Appendix. Useful Facts and Figures

Appendix Useful Facts and Figures Prominent Roman Emperors A-1 Prominent Byzantine Emperors A-2 Prominent Popes A-3 The Carolingian Dynasty A-3 German Kings Crowned Emperor A-3 Rulers of France A-4 Monarchs of England and Great Britain A-4 Prime Ministers of Great Britain A-5 Rulers of Prussia and Germany A-6 Rulers of Austria and Austria-Hungary A-6 Leaders of Post World War II Germany A-6 Rulers of Russia, the USSR, and the Russian Federation A-7 Rulers of Spain A-7 Rulers of Italy A-7 Secretaries-General of the United Nations A-8 United States Presidential Administrations A-8 Major Wars of the Modern Era A-8 Prominent Roman Emperors Julio-Claudians 27 b.c.e. 14 c.e. Augustus 14 37 Tiberius 37 41 Gaius (Caligula) 41 54 Claudius 54 68 Nero Flavian Dynasty 69 79 Vespasian 79 81 Titus 81 96 Domitian Golden Age Emperors 96 98 Nerva 98 117 Trajan 117 138 Hadrian 138 161 Antoninus Pius 161 180 Marcus Aurelius Severan Emperors 193 211 Septimius Severus 211 217 Antoninus (Caracalla) 217 218 Macrinus 222 235 Severus Alexander Period of Instability 235 238 Maximinus Thrax 238 244 Gordian III 244 249 Philip the Arab 249 251 Decius 251 253 Trebonianus Gallus 253 260 Valerian 270 275 Aurelian 275 276 Tacitus 276 282 Probus 283 285 Carinus Dominate 284 305 Diocletian 306 Constantius 306 337 Constantine I 337 340 Constantine II 337 350 Constans I 337 361 Constantius II 361 363 Julian 363 364 Jovian 364 375 Valentinian I 364 378 Valens 367 383 Gratian 375 392 Valentinian II 378 395 Theodosius I (the Great) The Western Empire 395 423 Honorius 406 407 Marcus 407 411 Constantine III 409 411 Maximus 411 413 Jovinus 412 413 Sebastianus 423 425 Johannes 425 455 Valentinian III 455 456 Avitus 457 461 Majorian 461 465 Libius Severus 467 472 Anthemius 473 474 Glycerius 474 475 Julius Nepos 475 476 Romulus Augustulus A-1

A-2 Appendix Prominent Byzantine Emperors Dynasty of Theodosius 395 408 Arcadius 408 450 Theodosius II 450 457 Marcian Dynasty of Leo 457 474 Leo I 474 Leo II 474 491 Zeno 475 476 Basiliscus 484 488 Leontius 491 518 Anastasius Dynasty of Justinian 518 527 Justin 527 565 Justinian I 565 578 Justin II 578 582 Tiberius II 578 582 Tiberius II (I) Constantine 582 602 Maurice 602 610 Phocas Dynasty of Heraclius 610 641 Heraclius 641 Heraclonas 641 Constantine III 641 668 Constans II 646 647 Gregory 649 653 Olympius 669 Mezezius 668 685 Constantine IV 685 695 Justinian II (banished) 695 698 Leontius 698 705 Tiberius III (II) 705 711 Justinian II (restored) 711 713 Bardanes 713 716 Anastasius II 716 717 Theodosius III Isaurian Dynasty 717 741 Leo III 741 775 Constantine V Copronymus 775 780 Leo IV 780 797 Constantine VI 797 802 Irene 802 811 Nicephorus I 811 Strauracius 811 813 Michael I 813 820 Leo V Phrygian Dynasty 820 829 Michael II 821 823 Thomas 829 842 Theophilus 842 867 Michael III Macedonian Dynasty 867 886 Basil I 869 879 Constantine 887 912 Leo VI 912 913 Alexander 913 959 Constantine VII Porphrogenitos 920 944 Romanus I Lecapenus 921 931 Christopher 924 945 Stephen 959 963 Romanus II 963 969 Nicephorus II Phocas 976 1025 Basil II 1025 1028 Constantine VIII (IX) alone 1028 1034 Romanus III Argyrus 1034 1041 Michael IV the Paphlagonian 1041 1042 Michael V Calaphates 1042 Zoe and Theodora 1042 1055 Constantine IX Monomachus 1055 1056 Theodora alone 1056 1057 Michael VI Stratioticus Prelude to the Comnenian Dynasty 1057 1059 Isaac I Comnenos 1059 1067 Constantine X (IX) Ducas 1068 1071 Romanus IV Diogenes 1071 1078 Michael VII Ducas 1078 1081 Nicephorus III Botaniates 1080 1081 Nicephorus Melissenus Comnenian Dynasty 1081 1118 Alexius I 1118 1143 John II 1143 1180 Manuel I 1180 1183 Alexius II 1183 1185 Andronieus I 1183 1191 Isaac, Emperor of Cyprus Dynasty of the Angeli 1185 1195 Isaac II 1195 1203 Alexius III 1203 1204 Isaac II (restored) with Alexius IV 1204 Alexius V Ducas Murtzuphlus Lascarid Dynasty in Nicaea 1204 1222 Theodore I Lascaris 1222 1254 John III Ducas Vatatzes 1254 1258 Theodore II Lascaris 1258 1261 John IV Lascaris Dynasty of the Paleologi 1259 1289 Michael VIII Paleologus 1282 1328 Andronicus II 1328 1341 Andronicus III 1341 1391 John V 1347 1354 John VI Cantancuzenus 1376 1379 Andronicus IV 1379 1391 John V (restored) 1390 John VII 1391 1425 Manuel II 1425 1448 John VIII 1449 1453 Constantine XI (XIII) Dragases

Appendix A-3 Prominent Popes 314 335 Sylvester 440 461 Leo I 590 604 Gregory I (the Great) 687 701 Sergius I 741 752 Zachary 858 867 Nicholas I 1049 1054 Leo IX 1059 1061 Nicholas II 1073 1085 Gregory VII 1088 1099 Urban II 1099 1118 Paschal II 1159 1181 Alexander III 1198 1216 Innocent III 1227 1241 Gregory IX 1243 1254 Innocent IV 1294 1303 Boniface VIII 1316 1334 John XXII 1447 1455 Nicholas V 1458 1464 Pius II 1492 1503 Alexander VI 1503 1513 Julius II 1513 1521 Leo X 1534 1549 Paul III 1555 1559 Paul IV 1585 1590 Sixtus V 1623 1644 Urban VIII 1831 1846 Gregory XVI 1846 1878 Pius IX 1878 1903 Leo XIII 1903 1914 Pius X 1914 1922 Benedict XV 1922 1939 Pius XI 1939 1958 Pius XII 1958 1963 John XXIII 1963 1978 Paul VI 1978 John Paul I 1978 2005 John Paul II 2005 Benedict XVI The Carolingian Dynasty 687 714 Pepin of Heristal, Mayor of the Palace 715 741 Charles Martel, Mayor of the Palace 741 751 Pepin III, Mayor of the Palace 751 768 Pepin III, King 768 814 Charlemagne, King 800 814 Charlemagne, Emperor 814 840 Louis the Pious West Francia 840 877 Charles the Bald, King 875 877 Charles the Bald, Emperor 877 879 Louis II, King 879 882 Louis III, King 879 884 Carloman, King Middle Kingdoms 840 855 Lothair, Emperor 855 875 Louis (Italy), Emperor 855 863 Charles (Provence), King 855 869 Lothair II (Lorraine), King East Francia 840 876 Ludwig, King 876 880 Carloman, King 876 882 Ludwig, King 876 887 Charles the Fat, Emperor German Kings Crowned Emperor Saxon Dynasty 962 973 Otto I 973 983 Otto II 983 1002 Otto III 1002 1024 Henry II Franconian Dynasty 1024 1039 Conrad II 1039 1056 Henry III 1056 1106 Henry IV 1106 1125 Henry V 1125 1137 Lothair II (Saxony) Hohenstaufen Dynasty 1138 1152 Conrad III 1152 1190 Frederick I (Barbarossa) 1190 1197 Henry VI 1198 1208 Philip of Swabia 1198 1215 Otto IV (Welf) 1220 1250 Frederick II 1250 1254 Conrad IV Interregnum, 1254 1273: Emperors from Various Dynasties 1273 1291 Rudolf I (Habsburg) 1292 1298 Adolf (Nassau) 1298 1308 Albert I (Habsburg) 1308 1313 Henry VII (Luxemburg) 1314 1347 Ludwig IV (Wittelsbach) 1347 1378 Charles IV (Luxemburg) 1378 1400 Wenceslas (Luxemburg) 1400 1410 Rupert (Wittelsbach) 1410 1437 Sigismund (Luxemburg) Habsburg Dynasty 1438 1439 Albert II 1440 1493 Frederick III 1493 1519 Maximilian I 1519 1556 Charles V 1556 1564 Ferdinand I 1564 1576 Maximilian II 1576 1612 Rudolf II 1612 1619 Matthias 1619 1637 Ferdinand II 1637 1657 Ferdinand III 1658 1705 Leopold I 1705 1711 Joseph I 1711 1740 Charles VI 1742 1745 Charles VII (not a Habsburg) 1745 1765 Francis I 1765 1790 Joseph II 1790 1792 Leopold II 1792 1806 Francis II

A-4 Appendix Rulers of France Capetian Dynasty 987 996 Hugh Capet 996 1031 Robert II 1031 1060 Henry I 1060 1108 Philip I 1108 1137 Louis VI 1137 1180 Louis VII 1180 1223 Philip II (Augustus) 1223 1226 Louis VIII 1226 1270 Louis IX (St. Louis) 1270 1285 Philip III 1285 1314 Philip IV 1314 1316 Louis X 1316 1322 Philip V 1322 1328 Charles IV Valois Dynasty 1328 1350 Philip VI 1350 1364 John 1364 1380 Charles V 1380 1422 Charles VI 1422 1461 Charles VII 1461 1483 Louis XI 1483 1498 Charles VIII 1498 1515 Louis XII 1515 1547 Francis I 1547 1559 Henry II 1559 1560 Francis II 1560 1574 Charles IX 1574 1589 Henry III Bourbon Dynasty 1589 1610 Henry IV 1610 1643 Louis XIII 1643 1715 Louis XIV 1715 1774 Louis XV 1774 1792 Louis XVI After 1792 1792 1799 First Republic 1799 1804 Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul 1804 1814 Napoleon I, Emperor 1814 1824 Louis XVIII (Bourbon Dynasty) 1824 1830 Charles X (Bourbon Dynasty) 1830 1848 Louis Philippe 1848 1852 Second Republic 1852 1870 Napoleon III, Emperor 1870 1940 Third Republic 1940 1944 Vichy government, Pétain regime 1944 1946 Provisional government 1946 1958 Fourth Republic 1958 Fifth Republic Monarchs of England and Great Britain Anglo-Saxon Monarchs 829 839 Egbert 839 858 Ethelwulf 858 860 Ethelbald 860 866 Ethelbert 866 871 Ethelred I 871 899 Alfred the Great 899 924 Edward the Elder 924 939 Ethelstan 939 946 Edmund I 946 955 Edred 955 959 Edwy 959 975 Edgar 975 978 Edward the Martyr 978 1016 Ethelred the Unready 1016 1035 Canute (Danish nationality) 1035 1040 Harold I 1040 1042 Hardicanute 1042 1066 Edward the Confessor 1066 Harold II Norman Monarchs 1066 1087 William I (the Conqueror) 1087 1100 William II 1100 1135 Henry I House of Blois 1135 1154 Stephen House of Plantagenet 1154 1189 Henry II 1189 1199 Richard I 1199 1216 John 1216 1272 Henry III 1272 1307 Edward I 1307 1327 Edward II 1327 1377 Edward III 1377 1399 Richard II House of Lancaster 1399 1413 Henry IV 1413 1422 Henry V 1422 1461 Henry VI House of York 1461 1483 Edward IV 1483 Edward V 1483 1485 Richard III House of Tudor 1485 1509 Henry VII 1509 1547 Henry VIII 1547 1553 Edward VI 1553 1558 Mary 1558 1603 Elizabeth I House of Stuart 1603 1625 James I 1625 1649 Charles I Commonwealth and Protectorate (1649 1660) 1653 1658 Oliver Cromwell 1658 1659 Richard Cromwell House of Stuart (Restored) 1660 1685 Charles II 1685 1688 James II 1689 1694 William III and Mary II 1694 1702 William III (alone) 1702 1714 Anne House of Hanover 1714 1727 George I 1727 1760 George II 1760 1820 George III 1820 1830 George IV 1830 1837 William IV 1837 1901 Victoria House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 1901 1910 Edward VII House of Windsor 1910 1936 George V 1936 Edward VIII 1936 1952 George VI 1952 Elizabeth II

Appendix A-5 Prime Ministers of Great Britain Term Prime Minister Government 1721 1742 Sir Robert Walpole Whig 1742 1743 Spencer Compton, Earl Whig of Wilmington 1743 1754 Henry Pelham Whig 1754 1756 Thomas Pelham-Holles, Whig Duke of Newcastle 1756 1757 William Cavendish, Whig Duke of Devonshire 1757 1761 William Pitt (the Elder), Whig Earl of Chatham 1761 1762 Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke Whig of Newcastle 1762 1763 John Stuart, Earl of Bute Tory 1763 1765 George Grenville Whig 1765 1766 Charles Watson-Wentworth, Whig Marquess of Rockingham 1766 1768 William Pitt, Earl of Chatham Whig (the Elder) 1768 1770 Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke Whig of Grafton 1770 1782 Frederick North (Lord North) Tory 1782 Charles Watson-Wentworth, Whig Marquess of Rockingham 1782 1783 William Petty FitzMaurice, Whig Earl of Shelburn 1783 William Henry Cavendish Whig Bentinck, Duke of Portland 1783 1801 William Pitt (the Younger) Tory 1801 1804 Henry Addington Tory 1804 1806 William Pitt (the Younger) Tory 1806 1807 William Wyndham Grenville Whig (Baron Grenville) 1807 1809 William Henry Cavendish Tory Bentinck, Duke of Portland 1809 1812 Spencer Perceval Tory 1812 1827 Robert Banks Jenkinson, Tory Earl of Liverpool 1827 George Canning Tory 1827 1828 Frederick John Robinson Tory (Viscount Goderich) 1828 1830 Arthur Wellesley, Tory Duke of Wellington 1830 1834 Charles Grey (Earl Grey) Whig 1834 William Lamb, Viscount Whig Melbourne 1834 1835 Sir Robert Peel Tory 1835 1841 William Lamb, Viscount Whig Melbourne 1841 1846 Sir Robert Peel Tory 1846 1852 John Russell (Lord) Whig 1852 Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley Whig Derby, Earl of Derby 1852 1855 George Hamilton Gordon Peelite Aberdeen, Earl of Aberdeen 1855 1858 Henry John Temple Palmerston, Tory Viscount Palmerston 1858 1859 Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley Whig Derby, Earl of Derby 1859 1865 Henry John Temple Palmerston, Tory Viscount Palmerston Term Prime Minister Government 1865 1866 John Russell (Earl) Liberal 1866 1868 Edward Geoffrey Smith Tory Stanley Derby, Earl of Derby 1868 Benjamin Disraeli, Earl Conservative of Beaconfield 1868 1874 William Ewart Gladstone Liberal 1874 1880 Benjamin Disraeli, Earl Conservative of Beaconfield 1880 1885 William Ewart Gladstone Liberal 1885 1886 Robert Arthur Talbot, Conservative Marquess of Salisbury 1886 William Ewart Gladstone Liberal 1886 1892 Robert Arthur Talbot, Conservative Marquess of Salisbury 1892 1894 William Ewart Gladstone Liberal 1894 1895 Archibald Philip Primrose Liberal Rosebery, Earl of Rosebery 1895 1902 Robert Arthur Talbot, Conservative Marquess of Salisbury 1902 1905 Arthur James Balfour, Conservative Earl of Balfour 1905 1908 Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman Liberal 1908 1915 Herbert Henry Asquith Liberal 1915 1916 Herbert Henry Asquith Coalition 1916 1922 David Lloyd George, Earl Coalition Lloyd-George of Dwyfor 1922 1923 Andrew Bonar Law Conservative 1923 1924 Stanley Baldwin, Earl Conservative Baldwin of Bewdley 1924 James Ramsay MacDonald Labour 1924 1929 Stanley Baldwin, Earl Conservative Baldwin of Bewdley 1929 1931 James Ramsay MacDonald Labour 1931 1935 James Ramsay MacDonald Coalition 1935 1937 Stanley Baldwin, Earl Coalition Baldwin of Bewdley 1937 1940 Neville Chamberlain Coalition 1940 1945 Winston Churchill Coalition 1945 Winston Churchill Conservative 1945 1951 Clement Attlee, Earl Attlee Labour 1951 1955 Sir Winston Churchill Conservative 1955 1957 Sir Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon Conservative 1957 1963 Harold Macmillan, Earl Conservative of Stockton 1963 1964 Sir Alec Frederick Douglas- Conservative Home, Lord Home of the Hirsel 1964 1970 Harold Wilson, Lord Wilson Labour of Rievaulx 1970 1974 Edward Heath Conservative 1974 1976 Harold Wilson, Lord Wilson Labour of Rievaulx 1976 1979 James Callaghan, Lord Labour Callaghan of Cardiff 1979 1990 Margaret Thatcher (Baroness) Conservative 1990 1997 John Major Conservative 1997 2007 Tony Blair Labour 2007 2010 Gordon Brown Labour 2010 David Cameron Conservative

A-6 Appendix Rulers of Prussia and Germany 1701 1713 *Frederick I 1713 1740 *Frederick William I 1740 1786 *Frederick II (the Great) 1786 1797 *Frederick William II 1797 1840 *Frederick William III 1840 1861 *Frederick William IV 1861 1888 *William I (German emperor after 1871) 1888 Frederick III 1888 1918 *William II 1918 1933 Weimar Republic 1933 1945 Third Reich (Nazi dictatorship under Adolf Hitler) 1945 1952 Allied occupation 1949 1990 Division of Federal Republic of Germany in west and German Democratic Republic in east 1990 Federal Republic of Germany (reunited) *King of Prussia. Rulers of Austria and Austria-Hungary 1493 1519 *Maximilian I (Archduke) 1519 1556 *Charles V 1556 1564 *Ferdinand I 1564 1576 *Maximilian II 1576 1612 *Rudolf II 1612 1619 *Matthias 1619 1637 *Ferdinand II 1637 1657 *Ferdinand III 1658 1705 *Leopold I 1705 1711 *Joseph I 1711 1740 *Charles VI 1740 1780 Maria Theresa 1780 1790 *Joseph II 1790 1792 *Leopold II 1792 1835 *Francis II (emperor of Austria as Francis I after 1804) 1835 1848 Ferdinand I 1848 1916 Francis Joseph (after 1867 emperor of Austria and king of Hungary) 1916 1918 Charles I (emperor of Austria and king of Hungary) 1918 1938 Republic of Austria (dictatorship after 1934) 1945 1956 Republic restored, under Allied occupation 1956 Free Republic *Also bore title of Holy Roman Emperor. Leaders of Post World War II Germany West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany), 1949 1990 Years Chancellor Party 1949 1963 Konrad Adenauer Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 1963 1966 Ludwig Erhard Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 1966 1969 Kurt Georg Kiesinger Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 1969 1974 Willy Brandt Social Democratic Party (SPD) 1974 1982 Helmut Schmidt Social Democratic Party (SPD) 1982 1990 Helmut Kohl Christian Democratic Union (CDU) East Germany (German Democratic Republic), 1949 1990 Years Communist Party Leader 1946 1971 Walter Ulbricht 1971 1989 Erich Honecker 1989 1990 Egon Krenz Federal Republic of Germany (reunited), 1990 Years Chancellor Party 1990 1998 Helmut Kohl Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 1998 2005 Gerhard Schroeder Social Democratic Party (SPD) 2005 Angela Merkel Christian Democratic Union (CDU)

Appendix A-7 Rulers of Russia, the USSR, and the Russian Federation c. 980 1015 Vladimir 1019 1054 Yaroslav the Wise 1176 1212 Vsevolod III 1462 1505 Ivan III 1505 1553 Vasily III 1553 1584 Ivan IV 1584 1598 Theodore I 1598 1605 Boris Godunov 1605 Theodore II 1606 1610 Vasily IV 1613 1645 Michael 1645 1676 Alexius 1676 1682 Theodore III 1682 1689 Ivan V and Peter I 1689 1725 Peter I (the Great) 1725 1727 Catherine I 1727 1730 Peter II 1730 1740 Anna 1740 1741 Ivan VI 1741 1762 Elizabeth 1762 Peter III 1762 1796 Catherine II (the Great) 1796 1801 Paul 1801 1825 Alexander I 1825 1855 Nicholas I 1855 1881 Alexander II 1881 1894 Alexander III 1894 1917 Nicholas II Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)* 1917 1924 Vladimir Ilyich Lenin 1924 1953 Joseph Stalin 1953 1964 Nikita Khrushchev 1964 1982 Leonid Brezhnev 1982 1984 Yuri Andropov 1984 1985 Konstantin Chernenko 1985 1991 Mikhail Gorbachev Russian Federation 1991 1999 Boris Yeltsin 1999 2008 Vladimir Putin 2008 Dmitry Medvedev *USSR established in 1922. Rulers of Spain 1479 1504 Ferdinand and Isabella 1504 1506 Ferdinand and Philip I 1506 1516 Ferdinand and Charles I 1516 1556 Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) 1556 1598 Philip II 1598 1621 Philip III 1621 1665 Philip IV 1665 1700 Charles II 1700 1746 Philip V 1746 1759 Ferdinand VI 1759 1788 Charles III 1788 1808 Charles IV 1808 Ferdinand VII 1808 1813 Joseph Bonaparte 1814 1833 Ferdinand VII (restored) 1833 1868 Isabella II 1868 1870 Republic 1870 1873 Amadeo 1873 1874 Republic 1874 1885 Alfonso XII 1886 1931 Alfonso XIII 1931 1939 Republic 1939 1975 Fascist dictatorship under Francisco Franco 1975 Juan Carlos I Rulers of Italy 1861 1878 Victor Emmanuel II 1878 1900 Humbert I 1900 1946 Victor Emmanuel III 1922 1943 Fascist dictatorship under Benito Mussolini (maintained in northern Italy until 1945) 1946 (May 9 June 13) Humbert II 1946 Republic Secretaries-General of the United Nations Years Secretary-General Nationality 1946 1952 Trygve Lie Norway 1953 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld Sweden 1961 1971 U Thant Myanmar 1972 1981 Kurt Waldheim Austria 1982 1991 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar Peru 1992 1996 Boutros Boutros-Ghali Egypt 1997 2006 Kofi A. Annan Ghana 2007 Ban Kimoon South Korea

A-8 Appendix United States Presidential Administrations Term(s) President Political Party 1789 1797 George Washington No party designation 1797 1801 John Adams Federalist 1801 1809 Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican 1809 1817 James Madison Democratic-Republican 1817 1825 James Monroe Democratic-Republican 1825 1829 John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican 1829 1837 Andrew Jackson Democratic 1837 1841 Martin Van Buren Democratic 1841 William H. Harrison Whig 1841 1845 John Tyler Whig 1845 1849 James K. Polk Democratic 1849 1850 Zachary Taylor Whig 1850 1853 Millard Filmore Whig 1853 1857 Franklin Pierce Democratic 1857 1861 James Buchanan Democratic 1861 1865 Abraham Lincoln Republican 1865 1869 Andrew Johnson Republican 1869 1877 Ulysses S. Grant Republican 1877 1881 Rutherford B. Hayes Republican 1881 James A. Garfield Republican 1881 1885 Chester A. Arthur Republican 1885 1889 Grover Cleveland Democratic Term(s) President Political Party 1889 1893 Benjamin Harrison Republican 1893 1897 Grover Cleveland Democratic 1897 1901 William McKinley Republican 1901 1909 Theodore Roosevelt Republican 1909 1913 William H. Taft Republican 1913 1921 Woodrow Wilson Democratic 1921 1923 Warren G. Harding Republican 1923 1929 Calvin Coolidge Republican 1929 1933 Herbert C. Hoover Republican 1933 1945 Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic 1945 1953 Harry S. Truman Democratic 1953 1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican 1961 1963 John F. Kennedy Democratic 1963 1969 Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic 1969 1974 Richard M. Nixon Republican 1974 1977 Gerald R. Ford Republican 1977 1981 Jimmy Carter Democratic 1981 1989 Ronald W. Reagan Republican 1989 1993 George H. W. Bush Republican 1993 2001 William J. Clinton Democratic 2001 2009 George W. Bush Republican 2009 Barack Obama Democratic Major Wars of the Modern Era 1546 1555 German Wars of Religion 1526 1571 Ottoman wars 1562 1598 French Wars of Religion 1566 1609, 1621 1648 Revolt of the Netherlands 1618 1648 Thirty Years War 1642 1648 English Civil War 1652 1678 Anglo-Dutch Wars 1667 1697 Wars of Louis XIV 1683 1697 Ottoman wars 1689 1697 War of the League of Augsburg 1702 1714 War of Spanish Succession 1702 1721 Great Northern War 1714 1718 Ottoman wars 1740 1748 War of Austrian Succession 1756 1763 Seven Years War 1775 1781 American Revolution 1796 1815 Napoleonic wars 1846 1848 Mexican-American War 1853 1856 Crimean War 1861 1865 United States Civil War 1870 1871 Franco-Prussian War 1894 1895 Sino-Japanese War 1898 Spanish-American War 1904 1905 Russo-Japanese War 1914 1918 World War I 1939 1945 World War II 1946 1975 Vietnam wars 1950 1953 Korean War 1990 1991 Persian Gulf War 1991 1997 Civil War in the former Yugoslavia 2001 War in Afghanistan 2003 Iraq War