Warm Up: Put your first and last name, date, and hour in the right hand corner of your paper. Write in complete in sentences. 1. Name the seven continents. 2. What is China? 3. If Charlemagne was 72 years old when he died, in 814CE, how old would he be today? 4. In what year did the second millennium begin? 5. If the French Revolution started in 1789, what century would that be? From Nomads to Ancient Civilizations Chapters 1-4, 7 and 9 Prior to Civilizations Nomads-highly mobile people who moved from place to place in search of resources and food. Hunter-gathers-rely on hunting and collecting plant food. Neolithic Revolution-Agricultural Revolution The beginning of farming-stop chasing the food. Husbandry of animalsdomestication Civilization is A complex culture with the following five characteristics Complex Institutions Advanced Technology Advanced Cities Characteristics of a Civilization Complex Institutions Patterns of organization created to maintain order in society Examples: Government, religion, economy, etc. Advanced Technology Using new and improved tools to make tasks easier Examples: Animals, plow, wheel, etc. Characteristics of a Civilization Advanced Cities Cities that act as a center of trade for a larger area (think capital city) Keeping track through writing, symbols, or a collection of objects Ex. Laws, taxes, births, deaths, crops, etc. People who develop skills for a specific job Ex. Artisans, priests, soldiers, teacher, farmer, metal worker, etc. 1
Warm Up: Complete Sentences List the five characteristics of a civilization and give at least one example of each. Mesopotamia The Fertile Crescent Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Complex Institutions City-states (city and its surrounding land) had own government controlled by priests Religion-polytheism (many gods) Economy-collected taxes and trade Military Advanced City: land between the two rivers City of Ur 200 miles south of present day Bagdad Possibly most ancient city Mesopotamia Continued Advanced Technology Irrigation Wheel Sail Plow Used Bronze Record Keeping Cuneiform-use of a reed to make symbols in clay for ideas and sounds Number system based on 60 Hammurabi s Code Laws written in stone and displayed in the middle of the city-applied to everyone Different punishments for men, women, rich, and poor Eye for an Eye Mesopotamia Continued Specialized Workers Priests Farmers Merchants Artisans Scribes Soldiers Walk like an Egyptian United into the Kingdom of Egypt Complex Institutions Religion-Polytheisticmany gods and afterlife Government Pharaoh is God on Earth Unified Upper and Lower Egypt in 3000BCE Laws-Women and men had same rights Economy-taxes, traded within Egypt and neighboring lands 2
Egypt Continued Advanced Cities Near the fertile land on the banks of the Nile River City of Memphis is an important trade city Egypt Continued Advanced technology 365 day calendar with 12 months of 30 days Used geometry to build (pyramids) Surgical tools and stiches Knew how to set broken bones Mummification Ramps and levers to move stones Sails for boats on the Nile River Cosmetics Hinged doors Egypt Continued Record Keeping Hieroglyphics-pictures that stand for ideas and sounds-similar to an alphabet Number system based on ten for counting Specialized Workers Scribes-study reading and writing to work in government Farmers Army Priests Doctors Engineers and architects Warm Up: Complete Sentences 1. What is a nomad? 2. What was the Agricultural Revolution? 3. What is husbandry? 4. What does polytheistic mean? 5. What is considered the most ancient city? 6. What was one of ancient Egypt s greatest advancements in technology? 7. Who ruled the government in Mesopotamia? 8. Who ruled the government in Egypt? The First Monotheistic Religion Judaism Started in Caanan around 2000 BCE Founder-Abraham Beliefs God (Deity) Yaweh 10 Commandments given by Yaweh (God) to Moses who is a prophet (someone who speaks the work of God) Do not steal, kill or lie Honor (respect) your parents There is only one God Afterlife Honor Yaweh by studying the Torah and living by its teachings Judaism Cont d Bar Mitzvah-age 13 boys celebrate entrance into adult religious community (Girls: Bat Mitzvah Several holidays to worship their history and their God Passover-recalls events from the departure of the Jews from Egypt (slaves) Holy Book-Bible First five books are call the Torah Sacred Place Jerusalem Western Wall-remains of a temple destroyed by Romans in 70 CE, believe will be restored when the Messiah comes Synagogues-their church 3
Other info about Judaism Divisions (Sects)-sections within a religion that are separated by subtle differences in their beliefs within the same religion Orthodox Conservative Reform First Monotheistic religion Founded by Abraham Same God as Christianity and Islam Kosher-various dietary restrictions as interpreted by the Hebrew Bible Worship in a synagogue Holy day (Sabbath)- Friday from sundown to sundown Saturday Services led by a Rabbi (Jewish spiritual leader) Warm Up: Complete Sentences 1. What does monotheistic mean? 2. What does polytheistic mean? 3. What was the first monotheistic religion? 4. When and where did this religion start? 5. Who is the founder of this religion? 6. What is the name of their holy book (the first five)? The Americas The Earliest Americans 1.9 million-about 10,000BCE sheets of ice were moving across the Earth. Causing a land bridge called Beringia Hunter-gathers Agricultural Revolution in about 7000BCE in central Mexico Maize (corn) Tehuacan Valley Early Americas Rise of the Olmecs 1200-400 BCE Complex Institution Religion- Polytheistic Jaguar god/gods Advanced City San Lorenzo- Modern day Hondurus La Venta Advanced Technology Boats Wheel Irrigation Stone symbols that influence glyph writing for future civilization Priest Soldier Teacher Merchants Other American Civilizations Chavin-900-200BCE Andes Mountains, Peru No political or economic organizations Polytheistic Mother Culture of later civilizations of South America Nazca-200BCE- 600CE Andes Mountains, Peru Extensive irrigation systems Beautiful textiles and pottery Polytheistic Nazca Lines 4
Indus River Valley (Harappan) Indus River Valley (Harappan) Complex Institutions Economy-trade Religion-polytheistic Government controlled by priests Advanced Cities Fertile area near Indus and Ganges River Mohenjo-Darro and Harappa Excellent city planning: grid system, standard size buildings Indus River Valley (Harappan) Advanced Technology Indoor plumbing and sewage system! Indoor toilets Irrigation Written language Carved images that represented objects and sound in stone Priests Farmers Artisans, etc Hinduism-Founded about 2000BCE in India Key Beliefs Goal is to reach enlightenment (true understanding and happiness) Moksha Reached by ridding themselves of earthly desires Deity Polytheistic 3 main gods Brahma-creator of the universe Vishnu-preserve of the universe (protector) Shiva-destroyer of the universe Hinduism-Founded about 2000BCE in India Practices and Rituals Deep meditation and prayer to reach enlightenment Achieve enlightenment through worship, attainment of knowledge and various good acts Holy Book Vedas Oldest Hindu writings Oldest writings of the major religions Sacred Place Ganges River Bathe in water to cleanse and purify themselves Sick and disabled come in belief the holy water might cure them Hinduism-Founded about 2000BCE in India Worship Services Places: home or temple Temples contain shrines to important gods or goddesses Annual festivals to honor gods At home, smaller shrine to worship god of choice Divisions (Sects) Shaktism Reformed Hinduism (monotheistic) Vaishnavites Shaivites Krishna 5
Hinduism-Founded about 2000BCE in India Other information Major religion of India No Founder-roots in Harappan Belief in reincarnation: Individual soul is born again and again until perfect understanding of things are achieved Karma (good and Bad) follows you from one life to another and influences your circumstances Caste System: Rigid class system that dictates jobs and positions within society, nearly impossible to change caste. Religion is a way to free soul from illusions, disappointments and mistakes of life Buddhism: Founded in Nepal/India 530 BCE Buddhism Founded by Siddhartha Gautama Searched for religious truth and end to suffering of life After 49 days of meditation he achieved understanding of the cause of suffering Became known as Buddha Key beliefs Four Noble Truths Life is filled with suffering and sorrow Cause of suffering is desire for the temporary pleasures of this world End suffering by ending all desires Overcome such desires and attain enlightenment by following a guide to behavior called the Eight Fold Path, know as the Middle Way between desires and self-denial Reach Nirvana (Enlightenment)-release from selfishness and pain by following Eightfold Path No deity Holy book Buddhism Dhammapada- Verses of Righteousness Collection of sayings on Buddhist practices Other sacred texts Worship services Meditate in homes or temples Burn incense and light candles before images of Buddha Light candles recall light of Buddha s wisdom Practices and Rituals Many statues of the Buddha appear in shrines throughout Asia Strive to follow Buddha s teaching through meditation Make offerings at shrines, temples, and monasteries Sacred places Buddhism Various sites in India that relate to Buddha s life Birthplace: Lumbini Grove Place of Enlightenment: Bodh Gaya Various branches of Buddhism have their own sites Tibetan Buddhism: Dali Lama s residence in India Divisions (Sects) Two branches Theravada-try to stay as close as possible to Buddha s teachings Mahayana-more accepting of change Also Tibetan Buddhism-slightly different due to remoteness of Tibet Belief in reincarnation-being reborn after death until Nirvana is reached All living things possess the potential for spiritual growth and the possibility of rebirth in humans China 6
Geography China Natural barriers isolate China for millenium East-Yellow River, South China Sea, Pacific Ocean Mountain ranges and deserts dominate 2/3 of China s landmass Only 10% of China s land is suitable for farming West-Desert and icy 15,000-foot Tibetan Plateau Southwest-Himalayas North-Gobi Desert and Mongolian Plateau Complex Institutions Ancient China Religion-spirits of ancestors and polytheistic Government-based on dynasty Most influential-han Dynasty Advanced Cities Built around the Huange He (Yellow River) and Yangtze River because of fertile silt from flooding Advanced Technology Flood control Irrigation Roads and canals Coined money Blast furnaces to make cast iron for weapons (swords) and farming tools (knives and spades) Ancient China Each character is one syllable Can be read even if cannot speak the language Current Chinese writings is the same characters, but more Farmers Priests Artisans Soldiers Merchants, etc Long Term Contributions of the Chinese Coined Money Great Wall of China-Qin Dynasty (221-202BCE) Paper-Han Dynasty(105CE) Collar harness for horse-pull heavier loads Improved iron tools Wheelbarrow Water mills to grind grain Silk Road (expanded from China through India, all the way to Rome) Grand Canal-Sui Dynasty (581-618CE) Tang and Song Dynasties (618CE-1279CE) Moveable type Gun powder/fireworks Porcelain Mechanical clock Magnetic compass for sailing Paper money Confucianism: 500BCE China-Value System Key Beliefs 5 relationships-social order, harmony, and good government could be restored in China, if society were organized around 5 relationships 1. Ruler and subject 2. Father and son 3. Husband and wife 4. Older brother and younger brother 5. Friend and friend Golden Rule Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you Confucianism: 500BCE China-Value System Holy Book Analects-earliest and most authentic record of Confucius ideas Written about 400BCE Deity-None Practices and Rituals Many of the rituals of ancient Chinese religion Sacrifices to the gods and ancestors Celebrate Confucius birthday on September 28 th Holiday in some countries (plays tribute to teachers!) Worship Services Moral philosophy-way of life, not a religion Sacred Places China-Mount Lushan contains many landmarks of Confucianism 7
Confucianism: 500BCE China-Value System Founded by Confucius Foundation for bureaucracytrained civil service (people who run government) Foundation of Chinese government and social order Spread beyond China and influenced civilizations throughout East Asia Education is important for welfare of individual AND society 8