بسم اهلل الرمحن الرحيم As-Sarf (Morphology) ~Class Twenty احلمد هلل رب العاملني وصلى اهلل وسلم وبارك على نبينا حممد وعلى آله وصحبه أمجعني, أما بعد Our teacher began with praising Allaah and sending salaat and salaam on the Messenger of Allaah, his family, companions and followers until the Last Day and began: CONJUGATIONS An Naaqis الن اق ص Every verb which has a و, ي or ا as its Laam. The Maadh د- ع- و د ع ا goes for the meaning of calling and worshipping and invoking Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 1
Pointer: No changing accurse in the scale of the Maadh in the Mutakallim The Speaker and the Mukhaatab Spoken to It is nice and smoothly pronounced with no difficulty at all. The principle behind silencing the laam is whenever a dhameer (pronoun) is joined to the verb having a harakah representing the doer. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 2
Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: ق ال ر ب إ ن د ع و ت ق و م ي ل ي ل و ن ه ار ا He said: O my Lord! Verily, I have called my people night and day (i.e. secretly and openly to accept the doctrine of Islamic Monotheism). [71:5] د ع وت : I called و إ ن ت د ع وه م إ ل ا ل د ى ل ي ت ب ع وك م س و اء ع ل ي ك م أ د ع و ت وه م أ م أ نت م ص ام ت ون And if you call them to guidance, they follow you not. It is the same for you whether you call them or you keep silent. [7:193] د ع وت : You all called It was originally, here we are able to apply the principle of turning the Waaw into an د ع و Alif, because the waaw has a harakah and the letter before it has a fathah. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 3
- ا When the Alif is at the end we write it in one of two ways: As a Standing Alif which means that it is originally a و or As a Sitting Alif ى which means that it is originally a ي (the sitting Alif looks like a yaa but without dots) In د ع ا the alif is originally a waaw that is why it is written as a standing Alif. Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: ف انت ص ر م غ ل وب أ ن ر ب ه ف د ع ا Then he invoked his Lord (saying): I have been overcome, so help (me)! [54:10] Here there is a principle that can be applied, which is turning the Waaw into an Alif. The Waaw has harakah and the letter before it has a fathah which means that we are able to turn the Waaw into an Alif. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 4
Now we found ourselves with another problem which is two sukoons in a row. Here we are able to drop the first silent letter, because the first silent letter is an Alif (a Harfu illah) and the letter before it has a suitable harakah to it (i.e. a fathah). And this is what we are going to do to every verb which has the Laam as a Waaw when ر ج ا ر ج ت, س ا س ت, ع ل with: speaking about a single female. Like ع ل ت د ع و ا Here there is a principle that should be followed, which is turning the waaw into an alif. The Waaw has a harakah and the letter before it has a fathah so we are able to turn the waaw into an alif. Now we have two sukoons in a row and we are able to drop the first silent letter, because the first silent letter is an alif (a harfu illah) and the harakah (i.e. the fathah) before it is suitable to it. We see that it looks exactly like د ع ا he called with no difference at all. This is a problem because in this case we want the one we are speaking to, to understand that we are speaking about two and not one. If we use د ع ا wanting to indicate duality, the person we re speaking to won t understand that, because the first thing that will come to his mind is that we re speaking about one not two. That is why this is made an EXCEPTION, so they د ع و ا left it as it is Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 5
As Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: و ج ع ل م ن ه ا ز و ج ه ا ل ي س ك ن إ ل ي ه ا ال ذ ي خ ل ق كم م ن ن ف س و اح د ة ت غ ش اه ا ح ل ت ح ل خ ف يف ا ف م ر ت ب ه ف ل م ا أ ث ق ل ت د ع و ا ه و ف ل م ا آت ي ت ن ا ص احل ا ل ئ ن الش اك ر ي ن م ن ل ن ك ون ن ر ب ه م ا الل ه It is He Who has created you from a single person (Adam), and (then) He has created from him his wife [Hawwa (Eve)], in order that he might enjoy the pleasure of living with her. When he had sexual relation with her, she became pregnant and she carried it about lightly. Then when it became heavy, they bothinvoked Allah, their Lord (saying): If You give us a Salih (good in every aspect) child, we shall indeed be among the grateful. [7:189] Be careful and always put in mind that these conjugations given right here are the same steps we re going to follow for every similar verb just as long the laam is a waaw-. The successful student of knowledge takes the example and follows the same with the rest of similar issues he applies on the same types.- د ع ت ا To make it easy we bring she called this means that we re speaking about the د ع ت female gender and that what points it out is the silent Taa of femininity. On top of wanting to indicate the female gender we also want to indicate duality expressing speaking about two females instead of one-. And the way to express two (duality) is by adding the Alif. If we want to pronounce د ع ت ا we can t because there is a barrier on the taa it is stopping us from continuing to the Alif that sukoon is restricting us from pronouncing the Alif -. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 6
The Alif is a powerful letter, because it forces any letter which comes before it to take a harakah which suits it. That is why as an EXCEPTION the fathah is given to the Taa of femininity to suit the Alif -as an emergency- even though it is originally silent. This is the same what happened to ف ع ل ت ا which is originally ف ع ل ت ا so the added Alif forced the Taa to take a Fathah in order for the Alif to be pronounced. ر-ج-و : ر ج ا- ر ج ت ا We do the same to The position of the first waaw (that which holds the dhammah) on that verb is the Laam and the second waaw is the dhameer (pronoun) the waaw of the group. We are able to apply the principle of turning the first waaw into an Alif, because it has a harakah and the letter before it has a fathah. Here we don t apply the principle of the dhammah being heavy on the waaw because the other principle is the superior principle. Now we have two silent letters in a row the Alif and the Waaw. We are able to drop the first silent letter because it is an Alif (harfu illah) and the letter before it has a suitable harakah (fathah). Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 7
The waaw in د ع وا might seem to a lot of people that it is the laam, but it isn t it is the waaw of the group (a dhameer) Here the alif sign at the end is there to tell that the waaw before it is the waaw of the group (a dhameer) and not the Laam. ر ج ا ر ج وا, س ا س وا Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: أ ن د ع و ا ل لر ح ن و ل د ا That they ascribe a son (or offspring or children) to the Most Beneficent (Allah).. [19:91] we silence the laam, because it is joined by a dhameer having a harakah expressing د ع ون د ع ون ا د ع وت د ع وت - د ع وت the doer. Just like Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 8
The Mudaari د- ع- و د ع ا ي دعو Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 9
Here we go back to the principle If you can t Move Remove. The dhammah on the waaw is heavy and the letter before it is occupied so we can t Move it to the letter before so we Remove. Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: أ ح د ا ب ه أ ش ر ك و ل ر ب أ د ع و إ ن ا ق ل Say (O Muhammad SAW): I invoke only my Lord (Allah Alone), and I associate none as partners along with Him. [72:20] We apply the same principle, If you can t Move Remove. Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 10
ق ل أ ن د ع و م ن د ون الل ه م ا ل ي نف ع ن ا و ل ي ضر ن ا و ن ر د ع ل ى أ ع ق اب ن ا ب ع د إ ذ ه د ان ا الل ه ك ال ذ ي اس ت ه و ت ه الش ي اط ني ف ا ل ر ض ح ي ر ان ل ه أ ص ح اب ي د ع ون ه إ ل ا ل د ى ائ ت ن ا ق ل إ ن ه د ى الل ه ه و ا ل د ى و أ م ر ن ا ل ن س ل م ل ر ب ال ع ال م ني Say (O Muhammad SAW): Shall we invoke others besides Allah (false deities), that can do us neither good nor harm, and shall we turn on our heels after Allah has guided us (to true Monotheism)? like one whom the Shayatin (devils) have made to go astray, confused (wandering) through the earth, his companions calling him to guidance (saying): Come to us. Say: Verily, Allah s Guidance is the only guidance, and we have been commanded to submit (ourselves) to the Lord of the Alamin (mankind, jinns and all that exists); [6:71] ف ل ه ا ل س اء احل س ن و ل ت د ع وا ق ل اد ع وا الل ه أ و اد ع وا الر ح ن أ ي ا م ا ت ه ر ب ص ل ت ك و ل ت اف ت ب ا و اب ت غ ب ني ذ ل ك س ب يل Say (O Muhammad SAW): Invoke Allah or invoke the Most Beneficent (Allah), by whatever name youinvoke Him (it is the same), for to Him belong the Best Names. And offer your Salat (prayer) neither aloud nor in a low voice, but follow a way between. [17:110] Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 11
Here the kasrah is heavy on the Waaw and we can t Move it over and if we can t Move we Remove. Now we have two silent letters in a row. We are able to drop the first silent letter, because it is a waaw (harfu illah) and the letter before it has a dhammah (a suitable harakah). is heavy to pronounce Tad uyna, because moving from a dhammah to a yaa is not ت دع ني suitable at all. So we exchange the dhammah on the ayn with another harakah suiting the yaa, which is the kasrah. Notice that we keep applying the principles we took over and over again. We should hold on those principles and perfect them so that we won t have problems at all in shaa Allaah. ر ج ا ت رج و ت رج ني, س ا ي سم و ت سم ني Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 12
We keep it as it is Some might say: But Ustaadh the waaw has a harakah. Here the waaw has a harakah but the letter before it doesn t have a fathah for it to be turned into an Alif. : You all call ت دع ون The first waaw is the Laam and the second waaw is the dhameer (waaw of the group). Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 13
The Dhammah is heavy on the Waaw and we can t Move it so we Remove it. Now we have two silent letter in a row and we are able to remove the first silent letter because it is a waaw (harfu illah) and the letter before it has a dhammah suiting it. The waaw we dropped is the Laam and the waaw which is left is the dhameer (waaw of the group). : You all females call ت دع ون Here we leave it as it is. If you look at it, it looks similar to the one before it تدع ون (You all call) but it is actualy not similar because the waaw in the previous one is the waaw of the group (dhameer) and the waaw here is the Laam and not the dhameer. The context will tell us the difference. In the remaining conjugations (i.e. The Ghaaib) we are going to do the same process basically because it just differs in the first letter (the letters of the Mudaara ah). Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 14
~~~ END OF CLASS ~~~ Notes transcribed by: Umm Sufyaan Al Maghribiyyah Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 15