AMERICAN JEWISH OPINION

1997 ANNUAL SURVEY OF AMERICAN JEWISH OPINION Conducted for the American Jewish Committee by Market Facts, Inc. February 3-11, 1997 The American Jewish Committee The Jacob Blaustein Building 165 East 56th Street, New York, NY 10022

CONTENTS Introduction 1 Key Findings 2 The Data in Review 6 Israel and the Israel-Arab Peace Process 6 Israel Arab Peace Process 6 Attachement to Israel 12 U.S. Political and Social Issues 14 Political Orientation 14 Public Policy Concerns 16 Intergroup Relations 17 Subgroup Differences on Political and Social Issues 19 Perceptions of Anti-Semitism 20 Opinions of Various Countries - 24 Jewish Identity 29 Appendixes 37 Survey Questionnaire 39 Social and Political Questions: Comparative Data 49 Israel and Jewish Identity Questions: Comparative Data 51 Survey Questions: Subgroup Data 53

1997 Annual Survey of American Jewish Opinion Introduction The data reported here are from the 1997 Annual Survey of American Jewish Opinion, sponsored by the American Jewish Committee, detailing the views of American Jews about a broad range of subjects. Among the topics covered in the present survey are the Israel-Arab peace process, the attachment of American Jews to Israel, political and social issues in the United States, Jewish perceptions of anti-semitism, Jewish opinion about various countries, and Jewish identity concerns. Some of the questions appearing in the survey are new; others are drawn from previous American Jewish Committee surveys, including four dealing with the Israel-Arab peace process, and one focusing on the Religious Right in the United States. Throughout, an attempt is made to compare the opinions of American Jews with those of other Americans, as well as to discern trends over time. The present survey was conducted for the American Jewish Committee by Market Facts, Inc., a leading survey-research organization. Respondents were interviewed by telephone during February 3-11, 1997; no interviewing took place on the Sabbath. The sample consists of 1,160 self-identified Jewish respondents selected from the Market Facts consumer mail panel. The respondents are demographically representative of the United States adult Jewish population in terms of age, household income, gender, and geographic region. The margin of error for the sample as a whole is plus or minus three percentage points. Approximately 49 percent of the respondents are men and 51 percent are women. Thirty-five percent are under age 40, 37 percent are 40-59, and 29 percent are 60 and over. Seventy-four percent are married and 26 percent are unmarried. Twenty-three percent report their household incomes as under $30,000, 22 percent as $30,000-49,999, 23 percent as $50,000-74,999, and 32 percent as I

2 $75,000 and over. Nine percent have a high-school education or less, another 54 percent have attended some college, another 14 percent have four years of college, and another 23 percent have five or more years of higher education. In terms of Jewish background, 9 percent of the respondents identify as Orthodox, 31 percent as Conservative, 32 percent as Reform, 1 percent as Reconstructionist, and 26 percent as "Just Jewish." Fifty-two percent of the respondents belong to a synagogue or temple. Of married respondents, 79 percent have Jewish spouses. When asked "How important would you say being Jewish is in your own life?" 55 percent of the respondents say "very important," 34 percent "fairly important," and 12 percent "not very important." Key Findings Among the key findings of the survey relating to the Israel-Arab peace process are the following: (This survey went into the field after the signing of the Hebron agreement, but before the Har Homa controversy.) 1. A majority of American Jews support the Netanyahu government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs and the Hebron agreement. 2. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is viewed favorably by a strong majority of American Jews, up dramatically from January 1996, when he was the opposition leader. 3. Majorities of American Jews believe that President Mubarak of Egypt, King Hussein of Jordan, and PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat support peace with Israel. In contrast, a majority of American Jews maintain that President Assad of Syria opposes peace with Israel. 4. American Jews express mixed feelings about dissent from Israeli government policy.

3 5. An overwhelming majority of American Jews see relations between Israel and the United States today as positive. 6. Orthodox Jews, uniquely among the various subgroups of American Jews, oppose the Hebron agreement. At the same time, Orthodox Jews, more so than others, have a favorable impression of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. 7. The Orthodox aside, various subgroups of American Jews differ in their degree of support for both the handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs and the Hebron agreement. Among the key findings of the survey relating to the attachment of American Jews to Israel are the following: 1. A large majority of American Jews continue to feel close to Israel. 2. Closeness to Israel is widespread among American Jews, but more so among the Orthodox, inmarried Jews, those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives, older Jews, the most educated Jews, and women. Among the key findings of the survey relating to political and social issues in the United States are the following: 1. American Jews are more likely to describe themselves as "liberal" or "moderate" than as "conservative"; a majority of American Jews identify as Democrats. In comparative terms, American Jews are more likely than other Americans to identify as liberal and Democratic and less likely to identif' as conservative and Republican. 2. American Jews strongly support legalized abortion and a generous immigration policy and strongly oppose government aid to religious schools. At the same time, the vast majority of American Jews favor the death penalty. 3. A large majority of American Jews see race relations in the United States today as troubled. A smaller majority of American Jews see relations between religious groups in the United States today as troubled.

4 4. A majority of American Jews reject the view that equal rights have been pushed too far in the United States. At the same time, a majority of American Jews oppose giving disadvantaged groups special consideration in hiring and promotion. 5. American Jews who are liberal and Democratic are more likely to support such positions as unrestricted abortion, increased immigration, a push for equal rights, and special consideration in hiring and promotion for disadvantaged minorities; they are more likely to oppose government aid to religious schools and the death penalty Other subgroups of American Jews take a more varied approach to individual issues. Among the key findings of the survey relating to perceptions of anti-semitism are the following: 1. An overwhelming majority of American Jews see anti-semitism as a problem in the United States today, with nearly half rejecting the view that all positions of influence are open to Jews. 2. Many more American Jews believe that anti-semitism in the United States will increase over the next few years than believe that it will decrease. 3. American Jews perceive "the Religious Right" and "Moslems" as the most anti-semitic groups in the United States. 4. Concern about the nature and extent of anti-semitism in the United States varies by subgroups of American Jews. Among the key findings of the survey relating to opinion of various countries are the following: 1. American Jews are overwhelmingly favorable in their opinion of Israel. Saudi Arabia is the country about which American Jews have the most unfavorable opinion.

5 2. Among European countries, American Jews have a more unfavorable than favorable opinion of Germany; have as favorable as unfavorable an opinion of Poland; and have a more favorable than unfavorable opinion of Switzerland. 3. A substantial majority of American Jews believe that Germany is making a sincere effort to come to grips with the Holocaust. 4. Among Middle East countries, American Jews have a more favorable opinion of Egypt than of Jordan. 5. With regard to Asia, American Jews have a far more favorable than unfavorable opinion ofjapan. In terms of North America, American Jews have an overwhelmingly favorable opinion of Canada. 6. American Jews have a far more favorable opinion of Israel than do Americans in general. American Jews have a far less favorable opinion of Germany, France, Russia, Egypt, and Japan than do Americans in general. 7. Various subgroups of American Jews differ in their opinions of individual countries. Among the key findings of the survey relating to Jewish identity are the following: 1. A majority of American Jews claim that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives. Just over one in ten American Jews assert that being Jewish is "not very important" in their lives. 2. American Jews rate "being part of the Jewish people" as the quality most important for personal Jewish identity; "celebration of Jewish holidays" is seen as the activity most important for personal Jewish identity 3. A majority of American Jews identify as Reform or Conservative. 4. A majority of American Jews belong to a synagogue or temple. While a majority of American Jews attend synagogue services infrequently, the vast

6 majority of American Jews assess their recent experiences with Jewish religious services favorably. 5. In terms of religious beliefs, majorities of American Jews maintain that "there is a God," that "God answers your prayers," that "God has a special relationship with the Jewish people," and that "God dictated the Torah to Moses. 6. Of those American Jews who are currently married, one in five report that their spouse is not Jewish. A majority of American Jews believe that anti- Semitism is a greater threat to Jewish life in the United States today than is intermarriage. 7. A majority of American Jews take the position that the Jewish community today is "badly divided." 8. A majority of American Jews maintain that Reform Judaism's "patrilineal descent" decision is "morally correct," and that it "strengthens the American Jewish community." At the same time, half of all American Jews believe that the decision "divides the American Jewish community" and "divides the Jewish people worldwide." 9. American Jews overwhelmingly support keeping the remembrance of the Holocaust strong. 10. Various subgroups of American Jews differ on the Jewish identity items. The Data in Review Israel and the Israel-Arab Peace Process Israel-Arab Peace Process (This survey went into the field after the signing of the Hebron agreement, but before the Har Homa controversy.)

7 1. A majority of American Jews support the Netanyahu government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs and the Hebron agreement. When asked (shortly after the signing of the Hebron agreement) if they "support" or "oppose" the "Netanyahu government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs," 61 percent of American Jews answer "support," 24 percent "oppose," and 15 percent "not sure." Asked directly about the "newly signed Hebron agreement between Israel and the Palestinians," 59 percent of American Jews indicate "support," 19 percent "oppose," while 21 percent are "not sure." In response to the question "As compared with one year ago, are you now more optimistic about the chance for a lasting peace between Israel and the Arabs, less optimistic, or do you think the chance for a lasting peace is about the same as it was one year ago?" 58 percent of American Jews answer "about the same," 23 percent "less optimistic," 17 percent "more optimistic" and 1 percent "not sure." 2. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is viewed favorably by a strong majority of American Jews, up dramatically from January 1996, when he was the opposition leader. Presented with a list of "leaders and groups in Israel" and asked about their impression of each, 75 percent of American Jews view "Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu" favorably ("very favorable"--22 percent; "somewhat favorable"--53 percent), 18 percent unfavorably ("somewhat unfavorable"-- 14 percent; "very unfavorable"--4 percent), while 6 percent are "not sure." In contrast, in January 1996, "opposition leader Benjamin Netanyahu" was viewed favorably by 37 percent of American Jews ("very favorable"--7 percent; "somewhat favorable"-- 30 percent), unfavorably by 37 percent ("somewhat unfavorable"--29 percent; "very unfavorable" --8 percent), while 26 percent were "not sure. In the case of opposition leader Shimon Peres, 67 percent of American Jews view him favorably ("very favorable"--20 percent; "somewhat favorable"--47

8 percent), 21 percent unfavorably ("somewhat unfavorable"--ls percent; "very unfavorable"--6 percent), while 12 percent are "not sure." Peres's favorability rating was significantly higher in January 1996 when he was Prime Minister-- favorably: 85 percent ("very favorable"--42 percent; "somewhat favorable"--43 percent); unfavorably: 8 percent ("somewhat unfavorable"--s percent; "very unfavorable"--3 percent); and "not sure": 7 percent. The responses for some of the other groups on the list are as follows: "Israel's Labor Party"--60 percent favorably ("very favorable"--7 percent; "somewhat favorable"--53 percent), 16 percent unfavorably ("somewhat unfavorable"-- 13 percent; "very unfavorable"--3 percent), and 24 percent "not sure"; "Israel's Likud Party"--41 percent favorably ("very favorable"--7 percent; "somewhat favorable"--34 percent), 25 percent unfavorably ("somewhat unfavorable"--21 percent; "very unfavorable"--4 percent), and 34 percent "not sure"; "'West Bank settlers"--47 percent favorably ("very favorable"--ll percent; "somewhat favorable"--36 percent), 41 percent unfavorably ("somewhat unfavorable"--29 percent; "very unfavorable"--12 percent), and 13 percent "not sure." 3. Majorities of American Jews believe that President Mubarak of Egypt, King Hussein ofjordan, and PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat support peace with Israel. In contrast, a majority of American Jews maintain that President Assad of Syria opposes peace with Israel. When asked about the extent to which a number of Arab leaders "support or oppose peace with Israel," 69 percent of American Jews believe that "President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt" supports peace with Israel ("strongly support"--24 percent; "somewhat support"--45 percent), 15 percent that he opposes peace with Israel ("somewhat oppose"--lo percent; "strongly oppose"--5 percent), while 16 percent are "not sure." Similarly, 68 percent of American Jews believe that "King Hussein of Jordan" supports peace with Israel ("strongly support"--25 percent; "somewhat support"--43 percent), 22 percent that he opposes peace with Israel ("somewhat oppose"--14 percent; "strongly oppose"--8 percent), while 10 percent are "not sure.

9 In the case of "PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat," 62 percent of American Jews believe that he supports peace with Israel ("strongly support"-- 14 percent; "somewhat support"--48 percent), 31 percent that he opposes peace with Israel ("somewhat oppose"--15 percent; "strongly oppose"--16 percent), while 7 percent are "not sure." In contrast, 69 percent of American Jews believe that "President Hafez Assad of Syria" opposes peace with Israel ("strongly oppose"--42 percent, "somewhat oppose"-- 27 percent), while only 14 percent maintain that he supports peace with Israel ("strongly support" --1 percent; "somewhat support"--13 percent); 18 percent are "not sure." 4. American Jews express mixed feelings about dissent from Israeli government policy. Asked to respond to the statement "American Jews should not publicly criticize the policies of the government of Israel," 67 percent of American Jews "disagree," 31 percent "agree," and 2 percent are "not sure." In August 1995, the figures for the same question were 71 percent "disagree," 26 percent "agree," and 4 percent "not sure." At the same time, in response to the statement "Regardless of their individual views on the peace negotiations with the Arabs, American Jews should support the policies of the duly elected government of Israel," 55 percent of American Jews "agree," 42 percent "disagree," and 3 percent are "not sure." The figures for a similarly worded item in January 1996 were 66 percent "agree," 32 percent "disagree," and 2 percent "not sure." 5. An overwhelming majority of American Jews see relations between Israel and the United States today as positive. When asked to "characterize relations between Israel and the United States today," 23 percent of American Jews indicate "very positive," 67 percent "somewhat positive," 9 percent "somewhat negative," and 0 percent "very negative."

10 6. Orthodox Jews, uniquely among the various subgroups of American Jews, oppose the Hebron agreement. At the same time, OrthodoxJews, more so than others, have a favorable impression of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Majorities of American Jews of every type support the "newly signed Hebron agreement between Israel and the Palestinians": men (67 percent) and women (51 percent); those under age 40 (49 percent) and those over age 60 (65 percent); those with high-school education or less (61 percent) and those with five or more years of higher education (63 percent); liberals (64 percent) and conservatives (60 percent); the inmarried (61 percent) and the intermarried (59 percent); Conservative Jews (63 percent), Reform Jews (65 percent), and the "Just Jewish" (57 percent). Only the Orthodox (56 percent) in the majority oppose the Hebron agreement. In light of Orthodox opposition to the Hebron agreement, it is interesting to note that a majority (65 percent) of Orthodox Jews indicate "support" for the "Netanyahu government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs." This is in sharp contrast to the situation in both August 1995 and January 1996, when a majority of Orthodox Jews (64 percent in August 1995 and 56 percent in January 1996) opposed the "Israeli government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs." The difference may well be due to the fact that in February 1997, Israel had a new government, with Benjamin Netanyahu as Prime Minister. Certainly it is the case that Orthodox Jews, more so than any other subgroup of American Jews, have a favorable impression of Prime Minister Netanyahu. This point emerges clearly, for example, when the data by denominational preference are examined. Thus, 42 percent of Orthodox Jews, as against 23 percent of Conservative Jews, 20 percent of Reform Jews, and 17 percent of the "Just Jewish" have a "very favorable" view of Prime Minister Netanyahu. When the categories of "very favorable" and "somewhat favorable" are combined, the following figures are obtained: Orthodox--91 percent; Conservative--79 percent; Reform--71 percent; and "Just Jewish"-- 71 percent.

11 7. The Orthodox aside, various subgroups of American Jews differ in their degree of support for both the handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs and the Hebron agreement. Support for the "Netanyahu government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs" is more prevalent among men (65 percent) than among women (57 percent); among political conservatives (71 percent) than among liberals (55 percent) or moderates (62 percent); and among those who feel close to Israel ("very close"--63 percent; "fairly close"--66 percent) than among those who feel fairly/very distant (53 percent). Support is also somewhat more evident among those in the higher income categories (<$30,000--54 percent; $30-49,999--66 percent; $50-74,999--68 percent; $75,000+--63 percent) and among Republicans (67 percent) and Independents (65 percent) as against Democrats (58 percent). Differences in support for the "Netanyahu government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs" do not emerge with regard to age (under 40--61 percent; 40-59--63 percent; 60+--59 percent), education (high school or less--64 percent; some college.--60 percent; four years of college--67 percent; five or more years of higher education--61 percent), marital type (spouse Jewish--62 percent; spouse not Jewish--61 percent), and the importance attached to being Jewish ("very important"--61 percent; "fairly/not very important"--60 percent). Support for the Hebron agreement is stronger among men (67 percent) than among women (51 percent); among those who are older than those who are younger (under 40--49 percent; 40-59--64 percent; 60+--65 percent); among those in the highest income category (<$30,000--48 percent; $30-49,999--60 percent; $50-74,999--57 percent; $75,000+--71 percent); among liberals (64 percent) and moderates (60 percent) than among conservatives (52 percent); and among Democrats (64 percent) than among Republicans (50 percent) and Independents (57 percent). Few differences in support for the Hebron agreement emerge in terms of education (high school or less--61 percent; some college--56 percent; four years

12 of college--67 percent; five or more years of higher education--63 percent), marital type (spouse Jewish--61 percent; spouse not Jewish--59 percent), importance attached to being Jewish ("very important"--57 percent; "fairly/not very important"--62 percent), and closeness to Israel ("very close"--58 percent; "fairly close"--63 percent; "fairly/very distant" --54 percent). Attachment to Israel 1. A large majority of American Jews continue to feel close to Israel. Asked "How close do you feel to Israel?" 23 percent of American Jews answer "very close," 46 percent "fairly close," 23 percent "fairly distant," and 8 percent "very distant." In January 1996, the responses to the same question were 25 percent "very close," 45 percent "fairly close," 25 percent "fairly distant," and 4 percent "very distant"; in August 1995, the figures were 26 percent "very close," 43 percent "fairly close," 24 percent "fairly distant," and 6 percent "very distant." Figure 1. Feeling of Closeness to Israel LIII Very close Fairly close Fairly distant Very distant

13 When asked "Looking ahead 3 to 5 years, do you see Jews in Israel and in the United States becoming closer, drifting apart, or neither?" 31 percent of American Jews respond "becoming closer," 13 percent "drifting apart," 54 percent "neither," and 3 percent "not sure." In January 1996, the responses to the same question were 34 percent "becoming closer," 12 percent "drifting apart," 51 percent "neither," and 4 percent "not sure." 2. Closeness to Israel is widespread among American Jews, but more so among the Orthodox, inmarried Jews, those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives, older Jews, the most educated Jews, and women. When asked "How close do you feel to Israel?" 62 percent of Orthodox Jews indicate "very close," as compared with 32 percent of Conservative Jews, 13 percent of Reform Jews, and 12 percent of the "Just Jewish." Combining the categories of "very close" and "fairly close" yields figures of 95 percent for the Orthodox, 85 percent for Conservative Jews, 62 percent for Reform Jews, and 49 percent for the "Just Jewish." Only 4 percent of Orthodox Jews feel either "very distant" or "fairly distant" from Israel, in contrast to 15 percent of Conservative Jews, 38 percent of Reform Jews, and 50 percent of the "Just Jewish." Inmarried Jews (29 percent) are more likely than intermarried Jews (13 percent) to feel "very close" to Israel. Combining the categories of "very close" and "fairly close" yields figures of 79 percent for inmarried Jews, as against 46 percent for intermarried Jews. At the other end of the spectrum, 21 percent of inmarried Jews feel either "very distant" or "fairly distant" from Israel, as compared to 54 percent of intermarried Jews. Thirty-eight percent of American Jews who indicate that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives feel "very close" to Israel, in contrast to 5 percent of those who say that being Jewish is "fairly important" or "not very important" in their lives. Combining the categories of "very close" and "fairly close" yields figures of 85 percent for Jews who say that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives and 50 percent for those who say that being Jewish is "fairly important" or "not very important" in their lives. At the other end of the spectrum, 15 percent of Jews for whom being Jewish is "very important" in their lives feel

14 either "very distant" or "fairly distant" from Israel, as against 50 percent of Jews for whom being Jewish is "fairly important" or "not very important" in their lives. Men are more likely than women to feel either "very close" or "fairly close" to Israel (73 percent and 65 percent, respectively) and are less likely to feel either "very distant" or "fairly distant" from Israel (27 percent and 35 percent, respectively). Older Jews are more likely than younger Jews to feel either "very close" or "fairly close" to Israel (under 40--64 percent; 40-59--68 percent; 60+--76 percent) and are less likely to feel either "very distant" or "fairly distant" from Israel (under 40--35 percent; 40-59--32 percent; 60+--24 percent). Jews with the most education are more likely than those with less education to feel either "very close" or "fairly close" to Israel (high school or less--62 percent; some college--67 percent; four years of college-- 67 percent; five or more years of higher education--80 percent) and are less likely to feel either "very distant" or "fairly distant" from Israel (high school or less--37 percent; some college--33 percent; four years of college--32 percent; five or more years of higher education--20 percent). U.S. Political and Social Issues Political Orientation 1. American Jews are more likely to describe themselves as "liberal" or "moderate" than as "conservative"; a majority of American Jews identify as Democrats. In comparative terms, American Jews are more likely than other Americans to identify as liberal and Democratic and less likely to identify as conservative and Republican. When asked where they would place themselves on a scale of political views "arranged from extremely liberal to extremely conservative," 38 percent of American Jews indicate "liberal" ("extremely liberal"--4 percent; "liberal"--17 percent; "slightly liberal"--17 percent), 26 percent "conservative" ("extremely

15 conservative"--2 percent; "conservative"--ll percent; "slightly conservative"--13 percent), 35 percent "moderate, middle of the road," and 1 percent "not sure." In an American Jewish Committee-sponsored survey of the Religious Right and other Americans conducted in May-June 1996, 34 percent of Americans (excluding the Religious Right) indicated that they were "liberal" ("extremely liberal"--6 percent; "liberal"--19 percent; "slightly liberal"--9 percent), 40 percent "conservative" ("extremely conservative"- -13 percent; "conservative"-- 18 percent; "slightly conservative"--9 percent), 20 percent "moderate, middle of the road," and 7 percent "not sure." Among those on the Religious Right, 5 percent identified as "liberal" ("extremely liberal"--2 percent; "liberal"--l percent; "slightly liberal"--2 percent), 90 percent "conservative" ("extremely conservative"--39 percent; "conservative"--39 percent; "slightly conservative"-- 12 percent), 3 percent "moderate, middle of the road," and 2 percent "not sure." Asked "In politics, as of today, do you consider yourself a Republican, a Democrat, or an Independent?" 54 percent of American Jews respond "Democrat," 29 Figure 2. Political Orientation 2% 4% Extremely liberal Liberal Slightly liberal Moderate Slightly conservative I :1 Conservative Extremely conservative

16 percent "Independent," 15 percent "Republican," and 2 percent "not sure." In the American Jewish Committee survey of the Religious Right and other Americans, 32 percent of Americans (excluding the Religious Right) answered "Democrat," 35 percent "Independent," 24 percent "Republican," and 8 percent "not sure." Among those on the Religious Right, 28 percent responded "Democrat,':,26 percent "Independent," 38 percent "Republican," and 9 percent "not sure. In response to the question "In the November 1996 presidential election, did you vote for Bill Clinton, Bob Dole, Ross Perot, or did you not vote?" of those American Jews who say they voted, 76 percent supported Clinton, 17 percent supported Dole, 5 percent supported Perot, and 2 percent supported another candidate. The election figures for the American population as a whole in the 1996 presidential election were 50 percent for Clinton, 41 percent for Dole, and 9 percent for Perot. Public Policy Concerns 1. American Jews strongly support legalized abortion and a generous immigration policy and strongly oppose government aid to religious schools. At the same time, the vast majority of American Jews favor the death penalty When asked "Do you think that abortions should be legal under any circumstances, legal only under certain circumstances, or illegal in all circumstances?" 60 percent of American Jews say "legal under any circumstances," 33 percent "legal only under certain circumstances," 6 percent "illegal in all circumstances," and 1 percent "not sure." In an American Jewish Committee-sponsored survey of the Religious Right and other Americans conducted in May-June 1996, 31 percent of Americans (excluding the Religious Right) wanted abortions to be "legal under any circumstances," 56 percent "legal only under certain circumstances," and 14 percent "illegal in all circumstances." Among those on the Religious Right, the figures were 6 percent "legal under any circumstances," 56 percent "legal only under certain circumstances," and 38 percent "illegal in all circumstances."

17 Asked "Do you think the number of immigrants from foreign countries who are permitted to come to the United States to live should be increased a lot, increased a little, left the same as it is now, decreased a little, or decreased a lot?" 34 percent of American Jews say "decreased" ("decreased a lot"--16 percent; "decreased a little"--18 percent), 15 percent "increased" ("increased a lot" --3 percent; "increased a little"--12 percent), 48 percent "left the same as it is now," and 3 percent "not sure." In the American Jewish Committee-sponsored survey of the Religious Right and other Americans, 53 percent of Americans (excluding the Religious Right) wanted immigration "decreased" ("decreased a lot"--27 percent; "decreased a little"--26 percent), 9 percent "increased" ("increased a lot"--2 percent; "increased a little"--7 percent), and 37 percent "left the same as it is now." Among those on the Religious Right, the figures were 54 percent "decreased" ("decreased a lot"--26 percent; "decreased a little"--28 percent), 9 percent "increased" ("increased a lot"--2 percent; "increased a little" --7 percent), and 37 percent "left the same as it is now." In response to the question "Do you favor or oppose government aid to parochial or other religious schools?" 32 percent of American Jews indicate "favor," 63 percent "oppose," and 5 percent "not sure." When asked "Do you favor or oppose the death penalty for persons convicted of murder?" 80 percent of American Jews respond "favor," 16 percent "oppose," and 4 percent "not sure." When the same question was fielded in 1994 in the University of Michigan's National Election Study, 74 percent of all Americans answered "favor," 17 percent "oppose," and 8 percent "not sure." Intergroup Relations 1. A large majority of American Jews see race relations in the United States today as troubled. A smaller majority of American Jews see relations between religious groups in the United States today as troubled. When asked "Do you think relations between the different racial groups in the

18 United States today are excellent, good, only fair, or poor?" a large majority of American Jews answer "only fair" (64 percent) or "poor" (20 percent), while 15 percent say "good" and 0 percent "excellent." In an American Jewish Committee-sponsored survey of the Religious Right and other Americans conducted in May-June 1996, 53 percent of Americans (excluding the Religious Right) characterized relations between "different racial and ethnic groups" as "only fair," 24 percent as "poor," 22 percent a "good," and 1 percent as "excellent." Among those on the Religious Right, the figures were 50 percent "only fair," 26 percent "poor," 23 percent "good," and 2 percent "excellent." Asked "Do you think relations between the different religious groups in the United States today are excellent, good, only fair, or poor?" a majority of American Jews say "only fair" (50 percent) or "poor" (9 percent), while 37 percent say "good," 3 percent "excellent," and 1 percent "not sure." In the American Jewish Committee-sponsored survey of the Religious Right and other Americans, 39 percent of Americans (excluding the Religious Right) answered "only fair," 12 percent "poor," 45 percent "good," and 4 percent "excellent." Among those on the Religious Right, the figures were identical: 39 percent "only fair," 12 percent "poor," 45 percent "good," and 4 percent "excellent." 2. A majority of American Jews reject the view that equal rights have been pushed too far in the United States. At the same time, a majority of American Jews oppose giving disadvantaged groups special consideration in hiring and promotion. When asked to what extent they agree or disagree with the statement "We have gone too far in pushing equal rights in this country," 51 percent of American Jews respond "disagree" ("disagree strongly"- -28 percent; "disagree somewhat" --23 percent), 36 percent "agree" ("agree strongly"--14 percent; "agree somewhat"--22 percent), 12 percent "neither agree nor disagree," and 1 percent "not sure. Asked their reaction to the statement "In order to make up for past discrimina-

19 tion and create a level playing field, women, blacks, and members of other disadvantaged groups should receive special consideration in hiring and promotion as a matter of policy," 60 percent of American Jews disagree ("disagree strongly"--31 percent; "disagree somewhat"--29 percent), 28 percent "agree" ("agree strongly"--8 percent; "agree somewhat"--20 percent), 11 percent "neither agree nor disagree," and 1 percent give mixed responses. Subgroup Differences on Political and Social Issues 1. American Jews who are liberal and Democratic are more likely to support such positions as unrestricted abortion, increased immigration, a push for equal rights, and special consideration in hiring and promotion for disadvantaged minorities; they are more likely to oppose government aid to religious schools and the death pena1t Other subgroups of American Jews take a more varied approach to individual issues. Support for abortion that is "legal under any circumstances" is greater among liberals (liberal--71 percent; moderate--60 percent; conservative--45 percent), among Democrats and Independents (Democratic--66 percent; Republican-- 45 percent; Independent--59 percent), and among the non-orthodox (Orthodox--36 percent; Conservative--60 percent; Reform--65 percent; "Just Jewish" ---63 percent). Belief that the number of immigrants to the United States should be "increased" is greater among liberals ("increased a lot" or "increased a little": liberal--22 percent; moderate--il percent; conservative--9 percent), among Democrats (Democratic--19 percent; Republican--8 percent; Independent--12 percent), and among men (men--17 percent; women--12 percent). Those who "disagree strongly" with the statement "We have gone too far in pushing equal rights in this country" are more likely to be liberals (liberal--41 percent; moderate--22 percent; conservative-- 16 percent) and Democrats (Democratic--34 percent; Republican--14 percent; Independent--24 percent).

20 Those who agree with the statement "In order to make up for past discrimination and create a level playing field, women, blacks, and members of other disadvantaged groups should receive special consideration in hiring and promotion as a matter of policy" are more likely to be liberals (total "agree": liberal-- 40 percent; moderate--21 percent; conservative--16 percent) and Democrats (total "agree": Democratic--37 percent; Republican--il percent; Independent-- 19 percent). Those who "oppose" government aid to religious schools are more likely to be non-orthodox (Orthodox-- 19 percent; Conservative--64 percent; Reform--72 percent; "Just Jewish" --66 percent), Democratic and Independent (Democratic--67 percent; Republican--50 percent; Independent--64 percent), liberal and moderate (liberal--71 percent; moderate--66 percent; conservative--49 percent), the more educated (high school or less--si percent; some college--62 percent; four years of college--70 percent; five or more years of higher education--70 percent), and older individuals (under 40--54 percent; 40-49--66 percent; 60+--72 percent). Opposition to the death penalty is more prevalent among Democrats (Democratic--20 percent; Republican--6 percent; Independent--15 percent), liberals (liberal--28 percent; moderate--9 percent; conservative--7 percent), and the most educated (high school or less--lo percent; some college--13 percent; four years of college--17 percent; five or more years of higher education--22 percent). Perceptions of Anti-Semitism 1. An overwhelming majority of American Jews see anti-semitism as a problem in the United States today, with nearly half rejecting the view that all positions of influence are open to Jews. When asked "Do you think that anti-semitism in the United States is currently a very serious problem, somewhat of a problem, or not a problem at all?" 40 percent of American Jews answer "very serious problem," 55 percent "somewhat of a problem," 5 percent "not a problem at all," and 1 percent "not sure."

21 Asked if they agree or disagree with the statement "Virtually all positions of influence in the United States are open to Jews," 51 percent of American Jews "agree," 47 percent "disagree," and 1 percent are "not sure." 2. Many more American Jews believe that anti-semitism in the United States will increase over the next few years than believe that it will decrease. In response to the question "Looking ahead over the next several years, do you think that anti-semitism in the United States will increase greatly, increase somewhat, remain the same, decrease somewhat, or decrease greatly?" 39 percent of American Jews say "increase" ("increase greatly"--8 percent; "increase somewhat"--3 1 percent), 10 percent "decrease" ("decrease somewhat "--9 percent; "decrease greatly"--l percent), 48 percent "remain the same," and 2 percent "not sure." 3. American Jews perceive "the Religious Right" and "Moslems" as the most anti- Semitic groups in the United States. Presented with a list of 10 groups and asked "In your opinion, what proportion of each of the following groups in the United States is anti-semitic--most, many, some, very few, or none?" 47 percent of American Jews answer "most" (22 percent) or "many" (25 percent) for the "Religious Right," while only 9 percent respond "very few" (8 percent) or "none" (1 percent). In nearly identical fashion, 47 percent of American Jews answer "most" (21 percent) or "many" (26 percent) for "Moslems," while only 9 percent respond "very few" (8 percent) or "none" (1 percent). Ranking third and fourth among the groups seen as anti-semitic by American Jews are "Fundamentalist Protestants" and "Blacks." Thus 30 percent of American Jews see most (10 percent) or many (20 percent) Fundamentahst Protestants" as anti-semitic, while 14 percent believe that "very few" (13 percent) or none (1 percent) are anti-semitic. Closely parallel to this, 27 percent of American Jews view "most" (7 percent) or "many" (20 percent) "Blacks" as anti-semitic, while 16 percent see "very few" (15 percent) or "none" (1 percent) as such.

22 At the other end of the spectrum, "Asians" and "liberals" are seen by American Jews as the groups least likely to be anti-semitic. Only 6 percent of American Jews believe that "most" (3 percent) or "many" (3 percent) Asians are anti- Semitic, while 46 percent feel that "very few" (42 percent) or "none" (4 percent) are anti-semitic. As for "liberals," 8 percent of American Jews believe that "most" (2 percent) or "many" (6 percent) are anti-semitic, while 47 percent feel that "very few" (41 percent) or "none" (6 percent) are such. 4. Concern about the nature and extent of anti-semitism in the United States varies by subgroups of American Jews. The belief that anti-semitism is currently a "very serious problem" in the United States is more prevalent among those who are older (under 40--34 percent; 40-59--43 percent; 60+--44 percent), among those with lower incomes (<$30,000--52 percent; S30,000-49,999--42 percent; $50,000-74,999--36 percent; $75,000+--36 percent), among those with less education (high school or less--57 percent; some college--42 percent; four years of college--37 percent; Figure 3. Proportion of Group Seen as "Most" Anti-Semitic 30 25 20 'I, C a) a) a. 15 10 5 0 Asians Moslems Religious Mainstream Hispanics Blacks Catholics Right Protestants

23 five or more years of higher education--30 percent), among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives ("very important"--45 percent; "fairly/not very important"--34 percent), and among those who feel "very close" to Israel ("very close"- 46 percent; "fairly close"--41 percent; "fairly/very distant-- 35 percent). Disagreement with the statement that "virtually all positions of influence in the United States are open to Jews" is more likely among women (men--44 percent; women--51 percent), among those who are older (under 40--39 percent; 40-59--48 percent; 60+--57 percent), among those with lower incomes (<$30,000--51 percent; $30,000-49,999--54 percent; $50,000-74,999-- 45 percent; $75,000+--39 percent), and among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives ("very important"--sl percent; "fairly/not very important"--43 percent). The belief that "most" or "many" of "the Religious Right" are anti-semitic is more common among women (men--44 percent; women--51 percent), among those who are older (under 40--39 percent; 40-59--46 percent; 60+--58 percent), among liberals (liberal--55 percent; moderate--46 percent; conservative-- 37 percent), among Democrats and Independents (Democratic--53 percent; Republican--33 percent; Independent--47 percent), and among those who are Conservative or Reform (Orthodox--35 percent; Conservative--50 percent; Reform--53 percent; "Just Jewish"-- 41 percent).,,. i he belief that most or many Moslems are anti-semitic is more likely among those who are oldest (under 40--45 percent; 40-59--40 percent; 60+-- 59 percent), among conservatives (moderate--45 percent; liberal--46 percent; conservative--54 percent), among the Orthodox (Orthodox-- 62 percent; Conservative--49 percent; Reform--40 percent; "Just Jewish"--50 percent), and among those who feel close to Israel ("very close"--sl percent; "fairly close"-- 50 percent; "fairly/very distant"--40 percent). ",, ",,... i he belief that most or many Blacks are anti-semitic is more prevalent among those who are oldest (under 40--23 percent; 40-59--22 percent; 60+-- 40 percent), among those with less education (high school or less--38 percent;

24 some college--28 percent; four years ofcollege--31 percent; five or more years of higher education--19 percent), among conservatives (liberal--20 percent; moderate--29 percent; conservative--36 percent), and among the Orthodox (Orthodox--44 percent; Conservative--28 percent; Reform--23 percent; "Just Jewish"--27 percent). Opinions of Various Countries 1. American Jews are overwhelmingly favorable in their opinion of Israel. Saudi Arabia is the country about which American Jews have the most unfavorable opinion. Asked if their "overall opinion" of 13 countries is "very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable," 84 percent of American Jews answer favorable for Israel ("very favorable"--49 percent; "somewhat favorable"--35 percent), 4 percent unfavorable ("very unfavorable"-- 1 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--3 percent), 11 percent "neutral," and 1 percent "not sure." At the other end of the spectrum, 56 percent of American Jews have an unfavorable opinion of Saudi Arabia ("very unfavorable"--20 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--36 percent), 13 percent a favorable opinion ("very favorable"--l percent; "somewhat favorable"--12 percent), 28 percent are "neutral," and 2 percent are "not sure." 2. Among European countries, American Jews have a more unfavorable than favorable opinion of Germany; have as favorable as unfavorable an opinion of Poland; and have a more favorable than unfavorable opinion of Switzerland. Thirty-five percent of American Jews have an unfavorable opinion of Germany ("very unfavorable"-- 11 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--24 percent), 29 percent a favorable opinion ("very favorable"--4 percent, "somewhat favorable" --25 percent), 35 percent are "neutral," and 1 percent are "not sure." Twenty-seven percent of American Jews have an unfavorable opinion of Poland ("very unfavorable"--9 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--18 percent), 25

25 percent a favorable opinion ("very favorable"--3 percent; "somewhat favorable" --22 percent), 45 percent are "neutral," and 3 percent are "not sure." Thirty-six percent of American Jews have a favorable opinion of Switzerland ("very favorable"--13 percent; "somewhat favorable"--23 percent), 30 percent an unfavorable opinion ("very unfavorable"--8 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--22 percent), 31 percent are "neutral," and 2 percent are "not sure." Thirty-three percent of American Jews have a favorable opinion of France ("very favorable"--7 percent; "somewhat favorable"--26 percent), 32 percent an unfavorable opinion ("very unfavorable"-- 7 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"-- 25 percent), 33 percent are "neutral," and 2 percent are "not sure." Thirty-one percent of American Jews have a favorable opinion of Russia ("very favorable"--2 percent; "somewhat favorable"--29 percent), 28 percent an unfavorable opinion ("very unfavorable"--5 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--23 percent), 40 percent are "neutral," and 1 percent are "not sure." Figure 4. Very/Somewhat Favorable Opinion of Countries c0 0 3- Germany Swttzerland Poland

26 Twenty-six percent of American Jews have an unfavorable opinion of Ukraine ("very unfavorable"--6 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--20 percent), 20 percent a favorable opinion ("very favorable"--2 percent; "somewhat favorable" --18 percent), 48 percent are "neutral," and 6 percent are "not sure." The European country that is viewed most positively by American Jews is Denmark, with 55 percent expressing a favorable opinion ("very favorable"--28 percent; "somewhat favorable"--27 percent), 2 percent an unfavorable opinion ("very unfavorable"--l percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--l percent), 40 percent a "neutral" opinion, and 4 percent "not sure." 3. A substantial majority of American Jews believe that Germany is making a sincere effort to come to grips with the Holocaust. As indicated, more American Jews have an unfavorable (35 percent) than a favorable (29 percent) opinion of Germany. Still, when presented with the statement "Germany today is making a sincere effort to deal with the legacy of the Holocaust," 68 percent of American Jews agree ("agree strongly"--16 percent; "agree somewhat"--52 percent), 28 percent disagree ("disagree strongly"--lo percent; "disagree somewhat"--18 percent), and 4 percent are "not sure. 4. Among Middle East countries, American Jews have a more favorable opinion of Egypt than ofjordan. Thirty-five percent of American Jews have a favorable opinion of Egypt ("very favorable"--3 percent; "somewhat favorable"--32 percent), 26 percent an unfavorable opinion ("very unfavorable"--5 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--21 percent), 36 percent are "neutral," and 2 percent are "not sure." Twenty-nine percent of American Jews have a favorable opinion of Jordan ("very favorable"-- 4 percent; "somewhat favorable"--25 percent), 38 percent an unfavorable opinion ("very unfavorable"-- 10 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--28 percent), 32 percent are "neutral," and 2 percent are "not sure."

27 5. With regard to Asia, American Jews have a far more favorable than unfavor able opinion ofjapan. In terms of North America, American Jews have an overwhelmingly favorable opinion of Canada. Forty-eight percent of American Jews have a favorable opinion of Japan ("very favorable"--9 percent; "somewhat favorable"--39 percent), 19 percent an unfavorable opinion ("very unfavorable"--3 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--16 percent), 31 percent are "neutral," and 1 percent are "not sure." Eighty percent of American Jews have a favorable opinion of Canada ("very favorably"--49 percent, "somewhat favorably"--31 percent), 5 percent an unfavorable opinion ("very unfavorably"-- 1 percent; "somewhat unfavorably"--4 percent), 15 percent are "neutral," and 1 percent are "not sure." 6. American Jews have a far more favorable opinion of Israel than do Americans in general. American Jews have a far less favorable opinion of Germany, France, Russia, Egypt, and Japan than do Americans in general. In March 1996, the Gallup Organization fielded a question--"i'd like your opinion of some foreign countries. Is your overall opinion of [ I very favorable, mostly favorable, mostly unfavorable, or very unfavorable?"--which makes possible comparisons for a number of countries with the data obtained in the present survey. The picture that emerges is as follows: Israel: American Jews--total favorable: 84 percent; total unfavorable: 4 percent; all Americans--total favorable: 62 percent; total unfavorable: 29 percent; Germany: American Jews--total favorable: 29 percent; total unfavorable: 35 percent; all Americans--total favorable: 75 percent; total unfavorable: 16 percent; France: American Jews--total favorable: 33 percent; total unfavorable: 32 percent; all Americans--total favorable: 70 percent; total unfavorable: 20 percent;

28 Russia: American Jews--total favorable: 31 percent; total unfavorable: 28 percent; all Americans--total favorable: 52 percent; total unfavorable: 39 percent; E,g.t: American Jews--total favorable: 35 percent; total unfavorable: 26 percent; all Americans--total favorable: 58 percent; total unfavorable: 24 percent; Japan: American Jews--total favorable: 48 percent; total unfavorable: 19 percent; all Americans--total favorable: 65 percent; total unfavorable: 25 percent. 7. Various subgroups of American Jews differ in their opinions of individual countries. A "very favorable" opinion of Israel is more prevalent among those who are oldest (under 40--45 percent; 40-59--46 percent; 60+--57 percent), among those with more than a high school education (high school or less--37 percent; some college--51 percent; four years of college--53 percent; five or more years of higher education--51 percent), among those who are Orthodox or Conservative (Orthodox--68 percent; Conservative--65 percent; Reform--44 percent; "Just Jewish"--30 percent), among those with a Jewish spouse (spouse Jewish-- 56 percent; spouse not Jewish--32 percent), among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives ("very important"--64 percent; "fairly! not very important"--31 percent), and among those who feel "very close" to Israel ("very close--81 percent; "fairly close"--52 percent; "fairly/very distant"-- 20 percent). A "very unfavorable/somewhat unfavorable" opinion of Saudi Arabia is more likely among women (women--64 percent; men--48 percent), among those who are Orthodox (Orthodox--71 percent; Conservative--57 percent; Reform --55 percent; "Just Jewish"--54 percent), among those who feel close to Israel ("very close"--62 percent; "fairly close"--57 percent; "fairly/very distant"--sl percent), and among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives ("very important"--61 percent; "fairly/not very important"--50 percent).

29 A "very unfavorable/somewhat unfavorable" opinion of Germany is more prevalent among women (women--39 percent; men--29 percent), among those who are older (under 40--29 percent; 40-59--35 percent; 60+--41 percent), among those with more than a high school education (high school or less--22 percent; some college--35 percent; four years of college--36 percent; five of more years of higher education--34 percent), among those who are Orthodox (Orthodox--52 percent; Conservative--40 percent; Reform--26 percent; "Just Jewish"--35 percent), among those with a Jewish spouse (spouse Jewish--39 percent; spouse not Jewish--20 percent), and among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important in their lives ("very important--42 percent; "fairly/not very important"--26 percent). A "very unfavorable/somewhat unfavorable" opinion of Poland is more likely among those who are oldest (under 40--22 percent; 40-59--21 percent; 60+-- 39 percent), among those who are Orthodox (Orthodox--54 percent; Conservative--31 percent; Reform--18 percent; "Just Jewish"--23 percent), among those with a Jewish spouse (spouse Jewish--32 percent; spouse not Jewish--14 percent), and among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives ("very important"--34 percent; "fairly/not very important"--18 percent). A "very favorable/somewhat favorable" opinion of Japan is more prevalent among men (men--54 percent; women--42 percent), among those who are most educated (high school or less--37 percent; some college--47 percent; four years of college--44 percent; five or more years of higher education--56 percent), among those who are Reform (Orthodox--40 percent; Conservative--47 percent; Reform--54 percent; "Just Jewish"--45 percent), and among those who feel close to Israel ("very close"--49 percent; "fairly close"--52 percent; "fairly/ very distant"--42 percent). Jewish Identity 1. A majority of American Jews claim that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives.just over one in ten American Jews assert that beingjewish is "not very important" in their lives.

30 When asked "How important would you say being Jewish is in your life?" 55 percent of American Jews indicate "very important," 34 percent "fairly important," and 12 percent "not very important." The 55 percent figure for "very important" is lower than that obtained in a number of earlier American Jewish Committee surveys. Thus, in January 1996, the figures were 64 percent "very important," 29 percent "fairly important," and 7 percent "not very important"; in August 1995, the figures were 59 percent "very important," 32 percent "fairly important," and 8 percent "not sure." 2. American Jews rate "being part of the Jewish people" as the quality most important for personal Jewish identity; "celebration ofjewish holidays" is seen as the activity most important for personal Jewish identity Asked "Which one of the following qualities do you consider most important to your Jewish identity?" 47 percent of American Jews respond "being part of the Jewish people," 18 percent "a commitment to social justice," 16 percent "religious observance," 3 percent "support for Israel," 13 percent "something else," and 2 percent "not sure." The comparable figures in August 1995 were 51 percent, 17 percent, 17 percent, 12 percent, and 2 percent. Figure 5. Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly important Not very important

31 Presented with a list of five activities and asked to indicate the importance of each for their Jewish identity 71 percent of American Jews rate "celebration of Jewish holidays" as either "extremely important" (20 percent) or "very important" (51 percent). This is followed distantly by "Jewish study" ("extremely important"--12 percent; "very important"--31 percent), "participation in synagogue services" ("extremely important"--9 percent; "very important"--28 percent), "Jewish organizational activity" ("extremely important"--7 percent; "very important"--24 percent), and "travel to Israel" ("extremely important"--6 percent; "very important"-- 17 percent). 3. A majority of American Jews identify as Reform or Conservative. In the current survey, 9 percent of American Jews identify as Orthodox, 31 percent as Conservative, 32 percent as Reform, 26 percent as "Just Jewish," and 1 percent as Reconstructionist. In August 1995, the comparable figures were 8 percent, 36 percent, 32 percent, 23 percent, and 1 percent. 4. A majority of American Jews belong to a synagogue or temple. While a majority of American Jews attend synagogue services infrequently, the vast majority of American Jews assess their recent experiences with Jewish religious services favorably. In the current survey, 52 percent of American Jews report that they belong to a synagogue or temple, while 48 percent do not belong. When asked "How often do you attend synagogue services?" 33 percent of American Jews answer "high holidays and perhaps once or twice during the year," 32 percent "never or only on special occasions," 19 percent "monthly," and 16 percent "weekly or more." Asked "How would you characterize your recent experiences with Jewish religious services?" 87 percent of American Jews respond in positive terms ("strongly positive"--41 percent; "somewhat positive"--46 percent), 8 percent in negative terms ("somewhat negative"--7 percent, "strongly negative"-- 1 percent), 3 percent offer other responses, and 3 percent are "not sure." 5. In terms of religious beliefs, majorities of American Jews maintain that "there

32 is a God," that "God answers your prayers," that "God has a special relationship with the Jewish people," and that "God dictated the Torah to Moses." Asked about their specific religious beliefs, 85 percent of American Jews maintain that "there is a God" ("definitely yes"--63 percent; "probably yes"--22 percent), 12 percent do not believe that there is a God ("definitely no"--3 percent; "probably no"--9 percent), and 3 percent are "not sure." Asked if they believe that "God will punish you for your sins," 43 percent of American Jews answer yes ("definitely yes"--16 percent; "probably yes"--27 percent), 53 percent no ("definitely no"--20 percent; "probably no"--33 percent), and 4 percent "not sure." Asked if they believe that "God answers your prayers," 65 percent of American Jews indicate yes ("definitely yes"--26 percent; "probably yes"--39 percent), 31 percent no ("definitely no"--ll percent; "probably no"--20 percent), and 4 percent "not sure." Asked if "God has a special relationship with the Jewish people," 63 percent of American Jews respond yes ("definitely yes"--32 percent; "probably yes"--31 percent), 33 percent no ("definitely no"-- 10 percent; "probably no"--23 percent), and 4 percent "not sure." Finally, asked if they believe that "God dictated the Torah to Moses," 70 percent of American Jews answer yes ("definitely yes"--39 percent; "probably yes"-- 31 percent), 26 percent no ("definitely no"--9 percent; "probably no"--17 percent), and 4 percent "not sure." 6. Of those American Jews who are currently married, one in five report that their spouse is not Jewish. A majority of American Jews believe that anti- Semitism is a greater threat to Jewish life in the United States today than is intermarriage. In the present survey, among those American Jews who are currently married, 79 percent report having a Jewish spouse and 21 percent a non-jewish spouse. Asked "In your opinion, which is a greater threat to Jewish life in the United

32 is a God," that "God answers your prayers," that "God has a special relationship with the Jewish people," and that "God dictated the Torah to Moses." Asked about their specific religious beliefs, 85 percent of American Jews maintain that "there is a God" ("definitely yes"--63 percent; "probably yes"--22 percent), 12 percent do not believe that there is a God ("definitely no"--3 percent; "probably no"--9 percent), and 3 percent are "not sure." Asked if they believe that "God will punish you for your sins," 43 percent of American Jews answer yes ("definitely yes"--16 percent; "probably yes"--27 percent), 53 percent no ("definitely no"--20 percent; "probably no"--33 percent), and 4 percent "not sure." Asked if they believe that "God answers your prayers," 65 percent of American Jews indicate yes ("definitely yes"--26 percent; "probably yes"--39 percent), 31 percent no ("definitely no"--ll percent; "probably no"--20 percent), and 4 percent "not sure." Asked if "God has a special relationship with the Jewish people," 63 percent of American Jews respond yes ("definitely yes"--32 percent; "probably yes"--31 percent), 33 percent no ("definitely no"--lo percent; "probably no"--23 percent), and 4 percent "not sure." Finally, asked if they believe that "God dictated the Torah to Moses," 70 percent of American Jews answer yes ("definitely yes"--39 percent; "probably yes"-- 31 percent), 26 percent no ("definitely no"--9 percent; "probably no"--17 percent), and 4 percent "not sure." 6. Of those American Jews who are currently married, one in five report that their spouse is not Jewish. A majority of American Jews believe that anti- Semitism is a greater threat to Jewish life in the United States today than is intermarriage. In the present survey, among those American Jews who are currently married, 79 percent report having a Jewish spouse and 21 percent a non-jewish spouse. Asked "In your opinion, which is a greater threat to Jewish life in the United

33 States today--intermarriage or anti-semitism?" 61 percent of American Jews answer "anti-semitism," 32 percent "intermarriage," 4 percent volunteer "both equally," and 2 percent are "not sure." 7. A majority of American Jews take the position that the Jewish community today is "badly divided." Asked if they agree or disagree with the statement "Much talk is heard about Jewish unity, but the reality is that the Jewish community today is badly divided," 56 percent of American Jews respond "agree," 40 percent "disagree," and 4 percent "not sure." 8. A majority of American Jews maintain that Reform Judaism's "patrilineal descent" decision is "morally correct," and that it "strengthens the American Jewish community." At the same time, half of all American Jews believe that the decision "divides the American Jewish community" and "divides the Jewish people worldwide." Presented with a factual statement--"in 1983 the Reform movement of Judaism decided to define as a Jew anyone who met two conditions: He or she has (or had) one Jewish parent--either a Jewish mother or a Jewish father--and he or she was raised as a Jew. This has become known as the 'patrilineal descent' decision."--and then asked their reactions to it, 66 percent of American Jews "agree" that "the decision is morally correct," 29 percent "disagree," and 5 percent are "not sure"; 55 percent of American Jews "agree" that "the decision strengthens the American Jewish community," 39 percent "disagree," and 6 percent are "not sure"; 50 percent of American Jews agree that "the decision divides the American Jewish community," 45 percent "disagree," and 5 percent are "not sure"; and 50 percent "agree" that "the decision divides the Jewish people worldwide, especially between Israel and the Diaspora," 37 percent "disagree," and 13 percent are "not sure." 9. American Jews overwhelmingly support keeping the remembrance of the Holocaust strong. When asked "Some people say that 50 years after the end of World War II, it is

34 time to put the memory of the Holocaust behind us. Others say that we should keep the remembrance of the Holocaust strong, even after the passage of time. Which opinion comes closer to your opinion?" 94 percent of American Jews respond "keep remembrance strong," 5 percent "put memory behind us," and 1 percent "not sure." 10. Various subgroups of American Jews differ on the Jewish identity items. The feeling that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives is more prevalent among women (women--60 percent; men--49 percent), among those who are Orthodox (Orthodox--97 percent; Conservative--73 percent; Reform--Si percent; "Just Jewish"--23 percent), among those with a Jewish spouse (spouse Jewish--63 percent; spouse not Jewish--26 percent), and among those who feel "very close" to Israel ("very close"--90 percent; "fairly close"--56 percent; "fairly/very distant"--27 percent). The view that "being part of the Jewish people" is the most important element of personal Jewish identity is more common among Democrats (Democratic-- 54 percent; Republican--38 percent; Independent--4i percent), among those who are Conservative (Orthodox--29 percent; Conservative--56 percent; Reform--48 percent; "Just Jewish"--41 percent), among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives ("very important"--55 percent; "fairly/not very important"--38 percent), and among those who feel close to Israel ("very close"--53 percent; "fairly close"--52 percent; "fairly/very distant"--36 percent). The view that "a commitment to social justice" is the most important element of personal Jewish identity is more prevalent among those who are older (under 40--li percent; 40-59--2i percent; 60+--25 percent), among those who are liberal (liberal--24 percent; moderate-- 16 percent; conservative-- 13 percent), among those who are Reform or "Just Jewish" (Orthodox--2 percent; Conservative--13 percent; Reform--24 percent; "Just Jewish"--24 percent), among those who feel that being Jewish is "fairly/not very important" ("very important"--i2 percent; "fairly/not very important"--27 percent), and among those who feel "fairly close" to, or "fairly/very distant" from, Israel ("very

35 close"-- 11 percent; "fairly close"--20 percent; "fairly/very distant"--22 percent). The view that "religious observance" is the most important element of personal Jewish identity is more common among those who are younger (under 40--22 percent; 40-59--16 percent; 60+--1O percent), among those who are political conservatives (liberal - 12 percent; moderate-- 14 percent; conservative--25 percent), among those who are Orthodox (Orthodox--57 percent; Conservative-- 19 percent; Reform-- 12 percent; "Just Jewish"--5 percent), among those with a Jewish spouse (spouse Jewish-- 19 percent; spouse not Jewish--7 percent), among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives ("very important"--22 percent; "fairly/not very important"- -9 percent), and among those who feel "very close" to Israel ("very close"--22 percent; "fairly close"--15 percent; "fairly/very distant"--14 percent). The belief that anti-semitism and not intermarriage is the "greater threat to Jewish life in the United States today" is more prevalent among those with less education (high school or less--71 percent; some college--64 percent; four years of college--61 percent; five or more years of higher education--44 percent), among those who are Reform or "Just Jewish" ("Orthodox--17 percent; Conservative--SO percent; Reform--74 percent; "Just Jewish"-- 75 percent), among those with a spouse who is not Jewish (spouse Jewish--53 percent; spouse not Jewish--82 percent), among those who feel that being Jewish is "fairly/not very important" ("very important"- -50 percent; "fairly/not very important"--75 percent) and among those who feel "fairly close" to, or "fairly/very distant" from, Israel ("very close"--41 percent; "fairly close"--61 percent; "fairly/very distant"--77 percent). The belief that intermarriage and not anti-semitism is the "greater threat to Jewish life in the United States today" is more common among those with a college education or more (high school or less--24 percent; some college--28 percent; four years of college--35 percent; four or more years of higher education--48 percent), among those who are Orthodox (Orthodox--70 percent; Conservative--43 percent; Reform--23 percent; "Just Jewish"--18 percent), among those with a Jewish spouse (spouse Jewish--41 percent; spouse not

36 Jewish--lO percent), among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives ("very important--43 percent; "fairly/not very important"-- 20 percent), and among those who feel "very close" to Israel ("very close"--52 percent; "fairly close"--32 percent; "fairly/very distant"--17 percent).

AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE Survey Questionnaire 1997 National Survey of American Jews (All responses in percents*) February 3-11, 1997 1. To begin, how close do you feel to Israel? Very close 23 Fairly close 46 Fairly distant 23 Very distant 8 Not sure 0 2. Looking ahead 3 to 5 years, do you see Jews in Israel and in the United States becoming closer, drifting apart, or neither? Becoming closer 31 Drifting apart 13 Neither 54 Not sure 3 3. In May 1996, Benjamin Netanyahu was elected Prime Minister of Israel. Do you support or oppose the Netanyahu government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs? Support 61 Oppose 24 Not sure 15 4. Do you support or oppose the newly signed Hebron agreement between Israel and the Palestinians? Support 59 Oppose 19 Not sure 21 5. As compared with one year ago, are you now more optimistic about the chance for a lasting peace between Israel and the Arabs, less optimistic, or do you think the chance for a lasting peace is about the same as it was one year ago? More optimistic now 17 Less optimistic now 23 Same as one year ago 58 Not sure 1 *Note: Due to rounding, not all items add to 100 percent. 39

40 6. To what extent do each of the following Arab leaders support or oppose peace with Israel? Does (INSERT NAME) strongly support peace with Israel, somewhat support peace with Israel, somewhat oppose peace with Israel, or strongly oppose peace with Israel? Strong- Some- Some- Strongly what what ly Not support support oppose oppose sure a. President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt b. President Hafez Assad of Syria c. King Hussein of Jordan d. PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat 24 45 10 5 16 13 27 42 18 25 43 14 8 10 14 48 15 16 7 7. What is your impression of the following leaders and groups in Israel? Some- Some- Very what what Very favor- favor- unfa- unfa- Not able able vorable vorable sure a. Israel's Labor Party 7 b. Israel's Likud Party 7 c. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu 22 d. Opposition leader Shimon Peres 20 e. West Bank settlers 11 f. Secular or nonreligious Israelis 21 g. Modern Orthodox Israelis 12 h. Ultra-Orthodox Israelis 7 i. Israeli Arabs 4 53 13 3 24 34 21 4 34 53 14 4 6 47 15 6 12 36 29 12 13 51 14 3 11 43 26 9 11 21 36 31 6 41 29 9 16 8. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: "American Jews should not publicly criticize the policies of the government of Israel?" Agree Disagree Not sure 31 67 2

41 9. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: "Regardless of their individual views on the peace negotiations with the Arabs, American Jews should support the policies of the duly elected government of Israel. Agree 55 Disagree 42 Not sure 3 10. How would you characterize relations between Israel and the United States today? Are they very positive, somewhat positive, somewhat negative, or very negative? Very positive 23 Somewhat positive 67 Somewhat negative 9 Very negative 0 Not sure 0 11. Do you think relations between the different racial groups in the United States today are excellent, good, only fair, or poor? Excellent 0 Good 15 Only fair 64 Poor 20 Not sure 0 12. Do you think relations between the different religious groups in the United States today are excellent, good, only fair, or poor? Excellent 3 Good 37 Only fair 50 Poor 9 Not sure 1

42 13. How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement: "In order to make up for past discrimination and create a level playing field, women, blacks, and members of other disadvantaged groups should receive special consideration in hiring and promotion as a matter of policy." Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor disagree, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly? Agree strongly 8 Agree somewhat 20 Neither agree nor disagree 11 Disagree somewhat 29 Disagree strongly 31 Mixed, other responses Not sure 0 14. How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement: "We have gone too far in pushing equal rights in this country." Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor disagree, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly? Agree strongly 14 Agree somewhat 22 Neither agree nor disagree 12 Disagree somewhat 23 Disagree strongly 28 Not sure 15. Do you think abortions should be legal under any circumstances, legal only under certain circumstances, or illegal in all circumstances? Legal under any circumstances 60 Legal only under certain circumstances 33 Illegal in all circumstances 6 Not sure 16. Do you favor or oppose government aid to parochial or other religious schools? Favor 32 Oppose 63 Not sure 5

43 17. Do you think the number of immigrants from foreign countries who are permitted to come to the United States to live should be increased a lot, increased a little, left the same as it is now, decreased a little, or decreased a lot? Increased a lot 3 Increased a little 12 Left the same as it is now 48 Decreased a little 18 Decreased a lot 16 Not sure 3 18. Do you favor or oppose the death penalty for persons convicted of murder? Favor 80 Oppose 16 Not sure 4 19. In politics, as of today, do you consider yourself a Republican, a Democrat, or an Independent? Republican 15 Democrat 54 Independent 29 Not sure 2 20. I'm going to read you a list of political views that people might hold. They are arranged from extremely liberal to extremely conservative. Where would you place yourself on this scale? Extremely liberal 4 Liberal 17 Slightly liberal 17 Moderate, middle of the road 35 Slightly conservative 13 Conservative 11 Extremely conservative 2 Not sure 1 21. In the November 1996 presidential election, did you vote for Bill Clinton, Bob Dole, Ross Perot, or did you not vote? (Percentages based upon those respondents who reported voting) Clinton 76 Dole 17 Perot 5 Other candidate (VOL.) 2

44 22. Next, I would like your opinion of some countries today. Is your overall opinion of (INSERT COUNTRY) very favorable, somewhat favorable, neutral, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable? Some- Some- Very what what Very favor- favor- Neu- unfa- unfa- Not able able tral vorable vorable sure a. Canada 49 31 15 4 1 1 b. Saudi Arabia 1 12 28 36 20 2 c. Germany 4 25 35 24 11 1 d. Jordan 4 25 32 28 10 2 e. Switzerland 13 23 31 22 8 2 f. Poland 3 22 45 18 9 3 g. Israel 49 35 11 3 1 1 h. Egypt 3 32 36 21 5 2 i. Japan 9 39 31 16 3 j. Denmark 28 27 40 1 1 4 k. Russia 2 29 40 23 5 1 I. France 7 26 33 25 7 2 m. Ukraine 2 18 48 20 6 6 23. How important would you say being Jewish is in your own life? Very important 55 Fairly important 34 Not very important 12 Not sure 0 24. Which one of the following qualities do you consider most important to your Jewish identity? Being part of the Jewish people 47 Religious observance 16 Support for Israel 3 A commitment to social justice 18 Something else 13 Not sure 2

45 25. In 1983 the Reform movement of Judaism decided to define as a Jew anyone who met two conditions: He or she has (or had) one Jewish parent -- either a Jewish mother or a Jewish father -- and he or she was raised as a Jew. This has become known as the "patrilineal descent' decision. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Agree Disagree Not sure a. The decision strengthens the American Jewish community. 55 39 6 b. The decision divides the American Jewish community. 50 45 5 c. The decision is morally correct. 66 29 5 d. The decision divides the Jewish people worldwide, especially between Israel and the Diaspora. 50 37 13 26. Please rate the importance of each of the following to your Jewish identity, indicating whether it is extremely important, very important, somewhat important, or not important. Ex- Sometremely Very what Not impor- impor- impor- important tant tant tant a. Participation in synagogue services 9 28 41 22 b. Jewish study 12 31 42 14 c. Travel to Israel 6 17 39 37 d. Jewish organizational activity 7 24 47 23 e. Celebration of Jewish holidays 20 51 25 5 27. Do you think of yourself as... Orthodox 9 Conservative 31 Reconstructionjst 1 Reform 32 Just Jewish 26

46 28. How often do you attend synagogue services? Never or only on special occasions 32 High holidays and perhaps once or twice during the year 33 Monthly 19 Weekly or more 16 Refused 0 29. Do you belong to a synagogue or temple? Yes 52 No 48 30. Would you characterize your recent experiences with Jewish religious services as strongly positive, somewhat positive, somewhat negative, or strongly negative? Strongly positive 41 Somewhat positive 46 Somewhat negative 7 Strongly negative 1 Other/mixed 3 Not sure 3 31. In your opinion, which is a greater threat to Jewish life in the United States today--intermarriage or anti-semitism? Intermarriage 32 Anti-Semitism 61 Both equally (VOL.) 4 Not sure 2 32. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: "Much talk is heard about Jewish unity, but the reality is that the Jewish community today is badly divided." Agree 56 Disagree 40 Not sure 4 33. Do you think that anti-semitism in the United States is currently a very serious problem, somewhat of a problem, or not a problem at all? Very serious problem 40 Somewhat of a problem 55 Not a problem at all 5 Not sure 1

47 34. Looking ahead over the next several years, do you think that anti- Semitism in the United States will increase greatly, increase somewhat, remain the same, decrease somewhat, or decrease greatly? Increase greatly 8 Increase somewhat 31 Remain the same 48 Decrease somewhat 9 Decrease greatly 1 Not sure 2 35. In your opinion, what proportion of each of the following groups in the United States is anti-semitic -- most, many, some, very few, or none? Very Not Most Many Some few None sure a. Asians 3 3 36 42 4 12 b. Moslems 21 26 35 8 1 9 c. Hispanics 3 8 50 28 2 10 d. Blacks 7 20 52 15 1 5 e. TheReligiousRight 22 25 33 8 1 10 f. Liberals 2 6 38 41 6 8 g. Conservatives 4 15 55 17 1 8 h. Catholics 3 13 54 23 1 5 i. Mainstream Protestants 3 9 53 25 2 9 j. FundamentalistProtestants 10 20 43 13 1 12 36. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: "Virtually all positions of influence in the United States are open to Jews?" Agree 51 Disagree 47 Not sure 1 37. Some people say that 50 years after the end of World War II, it is time to put the memory of the Holocaust behind us. Others say that we should keep the remembrance of the Holocaust strong, even after the passage of time. Which opinion comes closer to your opinion? Put memory behind us 5 Keep remembrance strong 94 Not sure

48 38. Please tell me if you agree strongly, agree somewhat, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly with the following statement: 'Germany today is making a sincere effort to deal with the legacy of the Holocaust." Agree strongly 16 Agree somewhat 52 Disagree somewhat 18 Disagree strongly 10 Not sure 4 39. Do you definitely, probably, probably not, or definitely not believe that. Defi- Prob- Prob- Definitely ably ably nitely Not yes yes not not sure a. There is a God? 63 22 9 3 3 b. God will punish you for yoursins? 16 27 33 20 4 c. God answers your prayers? 26 39 20 11 4 d. God has a special relationship with the Jewish people? 32 31 23 10 4 e. God dictated the Torah to Moses? 39 31 17 9 4 40. Are you currently married? Yes 74 No 26 41. (IF YES IN Q. 40, ASK:) Is your spouse Jewish? Yes - spouse Jewish 79 No - spouse not Jewish 21 42. What is your age as of your last birthday? Under 30 13 30-39 22 40-49 22 50-59 15 60-69 16 70orover 13 Refused 0

AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITFEE Social and Political Questions: Comparative Data from AJC-Sponsored Surveys (All responses in percents*) 1997 1996 1996 American Religious Other Jews Right Americans (Religious Right excluded) 1. Do you think relations between the different racial groups in the United States today are excellent, good, only fair, or poor? Excellent 0 2 1 Good 15 23 22 Only fair 64 50 53 Poor 20 26 24 Not sure 0 ** ** Note: In 1996, the item read Do you think relations between the different racial and ethnic groups in the United States today are excellent, good, only fair, or poor?" 2. Do you think relations between the different religious groups in the United States are excellent, good, only fair, or poor? Excellent 3 4 4 Good 37 45 45 Only fair 50 39 39 Poor 9 12 12 Not sure ** ** 1 3. Do you think abortions should be legal under any circumstances, legal only under certain circumstances, or illegal in all circumstances? Legal under any circumstances 60 Legal only under certain 6 31 circumstances 33 56 Illegal in all circumstances 56 6 38 Not sure ** 1 14 ** 4. In politics, as of today, do you consider yourself a Republican, a Democrat, or an Independent? Republican 15 38 24 Democrat 54 28 32 Independent 29 26 35 Notsure 2 9 8 Note: "1997 American Jews" refers to data from the current survey. The data for "1996 Religious Right" and "1996 Other Americans (Religious Right excluded)" are taken from an AJC-sponsored survey conducted by the Gallup Institute and reported in Tom W. Smith A Survey of the Religious Right (American Jewish Committee, 1996). * Note: Due to rounding, not all columns add to 100 percent. ** Note: Indicates that Not sure" responses were removed from the item. 49

50 1997 1996 1996 American Religious Other Jews Right Americans (Religious Right excluded) 5. Do you think the number of immigrants from foreign countries who are permitted to come to the United States to live should be increased a lot, increased a little, left the same as it is now, decreased a little, or decreased a lot? Increased a lot 3 2 2 Increased a little 12 7 7 Left the same as it is now 48 37 37 Decreased a little 18 28 26 Decreased a lot 16 26 27 Not sure 3 ** ** 6. I'm going to read you a list of political views that people might hold. They are arranged from extremely liberal to extremely conservative. Where would you place yourself on this scale? Extremely liberal 4 2 6 Liberal 17 1 19 Slightly liberal 17 2 9 Moderate, middle of the road 35 3 20 Slightly conservative 13 12 9 Conservative 11 39 18 Extremely conservative 2 39 13 Notsure 1 2 7 American Jews Overall vote 7. Vote in 1996 Presidential election Clinton 76 50 Dole 17 41 Perot 5 9

AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITFEE Israel and Jewish Identity Questions: Comparative Data from AJC-Sponsored Surveys (All responses in percents*) 1.How close do you feel to Israel? 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 Very close 23 25 26 25 27 Fairly close 46 45 43 41 48 Fairly distant 23 25 24 25 20 Very distant 8 4 6 7 4 Notsure 0 1 1 1 1 2. Looking ahead 3 to 5 years, do you see Jews in Israel and in the United States becoming closer, drifting apart, or neither? Becomingcloser 31 34 29 ** ** Drifting apart 13 12 11 ** ** Neither 54 51 56 ** ** Not sure 3 4 4 ** ** 3a.What is your impression of the following leaders and groups in Israel? Benjamin Netanyahu Favorable 75 37 ** ** ** Unfavorable 18 37 ** ** ** Not sure 6 26 ** ** ** Note: The 1997 survey referred to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu," while the 1996 survey referred to "Opposition leader Benjamin Netanyahu. 3b.What is your impression of the following leaders and groups in Israel? Shimon Peres Favorable 67 85 ** ** ** Unfavorable 21 8 ** ** Not sure 12 7 ** ** ** Note: The 1997 survey referred to "Opposition leader Shimon Peres," while the 1996 survey referred to Prime Minister Shimon Peres." 4. American Jews should not publicly criticize the policies of the government of Israel. Agree 31 ** 26 29 32 Disagree 67 ** 71 68 65 Notsure 2 ** 4 3 2 * Note: Due to rounding, not all columns add to 100 percent. ** Note: Identical question not asked that year. 51

52 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 5. Regardless of their individual views on the negotiations with the Arabs, American Jews should support the policies of the duly elected government of Israel. Agree 55 66 53 ** ** Disagree 42 32 43 ** ** Not sure 3 2 4 ** ** Note: In 1995 and 1996, the item read "Regardless of their individual views on the peace process, American Jews should support the policies of the duly elected government of Israel." 6. How important would you say being Jewish is in your own life? Very important 55 64 59 57 59 Fairly important 34 29 32 35 35 Not very important 12 7 8 8 6 7. Which one of the following qualities do you consider most important to your Jewish identity? Being part of the Jewish people 47 ** 51 ** ** Religious observance 16 ** 17 ** ** Support for Israel 3 ** 2 ** A commitment to social justice 18 ** 17 ** ** Somethingelse 13 ** 12 ** ** Not sure 2 ** 2 ** ** 8. Do you belong to a synagogue or temple? Yes 52 56 55 51 56 No 48 44 45 49 44 9. Do you think of yourself as... Orthodox 9 7 8 5 7 Conservative 31 36 36 35 35 Reconstructionist 1 1 1 1 1 Reform 32 31 32 34 33 Just Jewish 26 24 23 25 24 10. If married, is your spouse Jewish? Spouse Jewish 79 79 80 69 80 Spouse not Jewish 21 21 20 31 20

AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE Survey Questions February 1997 Subgroup Data Table 1 "How close do you feel to Israel?" (in percents) Very Fairly Fairly Very Not Subgroup close close distant distant sure Total 23 46 23 8 0 Sex Male 23 50 21 5 0 Female 23 42 25 10 0 Age Under 40 23 41 24 11 0 40-59 20 48 25 7 0 60+ 28 48 19 5 0 Income <$30,000 29 45 18 8 0 $30,000-49,999 17 50 25 7 0 $50,000-74,999 27 44 23 7 0 $75,000 22 47 25 6 1 Education High school or less 19 43 25 12 1 Some college 22 45 24 9 0 Four years of college 29 38 26 6 0 Five or more years of higher education 26 54 17 3 1 Political Ideology Liberal 21 48 23 7 0 Moderate 22 46 24 8 1 Conservative 29 43 21 7 0 Political Party Republican 19 47 26 8 0 Democrat 25 47 22 6 0 Independent 21 43 25 10 0 Denomination Orthodox 62 33 4 0 Conservative 32 53 13 2 0 Reform 13 49 30 8 0 Just Jewish 12 37 34 16 0 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 29 50 16 5 0 Spousenotiewish 13 33 38 16 0 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 38 47 Il 4 0 Fairly/not very important 5 45 38 12 0 Closeness to Israel Very close 100 0 0 0 0 Fairly close 0 100 0 0 0 Fairly/very distant 0 0 75 25 0 53

54 Table 2 "Looking ahead 3 to 5 years, do you see Jews in Israel and in the United States becoming closer, drifting apart, or neither?" (in percents) Becoming Drifting Not Subgroup closer apart Neither sure Total 31 13 54 3 Sex Male 26 16 55 3 Female 35 9 53 3 Age Under 40 29 13 55 2 40-59 32 11 55 2 60+ 32 14 50 4 Income <$30,000 43 13 41 3 $30,000-49,999 28 10 61 2 $50,000-74,999 36 14 48 2 $75,000+ 22 14 62 Education High school or less 41 8 47 3 Some college 33 12 51 3 Four years of college 31 13 53 2 Five or more years of higher education 23 18 58 2 Political Ideology Liberal 29 15 54 2 Moderate 33 10 54 3 Conservative 31 13 54 3 Political Party Republican 27 14 58 Democrat 34 14 50 2 Independent 27 9 60 5 Denomination Orthodox 45 13 37 5 Conservative 35 12 51 2 Reform 31 13 54 2 Just Jewish 22 12 62 4 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 33 13 51 2 Spouse not Jewish 32 10 55 3 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 39 12 46 3 Fairly/not very important 21 14 62 3 Closeness to Israel Very close 48 12 35 5 Fairly close 32 12 54 2 Fairly/very distant 17 13 67 3

55 Table 3 "In May 1996, Benjamin Netanyahu was elected Prime Minister of Israel. Do you support or oppose the Netanyahu government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs?" (in percents) Not Subgroup Support Oppose sure Total 61 24 15 Sex Male 65 26 9 Female 57 22 20 Age Under 40 61 24 14 40-59 63 23 15 60 59 25 16 Income <$30,000 54 25 20 $30,000-49,999 66 22 13 $50,000-74,999 68 21 Il $75,000+ 63 26 11 Education High school or less 64 24 12 Some college 60 24 16 Four years of college 67 22 11 Five or more years of higher education 61 29 10 Political Ideology Liberal 55 30 16 Moderate 62 23 15 Conservative 71 17 13 Political Party Republican 67 21 II Democrat 58 28 14 Independent 65 19 16 Denomination Orthodox 65 29 7 Conservative 66 22 12 Reform 59 25 16 Just Jewish 57 24 19 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 62 25 12 Spouse not Jewish 61 24 14 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 61 26 13 Fairly/not very important 60 22 17 Closeness to Israel Very close 63 28 9 Fairly close 66 21 13 Fairly/very distant 53 26 22

56 Table 4 "Do you support or oppose the newly signed Hebron agreement between Israel and he Palestinians?" (in percents) Not Subgroup Support Oppose sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under 40 40-59 60+ Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant 59 19 21 67 18 15 51 21 27 49 22 28 64 18 18 65 18 17 48 26 26 60 21 19 57 25 18 71 15 14 61 21 19 56 20 24 67 20 13 63 20 17 64 14 22 60 21 19 52 25 23 50 26 24 64 17 19 57 20 22 34 56 10 63 19 18 65 14 21 57 15 28 61 22 17 59 15 26 57 25 18 62 13 25 58 32 10 63 18 19 54 12 33

57 Table S "As compared with one year ago, are you now more optimistic about the chance for a lasting peace between Israel and the Arabs, less optimistic, or do you think the chance for a lasting peace is about the same as it was one year ago?" (in percents) More Less Same as optimistic optimistic one year Not Subgroup now now ago sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under 40 40-59 60+ Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant 17 19 16 l4 19 20 19 12 15 17 14 19 17 IS 21 16 13 13 20 16 10 20 17 17 16 Is 17 18 16 21 13 23 58 1 21 59 25 58 26 58 2 20 60 1 22 57 1 23 56 18 68 22 62 24 59 19 67 1 24 55 2 21 61 1 24 61 0 24 53 22 61 21 64 24 62 24 55 21 62 20 69 24 55 24 58 22 60 22 61 1 25 60 0 24 58 1 22 59 1 27 56 20 58 24 61 2 2 0 2 2

58 Table 6 "To what extent does (INSERT NAME) support or oppose peace with Israel? Does he strongly support peace with Israel, somewhat support peace with Israel, somewhat oppose peace with Israel, or strongly oppose peace with Israel? PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat" (in percents) Strongly Somewhat Somewhat Strongly Not Subgroup support support oppose oppose sure Total 14 48 15 16 7 Sex Male 17 56 13 10 4 Female 11 41 17 21 10 Age Under 40 13 46 14 19 8 40-59 15 52 13 15 5 60+ IS 48 17 13 7 Income <$30,000 15 35 12 25 13 $30,000-49,999 18 48 19 9 6 $50,000-74,999 13 42 19 20 6 $75,000+ 13 62 14 8 2 Education High school or less 19 42 15 13 11 Some college 13 49 13 18 7 Four years of college 17 47 23 11 2 Five or more years of higher education 14 56 14 13 3 Political Ideology Liberal 17 47 13 15 8 Moderate 13 49 18 13 6 Conservative II 49 13 21 5 Political Party Republican 9 44 19 22 6 Democrat 15 49 14 IS 6 Independent 16 50 14 13 7 Denomination Orthodox 7 31 24 36 3 Conservative 15 53 15 13 5 Reform 14 52 13 11 9 Just Jewish 16 44 14 18 9 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 13 52 16 15 4 Spouse not Jewish 20 41 II 20 8 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 14 47 16 19 5 Fairly/not very important 14 51 14 12 10 Closeness to Israel Very close 16 43 16 21 3 Fairly close 13 53 16 13 6 Fairly/very distant 15 46 12 16 11

59 Table 7 "What is your impression of the following leaders and groups in Israel? Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu" (in percents) Some- Some- Very what what Very favor- favor- unfa- unfa- Not Subgroup able able vorable vorable sure Total 22 53 14 4 6 Sex Male 24 52 16 6 3 Female 21 55 13 3 9 Age Under 40 20 54 12 5 9 40-59 22 52 18 3 5 60+ 25 54 13 5 3 Income <$30,000 20 54 12 4 11 $30,000-49,999 24 56 10 3 7 $50,000-74,999 26 56 14 2 2 $75,000+ 20 54 20 6 Education High school or less 24 54 9 4 10 Some college 22 52 13 5 8 Four years of college 21 58 15 4 Five or more years of higher education 22 52 20 5 Political Ideology Liberal 18 53 16 6 7 Moderate 19 56 16 3 5 Conservative 33 49 10 2 5 Political Party Republican 30 52 9 3 6 Democrat 20 54 17 4 5 Independent 24 52 II 5 7 Denomination Orthodox 42 49 8 0 2 Conservative 23 56 14 3 4 Reform 20 51 16 5 8 Just Jewish 17 54 14 7 8 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 24 54 15 4 3 Spouse not Jewish 18 51 IS 5 10 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 27 53 13 4 3 Fairly/not very important 16 54 16 4 10 Closeness to Israel Very close 33 48 13 4 2 Fairly close 22 60 13 3 3 Fairly/very distant 15 48 18 6 14

60 Table 8 "What is your impression of the following leaders and groups in Israel? Opposition leader Shimon Peres" (in percents) Very Somewhat Somewhat Very favor- favor- unfa- unfa- Not Subgroup able able vorable vorable sure Total 20 47 15 6 12 Sex Male 23 50 14 7 6 Female 17 44 16 4 18 Age Under 40 16 44 14 8 18 40-59 20 50 17 4 9 60+ 25 47 14 5 9 Income <$30,000 20 37 14 8 20 $30,000-49,999 15 51 15 6 14 $50,000-74,999 20 53 15 4 8 $75,000+ 20 60 IS 2 3 Education High school or less 17 36 19 8 20 Some college 21 43 17 6 14 Four years of college 20 62 12 3 4 Five or more years of higher education 21 54 15 6 3 Political Ideology Liberal 26 46 15 3 11 Moderate 18 51 12 6 12 Conservative 14 44 20 10 13 Political Party Republican 10 50 18 II II Democrat 23 48 13 4 Il Independent 20 45 17 7 12 Denomination Orthodox 7 30 27 33 3 Conservative 25 52 15 2 6 Reform 19 51 14 1 IS Just Jewish 19 44 13 7 19 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 22 49 16 6 7 Spouse not Jewish 15 42 17 6 20 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 22 47 15 8 8 Fairly/not very important 17 48 15 3 17 Closeness to Israel Very close 25 43 17 10 5 Fairly close 21 52 14 5 8 Fairly/very distant 14 44 16 3 24

61 Table 9 "Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: 'American Jews should not publicly criticize the policies of the government of Israel'?" (in percents) Not Subgroup Agree Disagree sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under 40 40-59 60+ Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant 31 67 2 29 70 33 64 2 26 72 2 27 72 42 55 2 40 58 2 29 68 3 32 65 3 26 74 39 59 3 32 66 2 30 68 2 24 74 24 74 35 63 2 34 64 2 27 71 2 29 69 2 37 62 40 60 0 34 65 29 70 2 28 69 4 32 66 2 27 71 2 32 67 2 30 67 2 36 63 28 69 3 31 67 2

62 Table 10 "Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: 'Regardless of their individual views on the peace negotiations with the Arabs, American Jews should support the policies of the duly elected government of Israel'?" (in percents) Not Subgroup Agree Disagree sure Total 55 42 3 Sex Male 56 42 2 Female 54 42 4 Age Under 40 49 46 4 40-59 51 47 2 60+ 67 29 3 Income <$30,000 57 39 4 $30,000-49,999 56 40 3 $50,000-74,999 62 36 2 $75,000+ 50 49 0 Education High school or less 66 31 3 Some college 57 38 4 Four years of college 58 41 1 Five or more years of higher education 49 51 0 Political Ideology Liberal 48 49 3 Moderate 59 38 3 Conservative 61 36 3 Political Party Republican 56 42 2 Democrat 56 41 3 Independent 53 44 3 Denomination Orthodox 65 35 0 Conservative 65 33 2 Reform 52 45 4 Just Jewish 45 51 4 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 59 39 2 Spouse not Jewish 48 49 3 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 60 38 2 Fairly/not very important 49 47 4 Closeness to Israel Very close 67 32 Fairly close 57 40 3 Fairly/very distant 43 51 6

63 Table 11 "How would you characterize relations between Israel and the United States today? Are they very positive, somewhat positive, somewhat negative, or very negative?" (in percents) Very Somewhat Somewhat Very Not Subgroup positive positive negative negative sure Total 23 67 9 0 0 Sex Male 26 65 9 0 0 Female 22 69 8 1 Age Under4O 25 63 II 1 0 40-59 23 70 6 0 60+ 22 68 9 0 0 Income <$30,000 21 70 8 0 $30,000-49,999 24 65 10 I 0 $50,000-74,999 27 64 9 0 0 $75,000+ 24 69 7 0 0 Education High school or less 25 68 6 1 0 Some college 24 66 8 1 0 Four years of college 23 66 10 0 0 Five or more years of higher education 23 70 6 0 0 Political Ideology Liberal 27 66 6 1 Moderate 25 68 8 0 0 Conservative 17 68 14 1 0 Political Party Republican 17 63 18 1 1 Democrat 27 67 5 0 0 Independent 21 69 10 0 0 Denomination Orthodox 21 68 10 I Conservative 28 63 9 0 Reform 26 64 8 1 0 Just Jewish 17 74 9 0 0 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 24 67 9 0 0 Spouse not Jewish 25 66 6 2 0 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 26 65 7 1 Fairly/not very important 20 69 10 0 0 Closeness to Israel Very close 28 64 7 1 0 Fairly close 23 69 8 0 0 Fairly/very distant 21 66 11 1 1

64 Table 12 "Do you think relations between the different racial groups in the United States today are excellent, good, only fair, or poor?" (in percents) Subgroup Total Sex Male Female Age Under 40 40-59 60+ Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant Excel- Only Not lent Good fair Poor sure 0 IS 64 20 0 0 12 66 22 0 0 18 63 18 0 18 61 20 0 1 12 67 19 0 13 64 22 0 1 19 61 19 I 0 19 63 17 0 0 10 73 17 0 0 II 67 21 1 1 21 61 17 0 1 15 62 22 0 1 9 68 22 0 0 11 71 17 I 1 16 64 19 0 0 14 69 16 0 0 13 60 25 1 0 12 61 26 1 I 16 65 17 0 0 13 65 21 0 1 17 66 16 1 1 15 65 19 0 0 15 64 19 1 0 12 64 23 0 0 13 67 20 0 I 18 59 22 0 0 15 65 19 0 0 14 64 21 0 I 16 66 17 0 13 64 22 0 0 15 65 20 0 1

65 Table 13 "Do you think relations between the different religious groups in the United States today are excellent, good, only fair, or poor?" (in percents) Excel. Only Not Subgroup lent Good fair Poor sure Total 3 37 50 9 Sex Male 3 38 50 7 1 Female 2 37 50 11 0 Age Under40 2 36 50 11 40-59 4 39 50 7 60+ 2 37 50 10 Income <$30,000 4 31 51 13 $30,000-49,999 2 43 45 Il 0 $50,000-74,999 3 35 55 7 0 $75,000+ 2 39 53 5 Education High school or less 4 31 51 14 0 Some college 2 36 50 10 Four years of college 3 41 49 7 0 Five or more years of higher education 2 43 49 6 1 Political Ideology Liberal 2 38 49 11 0 Moderate 3 36 51 10 Conservative 4 38 51 6 1 Political Party Republican 4 40 47 9 0 Democrat 2 37 51 9 Independent 3 38 50 8 1 Denomination Orthodox 1 37 56 5 1 Conservative 3 39 50 8 0 Reform 3 39 48 9 Just Jewish 2 34 50 12 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 3 39 51 7 1 Spouse not Jewish 3 33 49 15 0 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 3 37 50 10 1 Fairly/not very important 3 38 50 8 0 Closeness to Israel Very close 3 36 50 9 Fairly close 2 41 49 8 Fairly/very distant 3 33 53 10 0

66 Table 14 "How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement: 'In order to make up for past discrimination and create a level playing field, women, blacks, and members of other disadvantaged groups should receive special consideration in hiring and promotion as a matter of policy.' Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor disagree, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly?" (in percents) Neither Dis. Dis. Mixed Agree Agree agree agree agree other strong. some nor some- strong- re- Not Subgroup ly what disagree what ly sponses sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under 40 40-59 60+ Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less 9 24 Some college 9 18 Four years of college 4 17 Five or more years of higher education 6 22 Political Ideology Liberal 12 28 Moderate 5 16 Conservative 4 12 Political Party Republican 1 10 Democrat 11 26 Independent 5 14 Denomination Orthodox 7 20 Conservative 8 19 Reform 8 20 Just Jewish 7 19 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 7 19 Spouse not Jewish 7 21 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 9 21 Fairly/not very important 6 18 Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant 8 20 II 29 31 1 0 6 21 9 29 33 1 0 9 18 13 28 30 1 0 8 19 8 18 7 23 9 23 9 20 3 19 6 20 9 24 8 18 7 19 II 29 10 29 13 28 14 23 7 28 10 31 10 32 10 29 13 27 8 33 10 30 10 27 14 33 8 26 6 30 12 26 12 32 10 23 13 29 13 29 7 31 31 1 0 35 1 0 27 1 1 27 1 1 35 1 0 35 2 0 31 1 1 26 I 0 33 1 0 37 2 0 30 1 I 21 I 0 30 I 0 49 I 0 53 0 0 23 1 1 35 1 0 39 1 0 29 1 0 29 1 0 35 1 1 Il 28 33 1 0 9 25 37 2 0 12 29 27 1 0 10 28 36 I 0 14 27 12 30 7 28 23 2 0 31 1 1 38 0 0

67 Table 15 "How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement: 'We have gone too far in pushing equal rights in this country.' Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor disagree, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly?" (in percents) Neither Dis- Dis- Agree Agree agree agree agree strong- some- nor some- strong- Not Subgroup ly what disagree what ly sure Total 14 22 12 23 28 I Sex Male 14 19 14 23 28 1 Female 14 25 11 22 28 0 Age Under 40 13 23 13 23 28 0 40-59 16 18 II 22 32 1 60+ 14 26 13 24 22 1 Income <$30,000 15 26 10 22 26 1 $30,000-49,999 18 15 12 26 29 0 $50,000-74,999 18 16 9 28 29 0 $75,000+ 11 23 12 24 28 1 Education High school or less 20 16 17 25 22 0 Some college 15 24 14 21 26 1 Four years of college 15 21 10 26 28 0 Five or more years of higher education II 20 13 24 32 1 Political Ideology Liberal 8 16 10 24 41 1 Moderate 16 25 15 22 22 0 Conservative 21 28 12 23 16 1 Political Party Republican 24 28 14 21 14 0 Democrat II 20 12 23 34 1 Independent 16 23 13 22 24 I Denomination Orthodox 13 35 6 24 21 0 Conservative 13 22 11 28 26 I Reform 12 18 15 23 31 0 Just Jewish 19 22 14 17 27 1 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 14 22 12 25 27 1 Spouse not Jewish 18 20 14 16 32 0 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 13 21 12 23 31 1 Fairly/not very important 15 24 14 23 24 0 Closeness to Israel Very close 13 21 11 23 31 1 Fairly close 14 23 12 23 28 1 Fairly/very distant 16 22 14 23 25 0

68 Table 16 "Do you think abortions should be legal under any circumstances, legal only under certain circumstances, or illegal in all circumstances?" (in percents) Legal Legal only Illegal under any under cer- in all circum- tam circum- circum- Not Subgroup stances stances stances sure Total 60 33 6 1 Sex Male 54 39 6 1 Female 67 27 5 1 Age Under4O 59 34 7 0 40-59 60 34 3 2 60+ 63 30 6 1 In come <$30,000 61 32 6 1 $30,000-49,999 56 40 2 $50,000-74,999 60 31 9 1 $75,000+ 62 33 4 1 Education High school or less 49 42 7 3 Some college 62 31 6 1 Four years of college 59 32 8 0 Five or more years of higher education 55 39 4 2 Political Ideology Liberal 71 23 5 Moderate 60 34 5 2 Conservative 45 47 7 1 Political Party Republican 45 48 6 Democrat 66 28 6 1 Independent 59 34 5 2 Denomination Orthodox 36 53 11 1 Conservative 60 33 5 1 Reform 65 30 5 1 Just Jewish 63 30 4 2 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 57 36 6 1 Spouse not Jewish 62 32 6 1 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 58 35 6 1 Fairly/not very important 64 31 5 Closeness to Israel Very close 57 34 8 1 Fairly close 60 35 5 1 Fairly/very distant 64 30 5 1

69 Table 17 "Do you favor or oppose government aid to parochial or other religious schools?" (in percents) Not Subgroup Favor Oppose sure Total 32 63 5 Sex Male 30 66 4 Female 33 61 6 Age Under 40 41 54 5 40-59 29 66 5 60+ 23 72 5 Income <$30,000 39 53 8 $30,000-49,999 26 69 5 $50,000-74,999 38 58 4 $75,000+ 25 73 2 Education High school or less 43 51 7 Some college 32 62 6 Four years of college 28 70 2 Five or more years of higher education 27 70 3 Political Ideology Liberal 24 71 5 Moderate 30 66 4 Conservative 46 49 5 Political Party Republican 46 50 4 Democrat 29 67 4 Independent 30 64 6 Denomination Orthodox 79 19 2 Conservative 30 64 6 Reform 23 72 5 Just Jewish 28 66 5 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 34 62 4 Spouse not Jewish 26 69 5 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 34 61 5 Fairly/not very important 28 67 5 Closeness to Israel Very close 39 55 5 Fairly close 30 66 4 Fairly/very distant 28 66 6

70 Table 18 "Do you think the number of immigrants from foreign countries who are permitted to come to the United States to live should be increased a lot, increased a little, left the same as it is now, decreased a little, or decreased a lot?" (in percents) In- In- Left the Dc- Decreased creased a same as creased creased Not Subgroup a lot little it is now a little a lot sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under 40 40-59 60+ Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less 2 Some college 3 Four years of college 2 Five or more years of higher education 4 Political Ideology Liberal 4 Moderate 2 Conservative 2 Political Party Republican 3 Democrat 4 Independent 3 Denomination Orthodox 5 Conservative 3 Reform 3 Just Jewish 3 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 2 Spouse not Jewish 3 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 4 Fairly/not very important 2 Closeness to Israel Very close 5 Fairly close 3 Fairly/very distant 2 3 12 48 18 16 3 4 13 49 17 14 3 2 10 48 20 18 2 4 9 49 20 15 3 3 13 47 17 18 2 15 49 18 14 3 4 10 43 19 21 4 2 17 47 18 16 1 2 9 59 14 14 2 3 12 49 20 15 9 46 19 23 1 Il 46 20 16 4 14 52 17 14 1 14 58 15 8 1 18 50 13 12 2 9 50 23 14 2 7 44 20 23 4 5 47 24 19 3 15 47 19 14 2 9 52 15 18 3 16 51 17 8 3 15 50 19 13 1 10 50 17 17 3 9 44 20 20 3 14 51 17 14 2 8 45 21 21 1 13 51 16 13 3 10 46 21 19 2 16 49 16 11 4 12 51 18 15 2 8 45 21 21 3

71 Table 19 "Do you favor or oppose the death penalty for persons convicted of murder?" (in percents) Not Subgroup Favor Oppose sure Total 80 16 4 Sex Male 81 15 3 Female 78 17 6 Age Under 40 81 13 6 40-59 78 19 4 60-i- 79 17 4 Income <$30,000 78 16 5 $30,000-49,999 78 19 3 $50,000-74,999 81 15 3 $75,000+ 79 18 2 Education High school or less 88 10 2 Some college 81 13 6 Four years of college 80 17 3 Five or more years of higher education 75 22 3 Political Ideology Liberal 68 28 4 Moderate 86 9 5 Conservative 90 7 3 Political Party Republican 92 6 2 Democrat 76 20 5 Independent 81 15 5 Denomination Orthodox 84 13 3 Conservative 79 17 4 Reform 82 13 5 Just Jewish 77 19 4 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 79 17 4 Spouse not Jewish 80 17 3 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 78 17 5 Fairly/not very important 82 14 4 Closeness to Israel Very close 75 21 3 Fairly close 81 IS 4 Fairly/very distant 80 13 6

72 Table 20 "In politics, as of today, do you consider yourself a Republican, a Democrat, or an Independent?" (in percents) Not Subgroup Republican Democrat Independent sure Total 15 54 29 2 Sex Male 18 48 32 2 Female 13 60 25 2 Age Under 40 20 52 26 2 40-59 14 53 31 1 60-i- 11 58 29 3 Income <$30,000 11 54 29 5 $30,000-49,999 18 53 28 2 $50,000-74,999 18 52 28 2 $75,000+ 17 50 33 0 Education High school or less 9 49 39 3 Some college 15 56 27 2 Four years of college 21 48 29 1 Five or more years of higher education 19 49 29 2 Political Ideology Liberal 4 71 25 1 Moderate 9 54 34 2 Conservative 42 30 26 2 Political Party Republican 100 0 0 0 Democrat 0 100 0 0 Independent 0 0 100 0 Denomination Orthodox 28 39 32 Conservative 13 59 26 2 Reform 15 59 24 2 Just Jewish 15 46 37 2 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 16 52 30 2 Spouse not Jewish 17 51 30 2 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 14 59 25 2 Fairly/not very important 17 48 32 2 Closeness to Israel Very close 13 59 27 2 Fairly close 16 55 27 2 Fairly/very distant 17 49 32 2

73 Table 21 "I'm going to read you a list of political views that people might hold. They are arranged from extremely liberal to extremely conservative. Where would you place yourself on this scale?" (in percents) Moderate, middle of Not Subgroup Liberal the road Conservative sure Total 38 35 25 Sex Male 32 35 31 Female 45 35 l9 1 Age Under 40 40 32 27 1 40-59 40 35 24 1 60+ 36 38 24 2 Income <$30,000 36 38 25 2 $30,000-49,999 41 32 28 0 $50,000-74,999 37 38 25 0 $75,000+ 35 35 29 1 Education High school or less 31 34 34 1 Some college 38 37 24 2 Four years of college 33 38 28 0 Five or more years of higher education 41 30 27 1 Political Ideology Liberal 100 0 0 0 Moderate 0 100 0 0 Conservative 0 0 100 0 Political Party Republican 9 21 69 0 Democrat 51 35 14 0 Independent 33 42 23 2 Denomination Orthodox 21 31 47 Conservative 37 34 28 Reform 46 34 20 0 Just Jewish 36 39 22 2 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 34 35 30 1 Spouse not Jewish 43 39 17 1 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 39 34 26 Fairly/not very important 38 37 24 Closeness to Israel Very close 35 33 31 Fairly close 41 35 24 1 Fairly/very distant 38 37 23 2 Note: The liberal column is the total of extremely liberal, liberal, and slightly liberal. The conservative column is the total of slightly conservative, conservative, and extremely conservative.

74 Table 22 "In the November 1996 presidential election, did you vote for Bill Clinton, Bob Dole, Ross Perot, or did you not vote?" (in percents) Other Subgroup Clinton Dole Perot candidate Total 76 17 5 2 Sex Male 69 23 5 4 Female 83 12 4 1 Age Under 40 74 21 5 0 40-59 74 18 5 4 60+ 80 14 4 3 Income <$30,000 82 13 3 2 $30,000-49,999 72 16 7 550,000-74,999 73 20 3 4 $75,000+ 73 20 4 3 Education High school or less 74 13 8 5 Some college 76 18 5 1 Four years of college 71 25 2 2 Five or more years of higher education 73 18 4 5 Political Ideology Liberal 92 3 3 2 Moderate 83 II 5 Conservative 42 48 6 4 Political Party Republican 25 67 5 3 Democrat 95 3 2 1 Independent 67 19 10 4 Denomination Orthodox 56 42 0 2 Conservative 80 16 2 2 Reform 81 13 5 1 Just Jewish 70 18 8 5 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 75 18 4 2 Spouse not Jewish 69 20 8 2 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 78 16 3 2 Fairly/not very important 72 19 6 3 Closeness to Israel Very close 81 15 2 1 Fairly close 75 19 4 2 Fairly/very distant 74 17 7 3 Note: Percentages based upon those respondents who reported voting. "Other candidate" is a volunteered response.

75 Subgroup Total Sex Male Female Age Under 40 40-59 60+ Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant Table 23 "Next, I would like your opinion of some countries today. Is your opinion of (INSERT COUNTRY) very favorable, somewhat favorable, neutral, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable? Germany" (in percents) Some- Some- Very what what Very favor- favor- Neu- unfavor- unfavor- Not able able tral able able sure 4 25 35 24 Il 6 31 32 22 7 2 19 37 25 15 2 6 25 37 3 28 34 3 22 33 6 18 38 3 26 37 4 28 32 5 27 33 5 30 40 3 26 34 4 22 38 6 26 33 6 28 30 4 22 41 3 26 33 2 28 36 5 25 33 5 23 36 3 9 32 3 24 32 4 29 40 6 26 33 3 21 32 5 26 32 4 28 41 20 9 3 26 9 1 25 16 1 18 16 3 23 9 2 24 10 2 25 10 0 13 9 4 25 II 2 24 12 0 24 10 0 24 II 2 23 10 23 12 24 9 0 24 11 1 22 12 2 27 27 2 26 14 1 21 5 1 23 10 2 3 23 34 26 13 1 6 31 41 13 7 2 4 20 34 27 15 1 5 32 35 20 6 2 24 20 1 27 9 1 19 6 3

76 Table 24 "Next, I would like your opinion of some countries today. Is your opinion of (INSERT COUNTRY) very favorable, somewhat favorable, neutral, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable? Switzerland" (in percents) Very Some what Some. what Very favor- favor- Neu- unfavor- unfavor- Not Subgroup able able tral able able sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under 40 40-59 60+ Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less 10 Some college 13 Four years of college 19 Five or more years of higher education 10 Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 11 Spouse not Jewish 19 Importance of Being Jewish Very important II Fairly/not very important 16 Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant 13 23 31 22 8 2 11 25 29 26 8 16 21 34 18 8 3 15 22 38 19 2 4 14 25 32 21 7 10 22 22 28 17 1 Il 26 34 18 8 4 11 23 29 26 8 3 19 21 29 24 6 2 14 22 34 20 11 0 21 41 16 8 4 25 30 23 8 2 18 30 26 7 0 24 31 23 II 0 15 24 26 25 9 2 10 27 34 21 6 1 15 18 35 20 10 3 18 23 33 19 6 0 14 24 30 23 7 2 11 23 30 23 Il 2 8 11 27 39 15 1 11 27 29 21 10 2 15 26 3,1 21 5 2 17 18 35 19 7 3 23 30 26 10 1 25 38 12 3 3 22 29 26 Il 2 25 34 18 5 2 10 22 28 25 14 1 12 24 30 25 8 1 17 23 35 16 4 4

77 Table 25 "Next, I would like your opinion of some countries today. Is your opinion of (INSERT COUNTRY) very favorable, somewhat favorable, neutral, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable? Poland" (in percents) Very Some. what Somewhat Very favor- favor- Neu- unfavor- unfavor- Not Subgroup able able tral able able sure Total 3 22 45 18 9 3 Sex Male 3 27 41 18 9 2 Female 4 17 49 17 9 5 Age Under 40 4 21 49 14 8 3 40-59 3 26 47 16 5 2 60+ 3 16 37 24 14 5 Income <$30,000 3 19 41 15 14 8 $30,000-49,999 3 18 48 22 7 3 $50,000-74,999 2 21 51 18 7 1 $75,000+ 4 28 44 14 9 1 Education High school or less 3 15 58 15 5 5 Some college 4 20 45 19 8 4 Four years of college 2 26 48 15 8 0 Five or more years of higher education 4 25 40 18 11 2 Political Ideology Liberal 5 24 38 21 8 4 Moderate 2 18 54 15 9 2 Conservative 3 23 44 16 10 3 Political Party Republican 2 29 48 12 8 2 Democrat 3 23 46 17 7 4 Independent 5 16 42 21 13 3 Denomination Orthodox I 6 37 26 27 3 Conservative 3 20 41 22 9 4 Reform 4 25 48 15 4 4 Just Jewish 3 23 49 14 9 2 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 3 20 44 21 10 2 Spouse not Jewish 5 24 56 11 3 2 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 3 20 39 21 13 4 Fairly/not very important 3 24 53 14 4 2 Closeness to Israel Very close 3 18 39 22 15 4 Fairly close 3 24 41 20 8 3 Fairly/very distant 4 21 56 Il 5 3

78 Table 26 "Next, I would like your opinion of some countries today. Is your opinion of (INSERT COUNTRY) very favorable, somewhat favorable, neutral, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable? Israel" (in percents) Some- Some- Very what what Very favor- favor. Neu- unfavor- unfavor- Not Subgroup able able tral able able sure Total 49 35 Ii 3 I I Sex Male 52 36 8 2 1 1 Female 46 34 14 3 I 2 Age Under 40 45 36 12 4 I 2 40-59 46 39 11 3 0 0 60+ 57 30 10 1 1 1 Income <$30,000 45 36 13 2 1 2 $30,000-49,999 45 38 12 2 1 1 $50,000-74,999 55 33 7 4 0 1 $75,000+ 50 40 8 2 1 0 Education High school or less 37 34 18 5 2 3 Some college 51 32 13 3 1 Four years of college 53 38 7 2 1 0 Five or more years of higher education 51 40 6 2 1 0 Political Ideology Liberal 48 37 10 3 1 Moderate 48 37 12 3 0 0 Conservative 52 31 12 2 I 1 Political Party Republican 48 39 11 I 1 0 Democrat 53 34 10 2 I Independent 42 39 13 4 0 2 Denomination Orthodox 68 26 5 1 0 0 Conservative 65 26 6 1 0 1 Reform 44 40 12 3 1 1 Just Jewish 30 42 18 6 2 1 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 56 32 8 2 1 0 Spouse not Jewish 32 41 17 6 2 2 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 64 29 5 2 0 Fairly/not very important 31 43 18 4 Closeness to Israel Very close 81 14 4 0 0 0 Fairly close 52 41 5 2 0 0 Fairly/very distant 20 43 24 6 2 3

79 Table 27 "Next, I would like your opinion of some countries today. Is your opinion of (INSERT COUNTRY) very favorable, somewhat favorable, neutral, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable? Japan" (in percents) Very Somewhat Somewhat Very favor- favor- Neu- unfavor- unfavor- Not Subgroup able able tral able able sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under 40 40-59 60+ Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important 12 Fairly/not very important 7 Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant 9 39 31 16 3 I II 43 25 17 3 1 8 34 37 15 3 2 10 40 33 13 2 3 10 39 30 17 3 0 8 36 30 20 5 10 37 32 15 3 3 8 31 36 21 4 0 8 37 32 17 6 0 9 44 29 15 2 0 10 27 37 19 4 1 10 37 33 15 2 2 9 35 33 17 6 0 8 48 28 15 2 0 14 40 28 14 3 2 5 39 36 16 3 0 9 37 30 21 3 1 9 37 28 23 3 0 II 40 32 14 3 8 39 31 17 3 2 11 30 40 15 4 1 9 38 32 18 2 10 43 28 14 3 1 9 36 33 17 4 I 9 37 33 17 2 8 38 35 16 2 2 37 33 14 4 41 29 20 2 1 13 36 35 13 2 1 8 43 27 18 2 1 8 34 34 17 4 2

80 Table 28 "Next, I would like your opinion of some countries today. Is your opinion of (INSERT COUNTRY) very favorable, somewhat favorable, neutral, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable? Russia" (in percents) Very Somewhat Somewhat Very favor- favor- Neu- unfavor- unfavor- Not Subgroup able able tral able able sure Total 2 29 40 23 5 Sex Male Female Age Under 40 40-59 60+ Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important 2 Fairly/not very important I Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant 3 33 38 19 6 1 25 42 26 4 2 1 31 39 23 4 2 3 30 41 21 5 I 2 25 40 24 7 2 5 28 35 25 5 2 2 32 37 23 6 0 26 42 25 6 27 42 25 4 5 26 43 20 4 3 2 31 41 19 5 I 30 40 24 5 0 2 25 38 27 7 1 2 33 35 23 5 1 27 47 21 3 I 2 26 38 25 8 1 2 31 37 25 5 0 2 31 40 23 4 2 25 42 20 8 2 0 15 40 35 10 0 2 31 41 21 5 1 2 30 40 23 4 2 3 30 40 21 5 1 26 42 23 6 4 37 38 17 3 2 27 39 24 6 31 41 21 4 2 2 25 39 27 5 1 2 32 38 22 5 1 2 28 42 20 5 2

81 Table 29 "How important would you say being Jewish is in your own life?" (in percents) Not Very Fairly very Not Subgroup important important important sure Total 55 34 12 0 Sex Male 49 38 13 0 Female 60 29 Ii 0 Age Under40 54 31 15 0 40-59 51 40 9 0 60+ 61 29 10 0 Income <$30,000 59 27 14 0 $30,000-49,999 56 34 10 0 $50,000-74,999 56 34 9 0 $75,000+ 49 39 12 1 Education High school or less 47 39 13 0 Some college 55 34 ii 0 Four years of college 57 28 15 0 Five or more years of higher education 54 37 8 1 Political Ideology Liberal 55 33 11 0 Moderate 52 35 13 0 Conservative 56 32 ii Political Party Republican 49 39 13 0 Democrat 60 30 10 0 Independent 48 37 14 Denomination Orthodox 97 3 0 0 Conservative 73 25 2 0 Reform 51 38 II 0 Just Jewish 23 48 28 0 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 63 29 7 0 Spouse not Jewish 26 51 23 0 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 100 0 0 0 Fairly/not very important 0 74 26 0 Closeness to Israel Very close 90 8 2 0 Fairly close 56 40 4 0 Fairly/very distant 27 44 30 0

82 Table 30 "Which one of the following qualities do you consider most important to your Jewish identity?" (in percents) Being Reli- A cornpart of gious Support mitment Somethe Jewish obser- for to social thing Not Subgroup people vance Israel justice else sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under 40 40-59 60+ Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox 29 Conservative 56 Reform 48 Just Jewish 41 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 50 Spouse not Jewish 40 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 55 Fairly/not very important 38 Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant 47 16 3 18 13 2 47 15 3 20 12 2 47 18 3 17 14 1 45 22 2 11 l9 48 16 3 21 11 2 49 lo 5 25 9 3 45 20 4 16 l4 49 18 2 20 10 1 47 14 2 19 16 2 49 13 3 22 Ii 2 45 12 1 23 l9 0 45 18 5 17 13 2 45 14 4 20 16 52 17 2 19 9 2 48 12 3 24 11 1 49 14 4 16 16 2 44 25 3 13 13 38 27 4 14 16 1 54 13 3 19 10 1 41 16 4 20 17 3 57 4 2 4 4 19 5 13 6 12 3 24 12 5 2 24 26 2 19 3 16 9 2 7 2 25 24 1 22 3 12 6 2 9 3 27 22 2 53 22 6 11 6 2 52 15 3 20 9 2 36 14 1 22 25 2

83 Table 31 "In your opinion, which is a greater threat to Jewish life in the U nited States today--intermarriage or anti-semitism?" (in percents) Inter- Anti- Both Not Subgroup marriage Semitism equally sure Total 32 61 4 2 Sex Male 35 59 4 2 Female 30 63 5 2 Age Under 40 33 61 4 2 40-59 29 64 5 60+ 35 58 4 3 Income <$30,000 25 68 5 2 $30,000-49,999 27 65 5 3 $50,000-74,999 33 65 2 $75,000+ 41 52 5 0 Education High school or less 24 71 1 5 Some college 28 64 4 3 Four years of college 35 61 3 Five or more years of higher education 48 44 7 Political Ideology Liberal 32 63 3 1 Moderate 28 64 5 3 Conservative 38 56 5 Political Party Republican 32 60 6 2 Democrat 32 63 3 2 Independent 33 59 5 3 Denomination Orthodox 70 17 11 Conservative 43 50 6 2 2 Just Jewish 18 75 4 3 Reform 23 74 I Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 41 53 4 Spouse not Jewish 10 82 4 5 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 43 50 5 2 Fairly/not very important 20 75 3 2 Closeness to Israel Very close 52 41 7 0 Fairly close 32 61 4 2 Fairly/very distant 17 77 2 4 Note: "Both equally "is a volunteered response.

84 Table 32 "Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: 'Much talk is heard about Jewish unity, but the reality is that the Jewish community today is badly divided'?" (in percents) Not Subgroup Agree Disagree sure Total 56 40 4 Sex Male 57 40 3 Female 56 40 5 Age Under 40 56 42 2 40-59 54 41 5 60+ 60 35 5 Income <$30,000 56 38 7 530,000-49,999 54 42 4 $50,000-74,999 55 40 5 575,000+ 59 38 3 Education High school or less 53 42 5 Some college 56 40 4 Four years of college 58 40 2 Five or more years of higher education 59 37 4 Political Ideology Liberal 52 44 5 Moderate 61 36 3 Conservative 57 40 3 Political Party Republican 54 44 2 Democrat 55 40 5 Independent 59 37 3 Denomination Orthodox 62 35 3 Conservative 54 44 2 Reform 56 41 3 Just Jewish 58 35 7 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 58 40 2 Spouse not Jewish 52 42 6 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 55 41 3 Fairly/not very important 57 38 5 Closeness to Israel Very close 59 39 2 Fairly close 55 42 3 Fairly/very distant 57 37 6

85 Table 33 "Do you think that anti-semitism in the United States is currently a very serious problem, somewhat of a problem, or not a problem at all?" (in percents) Very Some- Not serious what of a problem Not Subgroup problem a problem at all sure Total 40 55 5 1 Sex Male 37 56 6 0 Female 43 53 3 Age Under 40 34 61 4 40-59 43 51 6 0 60+ 44 53 3 0 Income <$30,000 52 44 2 $30,000-49,999 42 53 4 $50,000-74,999 36 59 5 0 $75,000+ 36 58 6 0 Education High school or less 57 36 5 3 Some college 42 54 4 1 Four years of college 37 56 7 0 Five or more years of higher education 30 65 6 0 Political Ideology Liberal 40 55 5 0 Moderate 42 52 6 0 Conservative 38 58 3 0 Political Party Republican 34 62 4 0 Democrat 40 55 4 0 Independent 43 50 6 0 Denomination Orthodox 38 60 2 0 Conservative 43 52 4 1 Reform 39 56 5 0 Just Jewish 39 55 5 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 40 56 5 0 Spouse not Jewish 37 57 5 1 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 45 51 4 0 Fairly/not very important 34 60 5 1 Closeness to Israel Very close 46 48 7 0 Fairly close 41 56 3 0 Fairly/very distant 35 58 6

86 Table 34 "Looking ahead over the next several years, do you think that anti- Semitism in the United States will increase greatly, increase somewhat, remain the same, decrease somewhat, or decrease greatly?" (in percents) In- De- In- crease Remain crease Decrease some- the some- crease Not Subgroup greatly what same what greatly sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under 40 40-59 60+ Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant 8 31 48 9 1 2 8 29 47 12 I 2 9 32 50 7 1 2 6 33 9 33 10 24 10 29 7 32 6 32 11 30 II 24 46 8 30 49 12 29 46 7 34 49 7 32 10 30 8 30 9 33 7 31 9 29 12 32 9 31 7 32 8 28 9 32 8 34 8 25 48 9 1 1 45 9 1 2 53 10 1 3 43 13 3 3 50 9 0 2 51 9 0 2 50 8 0 0 14 4 2 9 1 3 II 0 2 9 0 1 47 10 0 3 48 10 1 1 52 8 2 1 50 5 1 2 48 II 1 2 50 9 1 2 45 6 4 1 48 8 1 3 48 II 1 2 50 II 0 2 8 32 48 8 1 2 10 28 48 13 0 1 9 32 48 7 2 3 8 29 49 12 0 1 48 7 4 I 46 9 0 3 53 12 0 2

87 Table 35 "In your opinion, what proportion of each of the following groups in the United States is anti-semitic most, many, some, very few, or none? Moslems" (in percents) Subgroup Most Many Some Very few None Not sure Total 21 26 35 8 1 9 Sex Male 22 27 35 9 1 6 Female 21 24 34 8 2 11 Age Under 40 19 26 37 8 I 9 40-59 17 23 39 12 1 8 60+ 30 29 26 4 1 10 Income <$30,000 25 26 28 10 3 8 $30,000-49,999 18 28 37 7 1 9 $50,000-74,999 23 23 36 8 1 9 $75,000+ 17 28 43 6 I 6 Education High school or less 27 17 36 7 3 10 Some college 23 25 32 10 1 10 Four years of college 24 28 35 6 1 6 Five or more years of higher education 14 30 41 7 0 8 Political Ideology Liberal 19 27 35 10 1 9 Moderate 21 24 38 8 1 8 Conservative 26 28 30 7 2 8 Political Party Republican 24 30 34 8 0 4 Democrat 22 25 35 9 1 9 Independent 19 27 37 7 2 9 Denomination Orthodox 29 33 23 2 I 12 Conservative 21 28 34 8 1 8 Reform 17 23 39 10 2 10 Just Jewish 26 24 33 9 1 7 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 23 27 34 7 0 9 Spouse not Jewish 21 23 37 11 2 5 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 22 26 34 9 I 9 Fairly/not very important 21 26 36 8 1 9 Closeness to Israel Very close 24 27 34 6 2 7 Fairly close 23 27 34 8 0 7 Fairly/very distant 17 23 36 11 2 12

88 Table 36 "In your opinion, what proportion of each of the following groups in the United States is anti-semitic most, many, some, very few, or none? Blacks" (in percents) Very Not Subgroup Most Many Some few None sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under 40 40-59 60+ Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox 13 Conservative 6 Reform 5 Just Jewish 8 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 8 Spouse not Jewish 5 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 8 Fairly/not very important 6 Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant 7 20 52 15 I 5 7 22 52 14 0 4 6 19 52 16 I 6 7 16 51 20 I 6 5 17 56 16 I 5 9 31 47 9 1 4 10 22 40 21 1 5 6 28 46 14 I 5 4 18 60 14 0 4 8 16 60 13 1 3 7 31 44 13 2 4 7 21 50 15 1 6 9 22 52 15 0 2 5 14 61 14 1 5 4 16 54 20 1 5 6 23 52 14 I 4 12 24 49 II I 4 II 24 44 17 I 2 6 21 54 14 1 5 6 19 53 16 1 5 31 41 3 0 12 22 54 12 1 5 18 54 18 1 4 19 49 19 1 4 22 54 10 I 5 17 48 25 1 3 22 53 Il I 5 19 50 21 0 4 7 22 55 10 1 6 7 23 52 14 1 4 6 16 49 21 I 6

89 Table 37 "In your opinion, what proportion of each of the following groups in the United States is anti-semitic most, many, some, very few, or none? The Religious Right" (in percents) Very Not Subgroup Most Many Some few None sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under 40 40-59 60+ Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less 24 Some college 22 Four years of college 23 Five or more years of higher education 18 Political Ideology Liberal 26 Moderate 21 Conservative 17 Political Party Republican 14 Democrat 25 Independent 21 Denomination Orthodox 17 Conservative 22 Reform 25 Just Jewish 19 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 22 Spouse not Jewish 23 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 25 Fairly/not very important 18 Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant 22 25 33 8 1 10 19 25 37 11 2 7 25 26 28 6 1 14 16 23 35 10 2 13 22 24 35 8 1 10 29 29 26 7 1 8 21 24 30 Il 2 12 21 21 35 10 0 12 25 26 33 5 4 8 21 30 34 9 1 5 15 34 13 I 14 24 33 8 1 13 25 39 6 3 4 29 33 11 2 8 29 27 7 1 9 25 37 6 I 10 20 35 14 2 11 19 45 13 2 8 28 31 6 I 10 26 28 II 3 11 18 27 16 4 19 28 32 9 I 9 28 33 5 0 8 22 34 10 2 12 25 33 9 I 9 18 37 9 2 12 24 3! 8 1 10 27 35 9 2 10 23 23 33 9 2 10 24 26 32 9 1 8 17 27 34 8 1 13

90 Table 38 "Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: 'Virtually all positions of influence in the United States are open to Jews'?" (in percents) Subgroup Not Agree Disagree sure Total 51 47 1 Sex Male 55 44 Female 48 51 2 Age Under 40 59 39 40-59 51 48 60+ 42 57 Income <$30,000 45 51 3 $30,000-49,999 45 54 2 $50,000-74,999 55 45 0 $75,000+ 61 39 0 Education High school or less 48 47 5 Some college 48 50 1 Four years of college 63 37 0 Five or more years of higher education 56 44 0 Political Ideology Liberal 53 47 1 Moderate 48 51 1 Conservative 56 43 2 Political Party Republican 58 42 0 Democrat 50 49 1 Independent 52 46 2 Denomination Orthodox 48 52 0 Conservative 45 54 Reform 56 44 Just Jewish 54 43 3 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 51 47 1 Spouse not Jewish 55 44 1 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 48 51 1 Fairly/not very important 55 43 2 Closeness to Israel Very close 49 51 Fairly close 50 49 Fairly/very distant 55 43 2

91 Table 39 "Some people say that 50 years after the end of World War II, it is time to put the memory of the Holocaust behind us. Others say that we should keep the remembrance of the Holocaust strong, even after the passage of time. Which opinion comes closer to your opinion?" (in percents) Keep Put the rememmemory brance Not Subgroup behind us strong sure Total 5 94 Sex Male 5 94 Female 6 93 Age Under 40 6 93 40-59 5 95 60+ 5 93 Income <$30,000 7 91 2 $30,000-49,999 6 93 0 $50,000-74,999 2 98 0 $75,000+ 5 93 2 Education High school or less 8 91 Some college 6 94 0 Four years of college 2 98 Five or more years of higher education 5 93 2 Political Ideology Liberal 3 96 Moderate 7 92 Conservative 7 93 0 Political Party Republican 6 94 0 Democrat 4 95 Independent 7 92 Denomination Orthodox 1 99 0 Conservative 3 97 Reform 6 93 1 Just Jewish 9 89 2 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 4 95 Spouse not Jewish 10 90 0 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 3 97 0 Fairly/not very important 9 90 2 Closeness to Israel Very dose 1 99 0 Fairly close 4 95 1 Fairly/very distant II 88

92 Table 40 "Please tell me if you agree strongly, agree somewhat, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly with the following statement: 'Germany today is making a sincere effort to deal with the legacy of the Holocaust'." (in percents) Agree Agree Disagree Disagree Not Subgroup strongly somewhat somewhat strongly sure Total 16 52 18 10 4 Sex Male 20 53 15 8 4 Female 12 52 20 12 5 Age Under 40 16 51 18 10 5 40-59 17 53 18 9 3 60+ 14 54 16 12 4 Income <$30,000 15 49 15 14 6 $30,000-49,999 16 54 17 10 3 $50,000-74,999 12 51 25 7 5 $75,000+ 17 53 15 12 3 Education High school or less 20 45 18 9 7 Some college 16 53 16 10 4 Four years of college 13 53 22 8 4 Five or more years of higher education 17 53 18 9 3 Political Ideology Liberal IS 57 15 10 4 Moderate 14 53 18 10 4 Conservative 19 46 22 10 3 Political Party Republican 20 44 22 12 3 Democrat 15 54 17 9 4 Independent 15 56 15 Il 3 Denomination Orthodox 5 47 26 20 Conservative 18 53 16 10 4 Reform 15 55 17 8 4 Just Jewish 15 50 19 10 6 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 15 52 19 11 3 Spouse not Jewish 19 52 16 6 7 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 15 52 18 12 3 Fairly/not very important 17 53 17 8 5 Closeness to Israel Very close 13 52 18 14 2 Fairly close 16 52 20 9 3 Fairly/very distant 16 54 14 9 7