Trad 101: Languages and Cultures of East Asia Cultural Concepts in Language Expressing Hierarchy in Japanese and Korean
Historical background Japan JOMON (10,000-300 BCE) - nomadic people known for rope pottery; they lived along the coasts and mostly ate shellfish
Historical background Japan YAYOI (300 BCE 300 CE) agriculture introduced; small local clan governments; change in pottery and introduction of an aesthetic value which is still found in Japan today; emergence of Shinto
Historical background Japan KOFUN (YAMATO) (300 645) known for keyshaped tombs (although many were round) where clan leaders were buried
Historical background Japan ASUKA (645-710) formation of Japanese state NARA (710-794) capital moved to Nara, which was modeled after the Chinese city Chang'an; first Japanese texts; the Emperors are Shinto priests (descended from the Sun Goddess) but also promote Buddhism
Historical background Japan HEIAN (794-1185) capital moved to Heian-kyo (modern Kyoto); Fujiwara clan dominates the Imperial household through marriage politics; art and literature flourish
Historical background Japan KAMAKURA (1185-1333) beginning of bakufucourt system MUROMACHI (1333-1568) Portuguese arrive in Japan; introduction of guns EDO (TOKUGAWA) (1600-1868) Period of Isolation; Minimal trading with the Dutch and Chinese; very peaceful time due to government control; Neo-Confucian values play a large role at this time as do Neo-Shinto values; four classes (samurai, farmers, craftsmen, merchants) based on (Neo)-Confucianism
Historical background Japan MEIJI (1868-1912) Japan's period of isolation ended when Commander Parry showed up; Contact with the West, particularly Germany and England
Historical background Japan TAISHO (1912-1926) SHOWA (1926-1989) HEISEI (1989- )
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Historical background Korea 18 BCE-660 CE The "Three Kingdoms Period" (Pakche, 18 BCE-661 CE; Koguryo, 37 BCE-668 CE; Shilla, 57 BCE-660 CE).
Historical background Korea 661 CE -935 CE Shilla seizes most of the Three Kingdoms 918 CE-1389 CE Koryo Dynasty; Shilla loses control 1392 CE -1910 C E General Yi Song-gye establishes the Choson Dynasty; Hangul alphabet created (mid 15 th c.). Moving printing type invented.
Historical background Korea Japanese Colonization (1910-1945) Pacific War (1931-1945) Korean War (1950-1953)
Politeness English What kind of expressions do we have to indicate politeness? We don't have specific verbs or verbal endings, but avoid certain words (swear words) thanks vs. thank you welcome vs. you're welcome 'sup vs. nice to meet you/how do you do
Politeness Japanese Honorific system can be found as early as the Nara period Honorific system of the Nara and Heian periods are very different from the modern Japanese Honorific system The modern honorific system was created during the Meiji period to reflect class system of Tokugawa period
Politeness Japanese uchi (/uti/) vs. soto uchi refers to your in-group and soto to your out-group your uchi and soto change depending on who you're talking to and what you're talking about
Politeness Japanese five levels of speech plain informal used with members of your uchi such as family and close friends; and/or you're talking with your uchi about someone of equal or lower status declarative verbs end in -u/-ru: yomu 'read'; taberu 'eat' negative end in -anai/-nai: yomanai 'doesn't/won't read'; tabenai 'doesn't/won't eat'
Politeness Japanese five levels of speech plain formal either uchi or soto relationship between speaker and listener but they're not close; and/or talking about someone of equal or lower status declarative verbs end in -imasu/-masu: yomimasu 'read'; tabemasu 'eat' negative end in -imasen/-masen: yomimasen 'doesn't/won't read'; tabemasen 'doesn't eat'
Politeness Japanese five levels of speech respectful informal uchi relationship between speaker and listener but they're not close; and/or talking about someone of higher status honorific prefix o- added before verbs declarative verbs end in the infinitive (-i) plus ni naru; or a suppletive form: oyomininaru 'read'; meshiagaru 'eat' negative end in infinitive plus -ni naranai: oyomininaranai 'doesn't/won't read'; meshiagaranai 'doesn't eat'
Politeness Japanese five levels of speech respectful formal uchi or soto relationship between speaker and listener but they're not close; and/or talking about someone of higher status honorific prefix o- added before verbs declarative verbs end in the infinitive (-i) plus ni narimasu; or a suppletive form: oyomininarimasu 'read'; meshiagarimasu 'eat' negative end in infinitive plus -ni narimasen: oyomininarimasen 'doesn't/won't read'; meshiagarimasen 'doesn't eat'
Politeness Japanese five levels of speech humble formal uchi or soto relationship between speaker and listener but they're not close; and the speaker is talking about his/her own actions, or actions of an uchi member to a superior honorific prefix o- added before verbs declarative verbs end in the infinitive (-i) plus shimasu or a suppletive form: oyomishimasu 'read'; itadakimasu 'eat' negative end in infinitive plus -shimasen: oyomishimasen 'doesn't/won't read'; itadakimasen 'doesn't eat'
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Politeness Korean Six levels of speech
Korean Six levels of speech Politeness 2 btw classmates; 3 parents to kids; 4 btw kids and parents; 5. supervisor; 6. president
Politeness Korean Six levels of speech
Politeness Korean Other ways honorifics are expressed Insertion of -si
Politeness Korean Other ways honorifics are expressed honorific case particles -ɛ is the indirect object marker (plain) -kkɛ is the indirect honorific object particle toŋsəŋ-ɛ ʧuta. 'give to a classmate' sonsəŋ-nim-kkɛ ʧuta. 'give to a teacher'
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