jordan followed in 1994 and tough negotiations with Syria ensued. But violence was never far off: an Israeli settler massacred 29 Arabs in a mosque in Hebron and a wave of Islamic terrorist suicide bombings killed scores of Israelis. Settlements of Contention 1989-1991 Jerusalem 1967-1997 The New Palestinian State 1997 Israel in the 1990s NATION BUILDERS Leaders who shaped Israel ISRAEL ALMANAC Dates and data on the Israeli state HISTORIC HEADLINES FROM THE NEW YORK TIMES 128 136 137 138 140 192 196 INDEX 201 The intifada 125 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 208 13