THE SCOPES MONKEY TRIAL: MONKEY BUSINESS ENCOUNTERS THE BUTLER ACT

THE SCOPES MONKEY TRIAL: MONKEY BUSINESS ENCOUNTERS THE BUTLER ACT JACOB NELSON JUNIOR DIVISION HISTORICAL PAPER PAPER LENGTH : --------WORDS

Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any of the Universities, Normals and all other public schools of the State which are supported in whole or in part by the public school funds of the State, to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals. - UMKC School of Law. The 1925 Butler Act, signed by Tennessee Governor Austin Peay banned the teaching of evolution in public schools. In the small town of Dayton, Tennessee; overlooked by the Cumberland hills, John Scopes, a football coach and general science teacher had violated this Act. Soon after, one of the most important trials in American history took place. It pitted Christianity against Science, the 20th century against the 19th, and John Scopes against the Butler Act. Today, this trial is known as the Scopes Monkey Trial. This trial lead many Americans to explore new ideas in the evolution-creationism debate and think about whether they believed evolution should be taught in schools. It showed the exchange of ideas between Bryan and Darrow and the Modernists and Fundamentalists. Lastly, it showed the encounter of newer ideas against the Bible. Because of the Scope's Monkey Trial, students are taught evolution in schools today. Throughout the 16th and 17th century, the Holy Bible was used as a textbook to teach students. 1 The teaching of the Bible was key for instruction in public schools. Many people thought that it was the work of Satan to not teach scripture of the Bible. 2 In 1844, the Supreme Court ruled that a college could not be built unless it s curriculum included the teaching of the Bible in classes. 3 But in the 19th century, the Bible s teachings began losing grip on children in 1 "Evolution in US Education and Demise of Its Public School System."Answers in Genesis. Answers in Genesis, N.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. 2 "Evolution in US Education and Demise of Its Public School System."Answers in Genesis. Answers in Genesis, N.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. 3 "Evolution in US Education and Demise of Its Public School System."Answers in Genesis. Answers in Genesis, N.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. 1

schools. In the 1840 s, teachers began using theories that the earth was older than stated in The Bible, and started stretching what had been taught for hundreds of years. 4 When the book On the Origin of Species was published in 1859 by Charles Darwin, many scientists and religious leaders attacked the theory believing it went against everything they believed in. According to Answers in Genesis, Edward Larson stated by the 1890s and 1900s, evolution was thoroughly embedded in the science curricula and treated as fact. By this time discoveries in genetics and other fields had resolved all the original scientific objections to evolution. 5 It was the Roaring 20 s, and changes were occurring to everyday Americans. They listened to their radio sets to entertaining news such as Charles Lindbergh s flight across the Atlantic Ocean or Floyd Collins getting stuck in a cave system. 6 The whole dilemma started after WWI, Modernists began adapting new values, unlike the traditional values of the 19th century. These values included new dance styles, listening to jazz, cars, and new technology. Modernism was the new values of the youth movement that challenged the values of the earlier Traditionalists/Fundamentalists. The Modernists mainly lived in cities; the Christian Fundamentalists lived in rural farm areas. Most importantly, Modernists did not tie their identity to religion and began to question the literal truth of the Bible 7, such as the age of the Earth and Genesis or Darwin's theory about evolution was correct. 4 "Evolution in US Education and Demise of Its Public School System."Answers in Genesis. Answers in Genesis, N.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. 5 Templeton, Alan R. "Evolution." World Book Student. World Book, 2015. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. 6 Margulies, Phillip, and Maxine Rosaler. The Devil on Trial: Witches, Anarchists, Atheists, Communists, and Terrorists in America's Courtrooms. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008. Print. 7 "The Anti-Modern and Modern Values of the 1920s." The Anti-Modern and Modern Values of the 1920s. Angel Fire, n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. 2

The term Fundamentalist was coined in 1920 to describe the readers the the series of 12 pamphlets called The Fundamentals with conservative evangelical protestants. 8 Christian Fundamentalists believe that everything from the Bible should be interpreted literally 9 and the Bible cannot co-exist with the theory of evolution. In the 1920s, Fundamentalists saw Non- Christian morals and thought it was a dangerous trend. Fundamentalists were on a crusade to keep all things immoral away from people; so many Fundamentalists were in support of Prohibition. Next they wanted to keep the theory of evolution out of school children's minds because it was against the literal word of the Bible. 10 Fundamentalists also thought that if young adults and children believed in evolution, they would question the basis of Christianity and the existence of God. During the Ku Klux Klan's revitalization, they promoted Fundamentalism because they appealed to the common folk who were uncomfortable with the way rural America was shifting to an urban corporate society. 11 Klansmen blasted bootleggers, motion pictures, and European immigrants; they wanted to support a clean image of America as it was in the 19th century. 12 The two major ideas of the battle were Creationism and evolution. Creationism is the belief that a supreme being brought Earth and all life in its current being through Creation. 13 Usually, Creationism is associated with conservative Christians. Strict Creationists believe the 8 2001. 9 10 Print. 11 12 13 2015. Balmer, Randall Herbert. Religion in Twentieth Century America. New York: Oxford UP, Print. "Fundamentalism." Britannica School. 2015. Web. 19 Nov. 2015. Numbers, Ronald L. Darwinism Comes to America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1998. "The Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s." PBS. PBS, N.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. "The Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s." PBS. PBS, N.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. Eve, Raymond A. "Creationism." World Book Student. World Book, 2015. Web. 13 Nov. 3

story literally: that the earth was created in 6-24 hour periods, and earth was only made thousands of years ago. Evolution is the theory of change over time. Charles Darwin explained the theory of evolution in his book On The Origins of Species. The current theory is that all life forms are derived from a single celled organism of life about 3.5 billion years ago. 14 Human beings, chimpanzees and other primates are derived from a common ancestor. 15 Evolution is also referred to as Darwinism because Charles Darwin and other scientists developed the complex theory of evolution. Williams Jennings Bryan was an idolized Christian orator, he and his followers had succeeded to enact anti-evolution legislation in 15 states. 16 Tennessee s legislature had passed the Butler Act by a landslide vote. It banned teaching of evolution and made a fine from $100 to $500. Soon after the act was enacted, an ad in the May 4th issue of the Chattanooga Daily Times, the American Civil Liberties Union proposed that they would pay to defend anybody who was willing to challenge the Butler Act. Many state-legislatures had proposed anti-evolution teaching statutes; which upset the ACLU because it was denying citizens of Tennessee and other states of their 1st amendment rights. John Scopes did not teach biology, but he coached football and taught other science classes. The school s principal was the biology teacher, he did not want to be on trial, John Scopes had subbed for the principal and assigned readings with evolution, although he was never sure he taught evolution. 14 Templeton, Alan R. "Evolution." World Book Student. World Book, 2015. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. 15 Templeton, Alan R. "Evolution." World Book Student. World Book, 2015. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. 16 Linder, Douglas O. "An Introduction to the John Scopes (Monkey) Trial." An Introduction to the John Scopes (Monkey) Trial. Smithsonian, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. 4

The town of Dayton was in crisis. The population of Dayton was decreasing and the economy was slowing down. John Scopes was playing a game of tennis with his students when he was summoned to Fred Robinson's Drugstore. 17 The conspirators wanted him to participate in a test case. John Scopes had used George Hunter's Civic Biology, the state textbook approved by the Tennessee Textbook Commission, which included teachings of evolution. George Rappleyea brought John Scopes to him and the town's officials to see if he would be willing to participate in the Monkey Trial. John Scopes stated "If you can prove that I've taught evolution and that I can qualify as a defendant, then I'll be willing to stand trial." 18 The trial hit the media immediately after, with the entire nation's attention on who would win, Creationism or science. When the trial came to Dayton, a carnival preceded the town. Joe Mendy, a dressed up chimpanzee with a suit to entertain guests (Appendix A). Also, there were vendors selling monkey toys, Bibles, lemonade and hot dogs. Even religious leaders appeared. Many stores and vendors used monkey motifs to attract business. 19 When Williams Jennings Bryan arrived, religious signs and posters went up such as Read Your Bible. 20 The Scopes Trial was the first trial to ever be broadcast on radio, 21 and it was recorded so the entire world could hear the small town in the American South. William Jennings Bryan, a failed 3-time presidential nominee and renowned Christian orator, was on a mission to keep the anti-religious theory of evolution out of schools. He was 17 Scopes, John Thomas., and James Presley. Center of the Storm; Memoirs of John T. Scopes. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967. Print. 18 "John T. Scopes." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2016. 19 Scopes, John Thomas., and James Presley. Center of the Storm; Memoirs of John T. Scopes. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967. Print. 20 Scopes, John Thomas., and James Presley. Center of the Storm; Memoirs of John T. Scopes. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967. Print. 21 Margulies, Phillip, and Maxine Rosaler. The Devil on Trial: Witches, Anarchists, Atheists, Communists, and Terrorists in America's Courtrooms. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008. Print 5

chosen to be the prosecutor because he was beloved by many Americans and was seen as one of the leaders of the Fundamentalist crusade. On the defense team was Clarence Darrow, a brilliant agnostic criminal lawyer who had not practiced law in 30 years, along with John Neal, Arthur Hays and Dudley Malone. 22 John T. Raulston, the judge, was a conservative Christian who quoted Genesis from the Bible often and loved attention. On day one of the trial, nearly 1,000 people were packed in the courtroom. There were so many people that Judge Raulston proposed to move the trial to a tent that could fit 20,000 people to prevent the courtroom floor from collapsing. 23 A jury of twelve men, mainly middle aged church goers, was quickly selected. 24 The opening statements pictured the trial as a monumental struggle between truth and ignorance and good and evil. Bryan s opening statement was If evolution wins, Christianity goes; not suddenly, of course, but gradually, for the two cannot stand together. 25 But, Darrow s opening statement was that the anti-evolution law made the Bible "the yardstick to measure every man's intellect, to measure every man's intelligence, to measure every man's learning." 26 Some students of Scopes testified that he had taught evolution in which one single celled organism evolved into all the mammals in existence today. Although he did not remember if he had taught evolution, because John Scopes used Hunter's Civic Biology he did not follow the 22 Linder, Douglas O. "An Introduction to the John Scopes (Monkey) Trial." An Introduction to the John Scopes (Monkey) Trial. Smithsonian, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. 23 Linder, Douglas O. "An Introduction to the John Scopes (Monkey) Trial." An Introduction to the John Scopes (Monkey) Trial. Smithsonian, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. 24 Linder, Douglas O. "An Introduction to the John Scopes (Monkey) Trial." An Introduction to the John Scopes (Monkey) Trial. Smithsonian, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. 25 Larson, Edward J. Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate over Science and Religion. New York: Basic, 1997. Print. 26 Linder, Douglas O. "An Introduction to the John Scopes (Monkey) Trial." An Introduction to the John Scopes (Monkey) Trial. Smithsonian, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. 6

Butler Act along with other teachers in the state who had used that textbook. The defense brought Dr. Metcalf to testify, so he explained the theory of evolution and how all animals on earth had descended from one single celled organism. 27 Due to the concern of the floor collapsing, Judge Raulston ordered the trial be moved to the lawn. Outside, a large banner stating Read your Bible was displayed. Darrow ordered that a sign of equal size saying Read your Evolution being displayed or the other sign taken down (Appendix B). The conflict of the sign was important because it showed the bias of the town and citizens toward religion over science. The defense had several scientists who explained the theory of evolution and how the theory of evolution is important to biology. This was important because nearly the entire nation received a biology lesson about evolution. Arthur Hays had called William Jennings Bryan as a witness because he was an expert on the Bible. As one of the leaders of the Fundamentalists, Bryan emphasized throughout his life that the interpretation of The Bible should be taken literally. Darrow asked him questions about Jonah and the whale, Joshua making the sun stand still, Noah and the ark, and Adam's temptation in Eden. But, he relentlessly asked questions about how the earth was made in six days. Bryan eventually concluded that the six days were periods, thus showing many Americans that the Bible cannot be taken literally. Days later, the Scopes Trial was over, Bryan had a tired heart from the trial, had a large meal and died, really of diabetes. The next year, the trial was taken to the Tennessee Supreme Court. The case was dropped because of a technicality. Judge Raulston should have levied a fine rather than convene a jury. 27 Allen, Leslie H. B. 1887, John Thomas Scopes, and Tennessee. Bryan And Darrow At Dayton: the Record And Documents of the "Bible-evolution Trial". New York: A. Lee & Co., 1925. 7

Before the Scopes Trial, most textbooks included the theory of evolution, some even with chapters devoted to it. After, textbook companies became reluctant to include the topic. Teachers became scared that they would get in trouble if they were teaching evolution, so many stopped all together. 28 Textbooks began to drop evolution or reduce the word count in fear that the textbook would stop being bought or read. Tennessee had dropped the use of George Hunter's Civic Biology soon after John Scopes s indictment. 29 George Hunter's Civic Biology had changed its textbook name to New Civic Biology. 30 It would then drop the section on evolution and refer to evolution with word such as suggested or believed. 31 Months after the trial, Texas Governor Miriam Ferguson ordered that the sections on evolution would be cut out with scissors and that the textbook publishers would sanitize the textbooks by taking out the sections on evolution. 32 In the 1940 s evolution began to reappear in some textbooks, but not that many. In the late 50 s, America was feeling scientifically behind The Soviet Union because Sputnik I had eclipsed the technological abilities of the US. The National Defense Education Act of 1958 was passed by Dwight Eisenhower, and was passed to develop state of the art science textbooks; the American Institute of Biological Sciences received grants to write biology textbooks. 33 Many Americans looked back at the Scopes trial remembering the foolishness of the matter and wanted science to be taught in science classes. 28 Nardo, Don. The Scopes Trial. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 1997. Print. 29 Moore, Randy. "The Lingering Impact of the Scopes Trial on High School Biology Textbooks." Bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Moore, Randy. "The Lingering Impact of the Scopes Trial on High School Biology Textbooks." Bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Moore, Randy. "The Lingering Impact of the Scopes Trial on High School Biology Textbooks." Bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/. N.p., n.d. Web. 32 Moore, Randy. "The Lingering Impact of the Scopes Trial on High School Biology Textbooks." Bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/. N.p., n.d. Web. 33 Moore, Randy. "The Lingering Impact of the Scopes Trial on High School Biology Textbooks." Bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/. N.p., n.d. Web. 8

There was a 1968 Supreme Court Case called Epperson V. Arkansas in which the Supreme Court banned banning the teaching of evolution. 34 This was because it went against the 1st amendment of freedom of religion and they ruled that the law was to protect a certain religious viewpoint. 35 Along with the Arkansas law being repealed, the Butler Act was repealed also. After this, evolution began being taught in many schools where it was previously banned. The debate continues, after Epperson v. Arkansas new theories such as Intelligent Design tried to creep their way into schools. Many Protestant denominations bash the theory of evolution and instead use Intelligent Design. Intelligent Design is a theory that God had used evolution to create man in its current form. 36 But, this should not be taught because it reflects religious views not science based ideas and concepts. 37 An example of this is the Louisiana Science Education Act which was passed as a way to teach Creationism along with evolution. The excuse for the law is that it provides critical evaluation skills. Many other states southern states have Creationism laws that require teachers to teach both Creationism and evolution which provide key thinking skills. However, this situation should not exist as only science should be only taught in science classes. 34 "Epperson v. Arkansas." Oyez. Chicago-Kent College of Law at Illinois Tech, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. 35 "Epperson v. Arkansas." Oyez. Chicago-Kent College of Law at Illinois Tech, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. 36 Leshner, Alan J. "Intelligent Design Should Not Be Taught in Public School Science Classrooms."Intelligent Design vs. Evolution. Ed. Louise Gerdes. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007. At Issue. Rpt. from "Should Public Schools 'Teach the Controversy' Surrounding Evolution and Intelligent Design? No." CQ Researcher (29 July 2005). Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. 37 Leshner, Alan J. "Intelligent Design Should Not Be Taught in Public School Science Classrooms."Intelligent Design vs. Evolution. Ed. Louise Gerdes. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007. At Issue. Rpt. from "Should Public Schools 'Teach the Controversy' Surrounding Evolution and Intelligent Design? No." CQ Researcher (29 July 2005). Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. 9

Ultimately, because of this Trial, evolution is taught in schools today. The trial had started the public attention to the debate of Creationism versus evolution in the 20 s. In the 50 s and 60 s, many Americans looked back at the Scopes Trial and saw that the debate was too foolish to be debated over and believed that science should not be blocked from being taught in science classrooms. Overall, the Scopes Trial will never be forgotten because it demonstrated the encounter of Creationism and the theory of evolution, two brilliant men, Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan, and the Fundamentalists and Modernists. In schools today, students are taught the theory of evolution because of the Scopes Monkey Trial. Yet, the controversy between evolution and Creationism will never be over. 10

Appendix A Jo Mendi was a monkey brought into Dayton to capture the publicity. He danced around in the Courthouse lawn, sipped a soda at the drugstore or played his tiny piano. He is an example of the big Circus that preceded the town of Dayton. 11

Appendix B Here, John Scopes, John Neal and George Rappleyea walk past the Read Your Bible sign on the way to court. 12

Appendix C Many different viewpoints were in the town. Above, this Anti-Evolution was trying to persuade and convince people that evolution should not be in schools. 13

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES: Allen, Leslie H. B. 1887, John Thomas Scopes, and Tennessee. Bryan And Darrow At Dayton: the Record And Documents of the "Bible-evolution Trial". New York: A. Lee & Co., 1925. This is a primary source from the Scopes trial because it is the word for word testimony of Dr. Maynard Metcalf when he was questioned about the evolution by Darrow. This helped me when I was studying the witnesses at the trial. Genesis. King James. N.p.: n.p., n.d. The Clarence Darrow Collection. Web. This primary source is the chapter of Genesis in the Bible. This has helped me because it is the story of creation as told by Christians. This is what many Fundamentalists believed. Scopes, John Thomas., and James Presley. Center of the Storm; Memoirs of John T. Scopes. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967. Print. This is John Scopes Memoir, it is a primary source because he was the subject of the trial. It contained key event of before and after the trial with his life. Moore, Randy. "Interview With Randy Moore." Telephone interview. 15 Feb. 2016. This is a primary source with Randy Moore, a biology teacher at The University of Minnesota, he has studied the impact of the Scopes Trial on education. He told me about the impact of the trial and how the new theory of evolution arose. 14

"The Scopes Trial." The Chicago Daily Tribune 17 July 1925: n. pag. Print. This is a primary source because it was a newspaper written during the trial. It was biased because it was in defense of the Butler Act. "Tennessee Anti-evolution Statute - UMKC School of Law." Tennessee Anti-evolution Statute - UMKC School of Law. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2016. This is a primary source because it is the Butler Act itself. I used this in my paper and to understand what it meant. SECONDARY SOURCES "The Anti-Modern and Modern Values of the 1920s." The Anti-Modern and Modern Values of the 1920s. Angel Fire, n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. This is a secondary source because it was not made during the 1920's. It has helped me by deepening my understanding about low Christian morals and the Modernist movement after WWI. Armstrong, Christopher, and Grant Wacker. "The Scopes Trial." Nationalhumanitiescenter.org. Duke University, Oct. 2000. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. This is secondary because it has no court source or other sources. But, it was written way after the trial and it had information about some of the immediate impact and background. Balmer, Randall Herbert. Religion in Twentieth Century America. New York: Oxford UP, 2001. Print. This book is a secondary source. It had information on religious movements in America such as Christian denominations. Also, it had fact about the KKK revival in the 1920's. 15

Caudill, Edward, Edward J. Larson, and Jesse Fox. Mayshark. The Scopes Trial: A Photographic History. Knoxville: U of Tennessee, 2000. Print. This secondary source has a brief amount of writing about the trial with quotes. It has about 20 pictures of the trial with the media blitz, and the defense and prosecution. Dershowitz, Alan M. America on Trial: Inside the Legal Battles That Transformed Our Nation. New York: Warner, 2004. Print. This is a book that is a secondary source. It showed the basic information about the trial such as what caused it and what had happened. "Epperson v. Arkansas." Oyez. Chicago-Kent College of Law at Illinois Tech, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. This secondary source gives key information about this important trial. This trial was when a zoologist challenging an Arkansas statute that was modeled after the Butler Act. Eve, Raymond A. "Creationism." World Book Student. World Book, 2015. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. This article about Creationism told me about what many Christians believe from the story of Genesis. It had helped me by describing what many Fundamentalists believe now in today's world. "Evolution in US Education and Demise of Its Public School System."Answers in Genesis. Answers in Genesis, N.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. This source is about the demise of teaching of Creationism and teaching of The Bible in public school system. It has helped me with facts and quotes by the some of the founding fathers of education. 16

"Fundamentalism." Britannica School. 2015. Web. 19 Nov. 2015. <http://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/390025#>. This sources is about Christian Fundamentalism and Fundamentalism in other religion too. It informed me about the Fundamentalists and Christians ideas and what they believe today. "John T. Scopes." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2016. This is a secondary source about John T. Scopes. It explains his life along with his connection with the Monkey Trial. Kraft, Betsy Harvey. Sensational Trials of the 20th Century. New York: Scholastic, 1998. Print. This secondary book has numerous facts about Modernism in the 1920's. It has also told me about the day to day events of the trial. Larson, Edward J. Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate over Science and Religion. New York: Basic, 1997. Print. This book covers everything you would need to know about the trial. It explains very clearly the course of events. Also, this book explains what happened after the trial and debate today over science and religion. Leonard, Bill J. "The Scopes Trial Then and Now." The Scopes Trial Then and Now. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2016. Although this website has numerous pictures, it is a secondary source. It explains briefly what had happened and the issue between religion and science today. 17

Leshner, Alan J. "Intelligent Design Should Not Be Taught in Public School Science \ Classrooms."Intelligent Design vs. Evolution. Ed. Louise Gerdes. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007. At Issue. Rpt. from "Should Public Schools 'Teach the Controversy' Surrounding Evolution and Intelligent Design? No." CQ Researcher (29 July 2005). Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. Many schools in the south to this day have teachers teaching Creation and Evolution for "key thinking skills" This writer wrote about how they oppose this being taught because it denies science being taught. Linder, Douglas O. "An Introduction to the John Scopes (Monkey) Trial." An Introduction to the John Scopes (Monkey) Trial. Smithsonian, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. This sources contains background information about the trial. I used it when I was starting my project for basic research. Margulies, Phillip, and Maxine Rosaler. The Devil on Trial: Witches, Anarchists, Atheists, Communists, and Terrorists in America's Courtrooms. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008. Print. This was a book about how bad things went on trial. This may sound biased, but, it contained information about how evolution was seen as a bad thing to many common Americans. Moore, Randy. "The Lingering Impact of the Scopes Trial on High School Biology Textbooks." Bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/. N.p., n.d. Web. This is a secondary source because it explains how the Scopes trial had impacted the teaching of evolution in schools. It had given me great examples on what had happened after the trial. 18

Nardo, Don. The Scopes Trial. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 1997. Print. This is a brief book about what had happened in the trial. It had pictures and other information about what had happened. "The Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s." PBS. PBS, N.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. This article was about the KKK restrengthening in the 1920's. It gave information about who was the KKK and it related to my topic because many KKK members were Fundamentalists and the KKK endorsed Fundamentalist ideas. Numbers, Ronald L. Darwinism Comes to America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1998. Print. This book contains how many Americans opposed the theory of "Darwin's" evolution. It contains what had happened after his theory was released. "Scopes Trial." Religion Past and Present (n.d.): n. pag. Mcdougal Littell Inc. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. This is a secondary source because it was written way after the trial. It had helped me with background information at the beginning of my project. Steve, Padre. "Tag Archives: John Scopes." Padre Steves WorldMusings of a Passionately Progressive Moderate. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2016. This is a secondary source about the Movie Inherit the Wind. I did not use the source because it seemed unreliable because it was based of the movie. But, I took a picture with John Scopes in front of the Read Your Bible sign. Templeton, Alan R. "Evolution." World Book Student. World Book, 2015. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. This is an article that explains the fundamental key idea about evolution and how it works. It had also explained the resistance of many leaders of the world from this theory. 19

Tierney, Kevin. "Scopes Trial." World Book Student. World Book, 2015. Web. 16 Nov. 2015. This article was key for beginning my understanding of what had happened at the trial. It began my deeper level thinking about my topic. Vile, John R. "Scopes Trial." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2000. Web. 19 Nov. 2015. This article was key for beginning my understanding of what had happened at the trial. It began my deeper level thinking about my topic. "William Jennings Bryan." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 11 Jan. 2016. This secondary source was about Williams Jennings Bryan the beloved Fundamentalist Christian orator. It explained what he did in his life and his motivation to keep Christian morals high. 20