Directions And Purpose Print document As you read, take notes in the spaces provided CHAPTER 3 The Northern Colonies, 1619 1700 These notes are not hunt and peck or fill in the blank notes Think of this guide as a place for reflections and analysis using your noggin (thinking skills) and new knowledge gained from the reading This guide can be used on the corresponding quiz and students can earn bonus points by having it completed and ready to turn in at the time of the quiz The benefits of such activities, however, go far beyond quiz help and bonus points Mastery of the course and AP exam await all who choose to process the information as they read/receive So young Jedi what is your choice? Do? Or do not? There is no try Read through the guide before you begin reading the chapter This step will help you focus on the most significant ideas and information as you read Before you begin reading the chapter, flip through it and read the subtitles Look at the images and read their captions This step will help increase your comprehension of the material Puritanism and Pilgrims (pp 43 46) and Massachusetts Bay Colony (pp 46 49) Notes: Virginia: riches as Massachusetts: Based on the teachings of John Calvin of Geneva, what were the main elements of Puritan theology? (1) Relation of God to man: (2) Good works vs predestination: (3) Signs of conversion, grace, membership in the elect : (4) Visible saints only as church members:
Notes Compare the Pilgrims of Plymouth with the Massachusetts Bay Puritans (1) Separatists vs Non-Separatists (1) Separatists vs Non-Separatists (2) Motivation for migration (2) Motivation for migration (3) Year Founded (4) Founded by (3) Year Founded (4) Founded by (5) Major Accomplishments (5) Major Accomplishments The Lord will be our God and delight to dwell among us as his own people and will command a blessing upon us all in our ways And he shall make us a praise and glory, that men shall say of succeeding plantations: the Lord make it like that of New England For we must consider that we shall be as a City upon a Hill; the eyes of all people are upon us (John Winthrop s Sermon aboard the Arbella, 1630) What do the words as a city upon a hill reveal about Winthrop and the Puritans? How did the politics of New England differ from the politics of the Southern colonies? Identify the following using the numbers on the map Rhode Island Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire Pennsylvania New Jersey New York Delaware Plymouth
3 Court: See how your argument stands Priscilla, with her husband, took Apollo home to instruct him privately Therefore Mistress Hutchinson, without her husband, may teach sixty or eighty Hutchinson: I call them not, but if they come to me, I may instruct them Court: Yet you show us not a rule Hutchinson: I have given you two places of Scripture Court: But neither of them will suit your practice Hutchinson: Must I show you my name written therein? (Excerpt from Hutchinson s trial, 1637) Do you agree that Massachusetts had little choice but to expel Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams lest they pollute the entire Puritan experiment? Agree or disagree? List three facts to support your assessment: (1) (2) (3) Anne Hutchinson was the strong-minded religious dissenter whose challenge to Massachusetts Bay authorities from 1636 to 1638 shook the infant colony to its foundation which led to her banishment The second of thirteen children of a Puritan minister, from whom she received a strong education in theology and Scripture, she married William Hutchinson, a well-to-do merchant, and bore fourteen children between 1613 and 1636, of whom eleven survived infancy Hutchinson s twice-weekly meetings in her home to discuss sermons and Scripture won her an enthusiastic following throughout Massachusetts Bay and for a time it appeared that she and her clerical allies might take over the colony But her enemies gained control of the General Court in 1637, and she was excommunicated from the church and banished from the colony, despite her clever defense She first went to Rhode Island, but after her husband died in 1642, she moved with her children to Pelham, New Netherland (now in the Bronx), where she and all but one of her children were killed by Indians in 1643 Additional notes on Massachusetts: What is the most distinguishing characteristic of Rhode Island? Write your definition of religious fanatic Then use this definition to argue that the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay were or were not religious fanatics
4 New England Spreads Out (pp 49-56) Notes: Look at the map on p 49 before answering the following question What were the four colonies created from Massachusetts Bay? (1) (2) (3) (4) Summarize the impact New Englanders had on the native populations Compare the Confederation of New England with Dominion of New England by completing the chart below Confederation of New England Dominion of New England Date Founded: Reasons for creation: Date Founded: Reasons for creation: How it worked: How it worked: What it accomplished: What it accomplished: Why it was abandoned: Why it was abandoned: New Netherland/New York (pp 56-59) Land discovered/explored by: Major City established: Colony founded by: Economic activity: Fate of Dutch colony:
5 Pennsylvania and the Middle Colonies (pp 59 63) The Quakers believed William Penn s objective in founding the colony in 1681? Explain what the textbook authors meant when they said, Quaker tolerance proved the undoing of Quaker Indian Policy Compare Middle Colonies (NY, NJ, Del, and Pa) by completing the chart below NEW YORK NEW JERSEY DELAWARE PENNSYLVANIA Founded in: Founded in: Founded in: Founded in: Founded by: Founded by: Founded by: Founded by: Colonized for: Colonized for: Colonized for: Colonized for: Economic activity: Economic activity: Economic activity: Economic activity: Significant accomplishments: Significant accomplishments: Significant accomplishments: Significant accomplishments: Label the colonies and bodies of water Color in or highlight the middle colonies Write a caption for this map by summarizing the characteristics of the Middle Colonies Caption:
6 VARYING VIEWPOINTS (pp 64-65) Europeanizing America or Americanizing Europe? Concentrate on the first two paragraphs and the final paragraph of this section They are important in emphasizing that history is anything but static that historical interpretation is constantly evolving as new research is completed and as new perspectives are developed Based on these few paragraphs summarize the perspective that your parents and grandparents might have found in their US history textbook as compared to the perspective that you will expect to find in the remainder of this text: (1) Parents/Grandparents: (2) Current Perspectives: Look over the following quotes from two prominent historians of the colonial period and then answer the questions that follow The most stupendous phenomenon of all history is the transit of European civilization to the two American continents For four and a half centuries Europeans have been crossing the Atlantic to establish in a new world their blood, languages, religions, literatures, art, customs This movement, involving many nations and millions of men and women, has been termed the expansion of a new Europe in America Thomas J Wertenbaker, The Founding of American Civilization (1938) The cultures of Africans and Indians their agricultural techniques, modes of behavior, styles of speech, dress, food preference, music, dance, and other aspects of existence became commingled with European culture A New World it is for those who became its peoples remade it, and in the process they remade themselves, whether red, white, or black Gary Nash, Red, White, and Black: The People of Early America (1974) In telling the story of early European interaction with native populations, would you say that American Pageant is closer to the interpretation of Wertenbaker or that of Nash? Provide three specific examples from the first 3 chapters to support your assessment (1) (2) (3)
7 Vocab to know and to analyze to understand Review the definitions, highlight key terms, and state the significance of the name or event When considering significance think about what caused this what effect did this have what does this illustrate or show about this time or place? The first one is done as an example The term attached to John Calvin s main concept of God knowing whether you are going to Hell or Heaven is predestination Some souls--the elect had been destined for eternal bliss, others for eternal torment and damnation Even good works could not save the soul of a person who was marked for eternal fire The belief that you are bound to Hell or Heaven, can make one very curious as to whether one will spend the rest of eternity in eternal pain or bliss Calvinists therefore constantly looked for signs of conversion, or signs that they are Heaven bound Those who had this proof were the visible saints Puritans believed only they (visible saints) should be allowed to hold membership in Church Puritans in England were attracted to the structure of predestination supported reform and became frustrated with the slow rate of change in England during the Reformation This motivated many to leave and travel to the New World Predestination became a hot topic in New England and eventually dissent against its strict rules increased The Separatists were a small group of dedicated Puritans who, irritated by the mixing of the saints and the damned in the same congregation, decided to break away entirely from the Church of England Signed by forty-one adult males, the Mayflower Compact was an agreement to form a crude government and submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon Though it was not a constitution, it set a precedent for later written constitutions William Bradford was a self-taught scholar who read Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French and Dutch He was chosen to govern the Pilgrims thirty times in the annual elections One of his major fears was that non-puritan settlers would corrupt his godly experiment
8 Massachusetts Bay Company was founded in 1629 by a group of nonseparatist Puritans They feared for their faith in England, but they wanted to stay a part of the Anglican church They agreed to make a large settlement in Massachusetts, and eleven vessels carrying almost a thousand immigrants departed England The Great Migration happened in the 1630s, and a group of about 70,000 immigrants left England About 20,000 colonized Massachusetts, and around 48,000 colonized the fertile West Indies John Winthrop became the Massachusetts Bay Colony s first governor He was a respected manor lord and attorney back in England and was talented as a governor He served for 19 years, and under his lead Massachusetts became the most influential and the largest of all the New England outposts Settlers in Massachusetts Bay believed their colony would be a city upon a hill or an excellent model for humankind They believed God had guided them to the New World to build a model society Adult Puritan freemen could belong to the Congregational Church (Puritans) and were allowed to vote The Church held the most power in the New England colonies and swayed many politicians Even though there was no official religious government, the church held immense power The Bible Commonwealth consisted of religious leaders who decided on admissions to the Church by interrogating people who claimed to have had a conversion
9 Connecticut was nicknamed the blue law state because of the blue paper on which the repressive laws also known as the sumptuary laws were printed These laws were viewed as unfair by the state s residents, and many resented them Anne Hutchinson argued that a holy sign is not a sure sign of salvation She was banished for questioning and going against Puritan beliefs Just like it may rain even though the weatherman says it will be a sunny day, Anne Hutchinson believed that the Puritans (the weatherman) might be wrong about the weather (salvation) Antinomians were members of a religious group that felt as though they were under no obligation to obey the laws of morality as given by their religion It was a high heresy Roger Williams was a young, opinionated Salem minister He was an extreme separatist, encouraging other members of the clergy to sever ties with the corrupt Church of England He also challenged the legality of the Bay Colony Charter and the authority of the civil government over regulating religious behavior He was exiled and went to found Rhode Island Rhode Island was also known as Rogue's Island Exiles and malcontents unhappy with stifling theological atmosphere of Massachusetts Bay Colony went to live there Reverend Thomas Hooker led a group of Boston Puritans to the Hartford area with the ill Mrs Hooker on horseback These Puritans were devout and fed up with the ideals of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
10 In 1639, the settlers of the new Connecticut River colony drafted in open meeting a trailblazing document known as the Fundamental Orders It was in effect a modern constitution that established a regime democratically controlled by the substantial citizens Essentially, features of the Fundamental Orders were later borrowed by Connecticut for its colonial charter and ultimately for its state constitution Massasoit was a Wampanoag chieftain who signed a treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims in 1621, and helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving after the autumn harvests Thanksgiving was adapted by the settlers and became a lasting tradition Confrontations between American Indians and whites, who forced the native tribes westward, ruptured the short lasting peaceful relations shown by Squanto and Massasoit In 1637, the English settlers besieged a Pequot village on Connecticut s Mystic River, starting the Pequot War Militia set fire to wigwams and slaughtered the survivors, annihilating the Pequot tribe and prompting uneasiness between the Puritans and American Indians The son of the Indian chief Massasoit, Metacom, spoke English and was nicknamed King Philip by the English In King Philip s War, Metacom mounted an attack on English villages, driving settlers back toward Boston Casualties were high on both sides, and this was one of America's bloodiest and costly wars One in ten soldiers was killed, and hundreds of Indians who fought with Metacom were sold into slavery It took many years for the colonies to recover from this loss
11 In 1643, four colonies joined together to form the New England Confederation The primary purpose for this organization was defense against potential foes (Indians, French, and Dutch) It was basically just an exclusive Puritan club among Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Maine The Dominion of New England was created by royal authority and sought to stitch England s overseas possessions tightly to the motherland by throttling American trade with over countries via the Navigation Laws, laws that led to excessive smuggling The English Navigation Laws protected English cargo and ensured that they would receive a profit from colonial trade This act forbade the importing into or the exporting from the British colonies of any goods except in English or colonial ships and it forbade certain enumerated articles -- tobacco, sugar, cotton, or wool to be shipped to any country, except to England or some English plantation Sir Edmund Andros was a representative of the Dominion of New England in Massachusetts He generated hostility with his open ties to the much-hated Church of England When he arrived, he laid down the law, effectively dispersing with the current government and taxing as he pleased The people of New England were not amused In 1688 1689 the Glorious Revolution took place It was a bloodless transfer of power from the Catholic king James II to a Protestant couple, William and Mary When the news reached the Massachusetts colonists, they took Sir Edmund Andros out of power and shipped him back to England
12 Salutary neglect was an unofficial policy implemented by William and Mary and carried out by the governors of New England Basically, it made the Navigation Acts, which stated that the colonies could only trade with England or its colonies, null and void It allowed the colonists to trade with whomever they pleased and decreased smuggling greatly Later, it became a prime cause of the War of Independence New Netherland was a colony established by the Dutch West India Company around the Hudson River, purposely placed for fur trade advantage The area was established around the economy, taking on an aristocratic air in no time Their most brilliant purchase was Manhattan Island, which they "bought" for virtually nothing A patroonship was a large feudal estate on the Hudson River granted to promoters who promised to settle 50 people on the land Peter Stuyvesant (1602-1682) was a general that led the bloodless siege on a neighboring Swedish colony Stuyvesant was both despotic in government and intolerant in religion, deriving his power from god, not the people The Quakers, or Friends, were renowned for their simplicity of dress, manner, and speech They also distinguished themselves from most other Protestant denominations by allowing women to speak in Quaker meetings and share in making decisions for the church and the family
13 Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey came to be known as the "bread colonies," by virtue of their heavy exports of grain In General, the soil was fertile and the expanse of land was broad, unlike rock-bestrewn New England Closure Questions To what extent was 1688 a watershed [turning point] year? Which colony s settlers had the best relations with the indigenous population? The worst? Which was the most American colony by 1700? FOOD FOR THOUGHT! What is the most American state today?