Zero Conditionals Check point Circle T (True) or F (False). T F The man may not be able to board the plane.
Express Check Match the if clauses with the result clauses. --------1. Lf you hate aeroplane food, --------2. You might not be able to board. --------3.if people travel a long distance. Grammar Explanations 1. Use zero conditionals to talk about general truths and scientific facts. The if clause talks about the condition and the result clause talks about what happens if the condition occurs. Use the present simple in both clauses 2. You can 'also-use zero conditionals to talk about habits and recurring events (things that happen again and again). Use the present simple or present continuous in the if clause, Use the present simple in the result clause. 3. You can also use modals in the result clause. 4. Use the imperative in the result clause to give instructions, commands and invitations that depend on a certain condition. 5. You can begin conditional sentence with the if clause. The meaning is the same. Use a comma between the two clauses only when the if clause comes first a. They often get jet lag. b. You can order a special meal. c. If you don t check in at the gate. if clause Examples result clause If it's noon in Lima, it's 6:00 p.m. in Rome. if clause result clause If air expands, it becomes lighter. Note: If means when in these contexts. if clause result clause If Bill flies, he orders a special meal. if clause result clause If I m travelling a long way, I always fly. If you practise your Chinese every day, you might learn more if you listen to Chinese CDs. If you want the seat to recline, press the button. If the seat belt light is on, don t leave your seat. If you come to Tokyo, stay with us. If the light goes on, fasten your seat belt. Or Fasten your seat belt if the light goes on.
First conditionals Check point Circle T (True) Of F (False). T F Baker is definitely going to raise taxes. T F Small businesses are definitely going to leave. If Baker raises taxes, small businesses will leave.
Express Check Conditionals- questions Result clause future If clause: Present What Will he do Is he going to do If he wins the election? Unscramble these words to form Q sentence. Add a comma if necessary. Fight she crime she'll If wins Grammar Explanations 1. Use first conditional sentences to talk about what will happen under certain conditions in the future. The if clause states the condition. The result clause states the result. Use the present simple in the if clause. Use the future with will or be going to in the result clause, BE CAREFUL: Even though the if clause refers to the future, use the present simple Examples if clause result clause If Baker wins, he ll raise i1se taxes. (It's a real possibility that Baker will win.) If Dent wins, she ll improve housing. If Dent wins, she s going to improve housing. If you want to vote, you must register. If you don't vote, you might regret it. If she wins, she'll fight crime. NOT if she will win 2. You can begin conditional sentence; with the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is the same. Use a comma between the two clauses only when the if clause comes first 3.If and unless can both be used in conditional sentence but their meaning are very different. Use unless to state a negative condition. Unless often has the same meaning as if not. If you vote for Dent,you won t regret it. Or You won t regret it if you vote for Dent. If you vote, you'll have a say in the future of our country. Unless you vote, you won't have a say in the future of our country. Or If you don t vote, you won't have a say in the future of our country
Second Conditionals Check Point Circle T (True) Of F (False). T F Schroeder, the piano player, wants to marry Lucy. Express Check Circle the words to complete this question. What will/ would he do if / when he was / were a millionaire?
Grammar Explanations 1. Use second conditional sentences to talk about unreal, untrue, imagined or impossible conditions and their results in the present. The if clause presents the unreal condition. The result clause presents the unreal result of that condition. 2. Use the past simple in the if clause use would +base form of the verb in the result clause. BE CAREFUL! a.the' if clause uses the past simple form but the meaning is not past. b. Don't use would in the if clause in present unreal conditional sentences. c.use were for all subjects when the verb in the if clause is a form of be. USAGE NOTE: You will sometimes hear native speakers use was in the if clause. However, many people think that this is not correct. if clause Examples result clause if I loved him, I would marry him. (But I don't love him 50 1 won't marry him.) if clause result clause if I had more time, I would travel. (But 1 haven't got time, so I don't travel.) If clause result clause If they had money, they wouldn t live there. If I had more money now, I world go on a trip round the world. If she knew the answer, she would tell you. NOT if she would know the answer If I were rich, I would travel round the world. NOT if I was rich. 3. You can also use a modal in the result clause. If I had time, I could read more. 4. You can begin conditional sentence with the clause or the result clause. The meaning is the same. Use a comma between the two clauses only when the if comes first. If I had more money, I would move. Or I would move if I had more money.
Third Conditionals Check Point Circle T (True) or F (False). T F George Bailey was never in Bedford Falls.
Express Check Conditionals questions Result clause If clause What would you have If you had money? done? Complete this sentence with the correct form of the verb study. Add a comma if necessary. I -------------------------------------- if I had known about the test today. Grammar Explanations Examples 1. Use third conditional sentences to talk about past conditions and results that never happened. The if clause presents the unreal condition. The result clause presents the imagined result of that condition. 2. Use the past perfect in the if clause. Use would have+ past participle in the result clause. clause result clause If George had died young, he wouldn t have had children. (But he didn't die young and he did have children.) If George hadn t been born, many people s lives would have been worse. (But George was born 50 their lives were better.) If clause result clause If the film had won an Oscar, it would have become famous immediately. 3. You can also use modals in the result clause. If George had gone to university, he might have become an architect. If George had become an architect, he could have designed bridges 4. You can begin conditional sentence with the if clause or the result clause. The meaning is the same. Use a comma between the two clauses only when the if clause comes first. If he had won a million dollars, he would have travelled to china. Or He would have travelled to china if he had won a million dollars. 5. Third conditionals are often used to express regrets on what happened in the past. If I had known Mary was back, I would have invited her to the party. (I would have I didn t invite her.)
Direct and indirect speech: Imperatives Check Point Tick the doctor's exact words. Eat a heavy meal before bed: Don't eat a heavy meal before bed: Not to eat a heavy meal before bed: Express Check Circle the correct words to complete these sentences. The doctor told me go / to go to bed at the same time every night. She said, Don t work / Not to work too hard.
Grammar Explanations 1. is the exact word a speaker used. In writing, use quotation marks. reports what a speaker said without. Using the exact words. There are no quotation marks. Examples Come early and bring your national Health card: said the doctor. The doctor told her to come early and bring her National Health card. 2. The reporting verb (such as say or tell) is usually in the past simple for both direct and indirect speech. BE CAREFUL! Put a personal direct object or someone s name after tell. Do not put a personal direct object after say. DIRECT SPEECH Drink warm milk; he said. INDIRECT SPEECH He told me to drink warm milk. He said I should call him in the morning. NOT he told I should call him in the morning. 3. Imperatives in direct speech use the base form of the verb. Imperatives in indirect speech use the infinitive to report: a. Instructions b. Commands c. Request d. Invitations Come early; he said. Wait Could you please arrive by 8:00? Could you join us for lunch? He said to come early He told me to wait She asked him to arrive by 8:00 She invited me to join them for lunch. 4. Use a negative infinitive (not+ infinitive) to report negative imperatives. Don t go He told her not to go 5., make changes to keep the speaker s original meaning. a. Change pronouns and possessives. b. Change the phrases. c. He said to Ann, Tell me your problem He told Ann to tell him her problem Call me tomorrow She said to call her the next day. Sign this form here She told him to sign that form there.
Statements (1) Check Point Tick the man s exact words It looks great on you! It looked great on me! Express Check Circle the correct words to complete this sentence. She said/told the salesperson that she is/was going to buy the dress.
Grammar Explanations 1. An indirect speech statement reports what a speaker said without using the exact words. The word that can introduce the indirect statement but you can also leave it out. BE CAREFUL!use say as the reporting verb when the listener is not mentioned. Do not use tell. Examples It s a great dress, he said. He told her that it was a great dress. He told her it was a great dress. He said that it was a great dress NOT he told that it was a great dress. 2. When the reporting verb is in the past simple, the verb in the indirect speech statement is usually in a different tense from the verb in the direct speech statement. Present simple Present continuous Past simple Present perfect past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect He said, it s lovely He said it was lovely I m leaving She said she was leaving. I did it He said that he had done it. He said to her, I ve never lied He told her that he had never lied. 3. In indirect speech the change of the verb tense is optional when reporting: a. Something someone has just said. b. Something that is still true c. A general truth or scientific law. A: what did you just say? B: I said I m tired. Or I said I was tired. Rick said the bank wants a cheque. Rick said the bank wanted a cheque. She said that everyone lies sometime. She said that everyone lied sometime 4. When the reporting verb is in the present simple do not change the verb tense in indirect speech I run a mile every day She says that she runs a mile every day.
Indirect Speech: Statement (2) Check Point Tick the weather forecaster's exact words. It would be windy. It will be windy.
Express Check Read Jim's words. Tick the sentence that correctly reports what he said. JIM: I may move soon. Jim said that I may move soon. Jim said that he might move soon. Grammar Explanations 1. As you learned in unit (indirect speech statement 1), when the reporting verb is in the past simple, the verb tense usually changes in the indirect speech statement. Modals often change in the indirect speech, too. will Can May must would could might had to Examples She said, it s windy She said it was windy. I said, the wind will be strong They told us, you can stay with us He said, the storm may last all night She told us, you must leave I said the wind would be strong. They told us we could stay with them. He said that the storm might last all night. She told us we had to leave. 2. Some verb do not change in indirect speech. a. Do not change should, could, might and ought to in indirect speech. b. Do not change the past perfect in indirect speech. c. Do not change verbs in the second and third conditional sentences in indirect speech. d. Do not change past modals in indirect speech. You should listen to the weather report he told us. I had just moved here a week before, she said. If I knew, I would tell you If 1 had known, I would have told you, said Jim. He told us that we should listen to the weather report. She said she had just moved there a week before. Jim said if he knew, he would tell me. He said if he had known, he would have told me, I should have left He said that he should have left.
Indirect Questions The stress interview. Check Point Tick Ms Bentley's exact words. Why were you still single? Why are you still single?
Express Check Unscramble these words to complete the indirect question. Why he job his left had He asked him Grammar Explanations 1. Use if, whether or whether or not to form indirect yes/no questions. USAGE NOT: whether is more formal than if. Examples Can you type? she asked. She asked if I could type. She asked whether (or not) I could type. 2. In indirect yes / no questions, the subject comes before the verb, the same word order as in statements. Direct Speech Can I start tomorrow? Indirect Speech He asked if he could start tomorrow. NOT he asked could he start tomorrow. does the job proverbs benefits He asked if the job provided benefits. NOT he asked does the job provide benefits. 3. Use questions words to form indirect Wh-questions. Where is you office? I asked. I asked where his office was. 4. In indirect wh-questions, the subject also comes before the verb as in statement, and you do not use do, does or did. In indirect wh-questions about the subject, the question word is the subject and the verb follows as in statement word order. Direct Speech Why did you leave you job? She asked me why I had left my job. NOT she asked me why did l leave my job. Bob asked, Who got the job? Bob asked who had got the job.