THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

A 335537 THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE A Sourcebook Second edition Barbara Levick London and New York

Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Weights. Measures, Currency and Wealth Maps 1 6 xv xvi xviii xx xxvii Introduction: the Power of Rome 1 1. Strabo, Geography 4, 5, 3, p. 200f. 2 2. Appian, Roman History, Preface, 7 3 Structure 7 3. Seneca the Younger, On Clemency 1,1,2 7 4. 7"/6e Augustan History: Hadrian 15, 12f. 8 5. EJ43 8 6. Strabo, Geography 17, 3, 24f., p. 839f. 9 7. Cassius Dio, Roman History 53, 12, 7-9; 14, 1-4 10 8. AJP 100(1979), 55Iff. 12 9. Strabo, Geography 3, 4, 20, p. I66f. 13 10. Fronto, Correspondence with Antoninus Pius 8, 1 14 11. AJP 87 (1966), 75ff. and457f. 15 12. ILS 1070 15 13. Smallwood, Gains-Nero 258 16 14. ILS 2121 17 15. Smallwood, Gains-Nero 255 18 16. EJ224 18 17. Smallwood, Nerva-Hadrian 277 19 18. Suetonius, Deified Augustus 48 20 19. Strabo, Geography 14, 5, 6, p.671 21

20. Strabo, Geography 12, 8, 8f., p. 574f. 21 21. EJ 166 22 22. Smallwood, Gaius-Nero 197 23 2 3. Strabo, Geography 14, 3, 2f., p. 664f. 2 3 24. Suetonius, Deified Augustus 47, 2 24 25. 7LS6O9O 25 26. Strabo, G^ra^j 4,1, llf.,p. 186f. 26 27. ILS 6761 27 28. MW 454 sections 51-63 ('Lex Malacitana') 28 Force 34 29- Smallwood, Gaius-Nero 228 (MW 261) 34 30. Arrian, Periplus of the Black Sea 6, If; 9, 3-5 36 31. Tacitus, Annals 4,4, 4-5,6 37 32. CassiusDio, Roman History 55,25,2-24, 8 38 33. ILS 2288 39 34. 7LS1111 41 35. Smallwood, Nerva-Hadrian 294 41 36. ILS 2653 42 37. Smallwood, Nerva-Hadrian 323(a) 42 38. EJ 227 43 39. Ulpian in Digest 1, 18, 13, Intr. 43 40. Pliny, Letters 10,77 44 41. ILS 9073 44 42. Josephusjezm/^ Wfcr 2, 266-9 45 43. Tacitus, Annals 14, 31, 5-32, 2 46 44. Pausanias, Guide to Greece 10, 34, 5 47 45. Inscriptions graecae in Bulgaria repertae 4, 1953 47 46. Musurillo, Christian Acts 1, 6, 1-7, 2 (The Martyrdom of Polycarp') 48 47. Marcianus in Digest 48, 3, 6, Intr. and 1 49 Law 51 48. Ulpian and Venuleius in Digest 1, 16, 4, 3f; 6; lof. 52 49. EJ 311, 1 and 4 ('First and Fourth Cyrene Edicts') 53 50. Codex of Justinian 6, 32, 2 55 51. Musurillo, Christian Acts 6 ('The Scillitan Martyrs') 56 52. Apuleius, The Golden Ass 10, 28 58 53. Smallwood, Gaius-Nero 392 (MW 455) 58 VI

54. Smallwood, Gaius-Nero 387 60 5 5. Ulpian in Comparison of Mosaic and Roman Law 14, 3, If. 61 56. Codex ofjustinian 3, 26,1 4 61 57. JR5 46(1956),46ff. 63 58. Acts of the Apostles 16,16; 18-24; 35-9 65 59- ILS 6087 ('Lex Coloniae Iuliae Genetivae', section 102) 66 60. EJ321 67 61. EJ 311, 5 ('Fifth Cyrene Edict') 68 62. Pliny, Letters 4, 9, 1-10; 12-22 71 5 Financing 74 63. EJ231 75 64. [Hyginus,] The Establishment of Boundaries 205L 76 65. Latomus 30 (1971), 352ff. 76 66. Ulpian in Digest 50, 15,4 77 67. Ulpian in Digest 50, 15,1 78 68. AE 1923, 22 79 69. Paulus in Digest 49, 18, 5 80 70. Papinian in Digest 50, 1, 17, 7 80 71. Ulpian in D^w? 50, 4, 3, lof. 80 72. Arcadius Charisius in Digest 50, 4, 18, 26 81 73. 7G5,l,l432f. 81 74. IGR4, 131 85 75. Tacitus, Annals 6,19,1 85 76. Smallwood, Nerva-Hadrian 439 ('Lex metallis dicta') 85 77. CassiusDio, Roman History 55,24,9-25,6 88 78. Cassius Dio, Roman History, Epitome of Book 78, 9,1-7 89 79. Tacitus, Histories, 4, 74 90 80. Achievements of the Deified Augustus, Appendix (EJ p. 30f.) 91 81. EJ49 92 82. MW436 92 83. Tacitus, Annals 3, 53, 3-54, 9 93 84. MW461 94 85. Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum 2, 3, 3913 ('The Palmyra Tariff) 95 vn

86. H. Engelmann and D. Knibbe, Epigr. Anat. 14 (1989) ('The customs law of Asia'), lines 7; 98-103; 147 101 87. Callistratus in Digest 50, 4, 14 (intr.) 102 88. EJ 311, 3 ('Third Cyrene Edict') 102 89. MW336 103 90. Apuleius, The Golden Ass 10, 18 105 91. AE 1968, 591 105 6 Communications, Transport and Supplies 107 92. Josephusjewish War 2, 552f. 107 93. Suetonius, Deified Augustus 49, 3 107 94. Pliny, Natural History 19, 2-4 108 95. JRS 66 (1976), 106ff.; ZPE 45 (1982), 99f 108 96. Smallwood, Nerva-Hadrian 30 110 97. Pliny, Utters 10, 45f. 110 98. EJ294 111 99. EJ290 111 100. C/L3, 3198a = 10156 +3200 (=EJ 266) 112 101. JRS 63 (1975), 80ff. 113 102. Smallwood, Gaius-Nero 328 113 103. Smallwood, Gaius-Nero 351 113 104. Strabo, Geography 4, 6, 11, p. 208 114 105. Smallwood, Gaius-Nero 332 114 106. 7LS5864 115 107. IGR4, 1206 115 108. Suetonius, Deified Claudius 18, 2; 19; 20, 3 116 109. Callistratus in Digest 50, 6, 6 (5), 3 117 110. ILS 6987 117 111. Dio of Prusa, Discourse 46, 8; 11-13; 14 118 112. MW464 120 113. Suetonius, Domitian 7, 2 121 114. Philostratus, L/m o/^e 5o^;jrj 1,21 (520) 121 115. FIRA I 2, 101 (The inscription of Ain Djemala') 122 7 Loyalty: the Role of the Emperor 125 116. Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, Poem on his Homecoming 1, 47-58; 63-6 125 117. Aelius Aristides, Oration 26, 30-3 126 vni

118. Strabo, Geography 10, 5, 3, p. 485f. 127 119. EJ319 127 120. EJ 100 128 121. 7LS6914 130 122. Cassius Dio, Roman History 51,20, 6f. 130 123. EJ 102 (Tiberius'letter to Gytheion') 131 124. Smallwood, Gaius-Nero 370 ('Claudius' letter to the Alexandrians') 134 125. Livy, History of Rome, Epitome of Book 139 137 126. MW128 138 127. ILS 6930 140 128. EJ 120 140 129- EJ 315 (The Oath of Gangra') 141 130. EJ 105* 142 131. Smallwood, Gaius-Nero 32 142 132. Fink et al., The Feriale Duranum 143 Patronage 147 133. Dio of Prusa, Discourse on Kingship 3, 129-32 147 134. AE 1962, 183 148 135. Plutarch, Precepts for Politicians 13,18-20 (Moralia 808BC) 149 136. The Augustan History, Pertinax 1,4-2, 11 149 137. Pliny, Letters 10, 4 151 138. Pliny, Letters 7, 22 152 139. Pliny, Letters 10, 6f. 153 140. Cassius Dio, Roman History 60, 17, 5f. 154 141. Suetonius, Deified Vespasian 23, 2 154 142. Fronto, Correspondence with Marcus Caesar 3, 2 155 143. Fronto, Correspondence with Marcus Caesar 5, 34f. 156 144. C7L8, 2734 156 145. Lucian, Alexander 57 157 146. Fronto, Correspondence with his Friends 2, 11 157 147. 7L5 6109 159 148. Smallwood, Gaius-Nero 265 159 149- Smallwood, Nerva-Hadrian 300 160 150. Arrian, Discourses of Epictetus 4, 1,91-8 161

9 Assimilation 162 151. Tacitus, Life of Agricola 21 162 152. Suetonius, Caligula 20 163 153. Cassius Dio, Roman History 60, 17, 3f. 164 154. Pliny, Utters 10,79 164 155. Tacitus, Annals II, 19, 1-3 165 156. 7L5 2006 167 157. Smallwood, Gaius-Nero 407b ('Volubilis Inscription') 168 158. EJ 301 ('Seleucus of Rhosus Archive') 169 159. MW480 172 160. J. Gonzalez,^ 76 (1986) 147-243 (The Tabula Irnitana) sections 21-3 and 97 173 161. 7L5 6780 175 162. 77?5 63(1973),86ff. (Tabula Banasitana') 175 163. Smallwood, Gaius-Nero 259 177 164. Smallwood, Gaius-Nero 369 (The Table of Lyons') 178 165. Plutarch, On Peace of Mind 10 (Moralia 47OC) 182 166. MAMA 9, 26 182 167. IGR4, 819 182 168. Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists 2, 24 (606f.) 182 169- Modestinus in Digest 27, 1, 6, 8; 2 and 7 184 170. Eutrppius, Survey of Roman History 9, 12 13, 1 185 10 Failings 187 171. Cassius Dio, Roman History 57, 10, 5 187 172. Smallwood, Gaius-Nero 391 (MW 328) ('Edict of Tiberius Julius Alexander') 188 173. EJ 117 194 174. P. Teb. 2, 289 195 175. Philo, Embassy to Gains 299-302 195 176. Suetonius, Domitian 8, 2 196 177. DioofPrusa, Discourse 45, llf. 196 178. H.-G. Pflaum, U Marbre de Thorigny (Paris, 1948) 197 179. JRS 49 (1959), 96, no. 2 199 180. Aelius Aristides, Oration 26, 97 200 181. Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists 1, 24 (5 29) 201 182. DioofPrusa, Discourse 34, 14 201 183. The same, 47f. 202

184. Plutarch, Precepts for Politicians 17, 7f, 10 (Moralia 8\4 A-C) 202 185. Tacitus, Histories 4, 50 203 186. The same, 1,65 203 187. Herodian, Histories 5, 2, 7-9; 3, 3 204 188. DioofPrusa, Discourse 38, 33-8 (excerpts) 205 189. Ps.-Ulpian in Digest 1, 18, 6, 2 and 5 206 190. Ulpian in Digest 48, 19, 9, llf. 206 191. DioofPrusa, Discourse 34, 21-3 207 192. Pliny, Letters 10, 37f. 208 193. MW500 209 194. Hesperia 221 (1952), 381ff; 222 (1953), 966ff. 210 195. Ulpian in Digest 50, 9, 4, Intr. and 1 211 196. Ulpian in Digest 50, 12, 1, Intr. and 1-3 211 197. Aphrodisias 57 212 11 Resistance 214 198. Aelius Aristides, Oration 26, 65f. 214 199. AJ124 214 200. MarcianusinD/jw/47,22, 1, Intro. 215 201. Tacitus, Annals 3, 40-6 (excerpts) 216 202. Tacitus, Histories 2, 61 218 203. The Augustan History, Life of Alexander Severn s 60, 6 219 204. ]osephus,jewishwar2,425-7 219 205. The same, 4, 138^0; I47f. 220 206. The same, 7,437-42 221 207. Cassius Dio, History of Rome, Epitome of Book 72, 4 221 208. Uvy,HistoryofRome9,l8,6 222 209- Musurillo, Pagan Acts, XI (The Acts of Appian') 223 210. Sibylline Oracles 4, 130-48 224 211. Lactantius, Divine Institutions 7: The Good Life 15,19 225 212. Ammianus Marcellinus, History 23, 5, 3 225 12 Crisis? 227 213. Cassius Dio, Roman History. Epitome of Book 72, 36,3f 227 214. 5P2,216 228 215. The Augustan History. Probus 22,4-23,3 229

216. RIC 5, 2, 87,no.632 217. Modestinus in Digest 26, 7, 32, 6 218. Scaevola in Digest 13, 7, 43, 1 219. AJ199 220. Smallwood, Nerva-Hadrian 215 221. P. Got. 3 222. Plutarch, On Exile 12 (Moralia 604B) 223. IGR4, 1525 224. P. Oxy. 1415, lines 17-31 225. Ps.-Ulpian in Digest, 50, 2, 1 226. AJ 142 (The inscription of Aga Bey Koy') 227. Codex of Justinian 11,59 (58), 1 228. CIL 13,412 229- Lactantius, Deaths of the Persecutors 7, 4 230. Aurelius Victor, The Caesars 33, 33f 231. ILS 2771 232. Aphrodisias 25 233. Eusebius, History of the Church 6, 41, If. 234. P Michigan 13, 157 235. 7?7C5,2,496, no. 382 236. CIL 6,1641 230 231 232 232 233 234 234 234 235 236 236 238 238 239 239 240 240 241 242 242 243 Chronological List of Emperors Select Bibliography Index of Passas.es Cited 244 246 252 Index and List of Ancient and Modern Geographical Equivalents 265 xn