بسم اهلل الرمحن الرحيم As-Sarf (Morphology) ~ Class Twenty-One احلمد هلل رب العاملني وصلى اهلل وسلم وبارك على نبينا حممد وعلى آله وصحبه أمجعني, أما بعد Our teacher began with praising Allaah and sending salaat and salaam on the Messenger of Allaah, his family, companions and followers until the Last Day and began: CONJUGATIONS An Naaqis الن اق ص Every verb which has a و, ي or ا as its Laam. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 1
The Maadh ق- ض- ي Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 2
Here it stays as it is so does the rest of the Mutakallim and the Mukhaatab: ق ض ين ا ق ض يت ق ض يت ق ض يت م ا ق ض يت م ق ض يت ن Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: ق ال ذ ل ك ب ي ن و ب ي ن ك أ ن ي ا ا ل ج ل ني ق ض ي ت ف ل ع د و ان ع ل ن ي و اللنه ع ل ى م ا ن ق ول و ك يل He [Musa (Moses)] said: That (is settled) between me and you whichever of the two terms I fulfill, there will be no injustice to me, and Allah is Surety over what we say. [28:28] And also as in a Hadeeth: ح ندث ن ا أ ب و النربيع ال ع ت ك ي و ق ت ي ب ة ب ن س ع يد ك ل ه ا ع ن ح ناد ب ن ز ي د و اللنف ظ ل ق ت ي ب ة ح ندث ن ا ح ناد ع ن أ ي وب ع ن أ ب ق ل ب ة ع ن أ ب أ س اء ع ن ث و ب ان ق ال ق ال ر س ول اللنه صلى اهلل عليه وسلم Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 3
إ ن اللنه ز و ى ل ا ل ر ض ف ر أ ي ت م ش ار ق ه ا و م غ ار ب ه ا و إ ن أ نمت س ي ب ل غ م ل ك ه ا م ا ز و ي ل م ن ه ا و أ ع ط يت ال ك ن ز ي ن ا ل ح ر و ا ل ب ي ض و إ ن س أ ل ت ر ب ل نمت أ ن ل ي ه ل ك ه ا ب س ن ة ب ع انمة و أ ن ل ي س ل ط ع ل ي ه م ع د و ا م ن س و ى أ ن ف سه م ف ي س ت ب يح ب ي ض ت ه م و إن ر ب ق ال ي ا حم نمد إ ن إ ذ ا ق ض ي ت ق ض اء ف إ نه ل ي ر د و إ ن أ ع ط ي ت ك ل نمت ك أ ن ل أ ه ل ك ه م ب س ن ة ب ع انمة و أ ن ل أ س ل ط ع ل ي ه م ع د و ا م ن س و ى أ ن ف س ه م ي س ت ب يح ب ي ض ت ه م و ل و اج ت م ع ع ل ي ه م م ن ب أ ق ط ار ه ا أ و ق ال م ن ب ني أ ق ط ار ه ا ح ن ت ي ك ون ب ع ض ه م ي ه ل ك ب ع ض ا و ي س ب ب ع ض ه م ب ع ض ا [Reference: Saheeh Muslim 2889 a Book 41, Hadith 6904] Verily if I have decreed/decided then it is not rejected/changed : I decreed/ decided ق ض يت و ق ض ي ن ا إ ل ب ن إ س ر ائ يل ف ال ك ت اب ل ت ف س د ن ف ا ل ر ض م نرت ني و ل ت ع ل ن ع ل و ا ك ب ري ا And We decreed for the Children of Israel in the Scripture, that indeed you would do mischief on the earth twice and you will become tyrants and extremely arrogant! [17:4] Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 4
ت أ ك ل ف ل نما ق ض ي ن ا ع ل ي ه ال م و ت م ا د ن ل م ع ل ى م و ته إ نل د ابنة ا ل ر ض م نس أ ت ه ف ل ن ما خ نر ت ب ينن ت ا ل ن أ ن لنو ك ان وا ي ع ل م ون ال غ ي ب م ا ل ب ث وا ف ال ع ذ اب ال م ه ني Then when We decreed death for him [Sulaiman (Solomon)], nothing informed them (jinns) of his death except a little worm of the earth, which kept (slowly) gnawing away at his stick, so when he fell down, the jinns saw clearly that if they had known the unseen, they would not have stayed in the humiliating torment. [34:14] ق ض ين ا : We decreed/decided ف ل و ر ب ك ل ي ؤ م ن ون ح ن ت ي ك م وك ف يم ا ش ج ر ب ي ن ه م ث ن ل ي د وا ف أ نف س ه م ح ر ج ا م نا ق ض ي ت و ي س ل م وا ت س ل يم ا But no, by your Lord, they can have no Faith, until they make you (O Muhammad SAW) judge in all disputes between them, and find in themselves no resistance against your decisions, and accept (them) with full submission. [4:65] : You decreed/decided ق ض يت ف إ ذ ا ق ض ي ت م نمن اس ك ك م ف اذ ك ر وا اللنه ك ذ ك رك م آب اء ك م أ و أ ش ند ذ ك ر ا ف م ن الناس م ن ي ق ول ر ب نن ا آت ن ا ف الد ن ي ا و م ا ل ه ف ا ل خ ر ة م ن خ ل ق So when you have accomplished your Manasik [(i.e. Ihram, Tawaf of the Ka bah and As-Safa and Al-Marwah), stay at Arafat, Muzdalifah and Mina, Ramy of Jamarat, (stoning of the specified pillars in Mina) slaughtering of Hady (animal, etc.)]. Remember Allah as you remember your forefathers or with a far more remembrance. But of mankind there are some who say: Our Lord! Give us (Your Bounties) in this world! and for such there will be no portion in the Hereafter. [2:200] ف إ ذ ا ق ض ي ت م ال نصل ة ف اذ ك ر وا اللنه ق ي ام ا و ق ع ود ا و ع ل ى ج ن وب ك م ف إ ذ ا اط م أ ن نت م ف أ ق ي موا ال نصل ة إن ال نصل ة ك ان ت ع ل ى ال م ؤ م ن ني ك ت اب ا نمو ق وتا When you have finished As-Salat (the prayer congregational), remember Allah standing, sitting down, and lying down on your sides, but when you are free from danger, perform As- Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 5
Salat (Iqamat-as- Salat). Verily, the prayer is enjoined on the believers at fixed hours. [4:103] ق ض يت م : You all decreed/finished ق ض ى comes also in the meaning of finalized/executed etc. Here we can apply the principle of turning the Yaa into an Alif, because the yaa took a harakah and the letter before it took a fathah. It is turned into a sitting Alif to indicate that it was originally a Yaa and that is the benefit of writing it as a Yaa. This verb is mentioned in twelve verses of the Quraan. Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: ال نسم او ات ب د يع ف ي ك و ن ل ه ك ن ي ق و ل ف إ ن ن ا أ م ر ا ق ض ى و إ ذ ا و ا ل ر ض The Originator of the heavens and the earth. When He decrees a matter, He only says to it : Be! and it is. [2:117] Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 6
ق ال ت ر ب أ ن ن ي ك و ن ل و ل د و ل ي س س ن ب ش ر ق ال ك ذ لك اللنه ي ل ق م ا ي ش اء إ ذ ا ق ض ى أ م ر ا ف إ ن ن ا ي ق و ل ل ه ك ن ف ي ك و ن She said: O my Lord! How shall I have a son when no man has touched me. He said: So (it will be) for Allah creates what He wills. When He has decreed something, He says to it only: Be! and it is. [3:47] ه و النذ ي ي ي ي و ي يت ف إ ذ ا ق ض ى أ م ر ا ف إ ن ن ا ي ق ول ل ه ك ن ف ي ك ون He it is Who gives life and causes death. And when He decides upon a thing He says to it only: Be! and it is. [40:68] Here the yaa has a harakah and the letter before it has a fathah so we are able to turn the Yaa into the Alif Now we have a morphological problem which is two sukoons in a row. We are able to drop the first silent letter becauce it is an Alif (harfu illah) and the letter before it has a fathah suiting it. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 7
د ع ت waaw) (we ended up dropping the د ع و ت Just as we did Here it stays as it is due to an exception, just as we did with د ع و ا. The waaw wasn t dropped, because if we do the changing and end up dropping the waaw it would sound just like د عا he called. Same thing here only the letter which is left is a yaa and not a waaw. Just as we did د ع ت ا we do ق ض ت ا (briefly) ق ض وا Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 8
Here we take the superior principle by turning the Yaa into an Alif because the yaa has a harakah and the letter before it has a fathah. Now we have to silent letters in a row. We are able to drop the first silent letter because it is an Alif (harfu illah) and the letter before it has a fathah suiting it. Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: و إ ذ ت ق ول ل لنذي أ ن ع م اللنه ع ل ي ه و أ ن ع م ت ع ل ي ه أ م س ك ع ل ي ك ز و ج ك و اتنق اللنه و ت في ف ن ف س ك م ا اللنه م ب ديه و ت ش ى الناس و اللنه أ ح ق أ ن ت ش اه ف ل نما ق ض ى ز ي د م ن ه ا و ط ر ا ز نوج ن اك ه ا ل ك ي ل ي ك ون ع ل ى ال م ؤ من ني ح ر ج ف أ ز و اج أ د ع ي ائه م إ ذ ا ق ض و ا م ن ه ن و ط ر ا و ك ان أ م ر اللنه م ف ع ول And (remember) when you said to him (Zaid bin Harithah, the freedslave of the Prophet SAW) on whom Allah has bestowed Grace (by guiding him to Islam) and you (O Muhammad SAW too) have done favour (by manumitting him) Keep your wife to yourself, and fear Allah. But you did hide in yourself (i.e. what Allah has already made known to you that He will give her to you in marriage) that which Allah will make manifest, you did fear the people (i.e., Muhammad SAW married the divorced wife of his manumitted slave) whereas Allah had a better right that you should fear Him. So when Zaid had accomplished his desire from her (i.e. divorced her), We gave her to you in marriage, so that (in future) there may be no difficulty to the believers in respect of (the marriage of) the wives of their adopted sons when the latter have no desire to keep them (i.e. they have divorced them). And Allah s Command must be fulfilled. [33:37] Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 9
There is no changing at all we keep it as it is. Just as we did with ق ض ى we do the same with ن ه ى in the Maadh. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 10
ن ه ي Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 11
Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: النف س ا ل و ى ع ن و ن ه ى ر ب ه م ق ا م م ن خ ا ف و أ نما But as for him who feared standing before his Lord, and restrained himself from impure evil desires, and lusts. [79:40] إ ن النذ ين نم ن كناه م ف ا ل ر ض أ ق ام وا ال نصل ة و آت و ا و ن ه و ا ع ن ال م نك ر و ل لنه ع اق ب ة النزك ا ة ا ل م ور ب ال م ع ر وف و أ م ر وا Those (Muslim rulers) who, if We give them power in the land, (they) order for Iqamat-as- Salat. [i.e. to perform the five compulsory congregational Salat (prayers) (the males in mosques)], to pay the Zakat and they enjoin Al-Ma ruf (i.e. Islamic Monotheism and all that Islam orders one to do), and forbid Al-Munkar (i.e. disbelief, polytheism and all that Islam has forbidden) [i.e. they make the Quran as the law of their country in all the spheres of life]. And with Allah rests the end of (all) matters (of creatures). [22:41] Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 12
The Mudaari ق ض- ي Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 13
Here the ayn has a kasrah, because whenever the laam is a yaa it belongs to chapter - ف ع ل two, which is ل ي فع Here the Dhammah is heavy on the Yaa. We can t Move the dhammah to the letter before it because it is occupied so we Remove it. ي And the same we do to ي and ن قض ت قض Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: ق ال وا ل ن ن ؤ ث ر ك ع ل ى م ا ج اء ن ا م ن ال ب ي ن ات و النذ ي ف ط ر ن ا ف اق ض م ا أ نت ق اض إ ن ن ا ت ق ض ي ه ذ ه احل ي اة الد ن ي ا Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 14
They said: We prefer you not over the clear signs that have come to us, and to Him (Allah) Who created us. So decree whatever you desire to decree, for you can only decree (regarding) this life of the world. [20:72] ت قض ين Here the Kasrah on the Yaa is heavy and we can t Move it to the letter before it so we Remove it. Now we have to silent letters in a row. We are able to drop the first silent letter because it is a yaa (harfu illah) and the letter before it has a kasrah suiting it. Notice that that we dropped the first Yaa which is the Laam. ت فع ني is on the scale of ت قض ني Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 15
تدع و ين which was originally ت دع ني Just like we did with ت قض ني ع ل ى و زن ت فع ني Don t forget the scale, it is very important. ت دع و ان Here we don t change anything just as we did with Here the dhammah on the Yaa is heavy and we can t Move it to the letter before it so we Remove it. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 16
Now we have two silent letters in a row (the yaa and the waaw). We are able to drop the first silent letter because it is a yaa (harfu illah) and the letter before it has a kasrah suiting it. The kasrah doesn t suit the waaw so we change the kasrah to the dhammah to suit it. Jumping from a kasrah to a waaw is very heavy We keep it as it is there are no changings. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 17
It looks exactly like ت قض ني You (f) decrees which is on the scale of ت فع ني but here the Yaa is the Laam which makes one. unlike the other ت فع لن on the scale of ت قض ني In the remaining conjugations (The Ghaaib) we are going to do the same process basically because it just differs in the first letter instead of the taa it is going to be the yaa. Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: ك نل ل نما ي ق ض م ا أ م ر ه Nay, but (man) has not done what He commanded him. [80:23] ي قض here the yaa is dropped for a grammatical reason. و اللنه ي ق ض ي ب احل ق و النذ ين ي د ع ون م ن د ون ه ل ي ق ض ون ب ش ي ء إ ن اللنه ه و ال نسم يع ال ب ص ري And Allah judges with truth, while those to whom they invoke besides Him, cannot judge anything. Certainly, Allah! He is the All-Hearer, the All-Seer. [40:20] Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 18
ن ه ي Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 19
It is of Chapter three the ayn has a fathah in the Maadh and Mudaari, and for it to be of this Chapter the ayn or laam has to be one of the throat letters. Here its ayn is a ه (a throat letter). And also as was mentioned in Chapter two that whenever the laam is a yaa it is with a condition that the ayn isn t one of the throat letters. Here the condition is not met the ayn is one of the throat letters (a haa) so that is why it came on Chapter three not Chapter two. Here we are able to turn the Yaa into an Alif, because it has a harakah and the letter before it has a fathah. Be careful here we don t follow the principle of If you can t Move Remove because there is a superior principle to it. Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: ق ال ي ا ق و م أ ر أ ي ت م إ ن ك نت ع ل ى ب ي ن ة م ن نرب و ر ز ق ن م ن ه ر ز ق ا ح س ن ا و م ا أ ر يد أ ن أ خ ال ف ك م إ ل م ا أ ن ه اك م ع ن ه إ ن أ ر يد إ نل ا ل ص ل ح م ا اس ت ط ع ت و م ا ت و ف يق ي إ نل ب اللنه ع ل ي ه ت و نكل ت و إ ل ي ه أ ن يب He said: O my people! Tell me, if I have a clear evidence from my Lord, and He has given me a good sustenance from Himself (shall I corrupt it by mixing it with the unlawfully earned money). I wish not, in contradiction to you, to do that which I forbid you. I only desire reform so far as I am able, to the best of my power. And my guidance cannot come except from Allah, in Him I trust and unto Him I repent. [11:88] أهن ى + كم = أهن اك م Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 20
ق ال وا أ و ل ن ن ه ك ع ن ال ع ال م ني They (people of the city) said: Did we not forbid you to entertain (or protect) any of the Alamin (people, foreigners, strangers, etc. from us)? [15:70] ن نه ى + ك = ن نه اك In the verse the alif was dropped due to a grammatical ن نه ك reason ق ال وا ي ا ص ال ح ق د ك نت ف ين ا م ر ج و ا ق ب ل ه ذ ا أ ت ن ه ان ا أ ن نع ب د م ا ي ع ب د آب اؤ ن ا و إ نن ا ل ف ي ش ك م نا ت د ع ون ا إ ل ي ه م ر يب They said: O Salih (Saleh)! You have been among us as a figure of good hope (and we wished for you to be our chief), till this [new thing which you have brought; that we leave our gods and worship your God (Allah) Alone]! Do you (now) forbid us the worship of what our fathers have worshipped? But we are really in grave doubt as to that which you invite us to (monotheism). [11:62] أنت - Here in the verse it is for ت نه ى + ن ا = ت نه ان ا ات ل م ا أ وح ي إ ل ي ك م ن ال ك ت اب و أ ق م ال نصل ة إ ن ال نصل ة ت ن ه ى ع ن ال ف ح ش اء و ال م نك ر و ل ذ ك ر اللنه أ ك ب ر و اللنه ي ع ل م م ا ت ص ن ع ون Recite (O Muhammad SAW) what has been revealed to you of the Book (the Quran), and perform As-Salat (Iqamat-as-Salat). Verily, As-Salat (the prayer) prevents from Al-Fahsha (i.e. great sins of every kind, unlawful sexual intercourse, etc.) and Al-Munkar (i.e. disbelief, polytheism, and every kind of evil wicked deed, etc.) and the remembering (praising, etc.) of (you by) Allah (in front of the angels) is greater indeed [than your remembering (praising, etc.) Allah in prayers, etc.]. And Allah knows what you do. [29:45] ي in this verse is for ت نه ى ه Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 21
Here we take the superior principle by turning the Yaa into an Alif, because it has a harakah and the letter before it has a fathah. We don t follow the principle of If you can t Move Remove. Now we have two silent letters in a row. We are able to drop the first silent letter, because it is an Alif (harfu illah) and the letter before it has a fathah suiting it. Here we don t give the haa a kasrah to suit the yaa, because the fathah is light. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 22
Here we don t apply the principle it is an Exception. We keep it as it is just like we did. ت قض ي ان andت دع و ان with Here we take again the superior principle by turning the Yaa into an Alif, because the yaa has a harakah and the letter before it has a fathah. Now we have two silent letters in a row. We are able to remove the first silent letter, because it is an Alif (harfu illah) and the letter before it has a fathah suiting it. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 23
Here we also keep the fathah on the haa and don t give it a dhammah to suit the waaw, because the fathah is light. Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: ع ن ال م نك ر ك نت م خ ي ر أ نمة أ خ ر ج ت للناس ت أ م ر ون ب ال م ع ر وف و ت ن ه و ن و ت ؤ م ن ون ب اللنه و ل و آم ن أ ه ل ال ك ت اب ل ك ان خ ي ر ا ن ل م م ن ه م ال م ؤ م ن ون و أ ك ث ر ه م ال ف اس ق ون You [true believers in Islamic Monotheism, and real followers of Prophet Muhammad SAW and his Sunnah (legal ways, etc.)] are the best of peoples ever raised up for mankind; you enjoin Al-Ma ruf (i.e. Islamic Monotheism and all that Islam has ordained) and forbid Al- Munkar (polytheism, disbelief and all that Islam has forbidden), and you believe in Allah. And had the people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians) believed, it would have been better for them; among them are some who have faith, but most of them are Al-Fasiqun (disobedient to Allah and rebellious against Allah s Command). [3:110] Here we keep it as it is there are no changes. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 24
In the remaining conjugations (The Ghaaib) we are going to do the same process basically because it just differs in the first letter instead of the taa it is going to be the yaa. In a Hadeeth mentioned: حدثنا حممد بن يىي حدثنا عبد الرزاق أنبأنا معمر عن أيوب عن ابن سريين عن أنس بن مالك أن منادي النب صلى اهلل عليه وسلم نادى إن اهلل ورسوله ينهيانكم عن حلوم احلمر ا لهلية فإهنا رجس Reference: Bulooghul Maraam 25 [Book 1, Hadith 28] Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 25
ي نه ي ان + ك م = ي نه ي ان ك م Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: ي ش ع ر و ن و م ا أ نف س ه م إ نل ي ه ل ك و ن و إ ن و ي ن أ و ن ع ن ه ي ن ه و ن و ه م ع ن ه And they prevent others from him (from following Prophet Muhammad SAW) and they themselves keep away from him, and (by doing so) they destroy not but their ownselves, yet they perceive (it) not. [6:26] ~~~ END OF CLASS ~~~ Notes transcribed by: Umm Sufyaan Al Maghribiyyah Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 26