DESIGNS ON HARAPPAN POTTERY IN INDIA (During 3 rd & 2 nd Millennium, B.C.E.)

DESIGNS ON HARAPPAN POTTERY IN INDIA (During 3 rd & 2 nd Millennium, B.C.E.) P a g e 1 SUMMARY SUBMITTED TO JIWAJI UNIVERSITY, GWALIOR FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN DRAWING AND PAINTING UNDER THE SUPERVISION SUPERVISOR DR. SAROJ BHARGAVA RETD. PRINCIPAL B.D.K.M.V. EX. DIRECTOR LALIT KALA SANSTHAN DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA CO-SUPERVISOR DR. R.A. SHARMA PROF. SCHOOL OF STUDIES IN ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY, CULTURE AND ARCHAEOLOGY JIWAJI UNIVERSITY, GWALIOR SUBMITTED BY KIRAN DHIMAN RESEARCH CENTER DEPARTMENT OF DRAWING AND PAINTING GOVERNMENT KAMLA RAJA GIRLS AUTONOMOUS P.G. COLLEGE JIWAJI UNIVERSITY, GWALIOR (M.P.) 2015

P a g e 2 Introduction The Indus valley civilization, which is now named as Harappan civilization, was one of the world s first great urban settlements. It is known that there were four oldest civilizations in the world flourished between 4 th and 1 st millennium BC: Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indus and Chinese (yellow river). All these Bronze Age civilizations had different technological levels which perhaps developed due to certain environmental conditions, to meet the requirements of their respective areas 1. The North Western region of the Indian subcontinent was dominated by the Harappan civilization, which rivaled the contemporary cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt during the third and second millennium BC. Around 2600 BC the various regional cultures were united in what is called the Harappan Civilization. The Harappa culture or civilization is named after its type-site Harappa, located in the valley of Ravi in Pakistan because the town of Harappa was first discovered. This was perhaps the most important discovery in south Asia in the last century by great effort of Sir John Marshall, Rakhal Das Banerjee, Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni, Madho Sarup Vats and many others. (Marchall: Mohenjo-Daro; Vats: Harappa; Possehl: Indus Age; Kenyor, A. Ghosh: Indian Prehistory 1964-1965) The Indus is the longest river in Pakistan, which begins in the Himalayan Mountains, and flows nearly 3,000 kilometers to the Arabian Sea. In the Sanskrit language of Ancient India, the Indus was called the Sindhu. Other rivers, such as the Saraswati joined the Indus as it flows down to the sea. This civilization is also sometimes called the Sindhu-Saraswati civilization. The ruins of Harappa were first described in 1842 by Charles Masson in his Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan, and the Punjab, where locals talked of an ancient city extending "thirteen cosses" (about 25 miles). In 1856, General Alexander Cunningham, later director general of the archaeological survey of northern India, visited Harappa where the British engineers John and William Brunton were laying the East Indian Railway Company line connecting the cities of Karachi and Lahore. In 1872 75 Alexander Cunningham published the first Harappan seal (with an erroneous identification as Brahmi letters). It was half a century later, in 1912, that more Harappan seals were discovered by J. Fleet, prompting an excavation 1 Osada Toshiki, Indus Civilization, text and context, Manohar Publishers, Delhi, 2006

P a g e 3 campaign under Sir John Hubert Marshall in 1921 22 and resulting in the discovery of the civilization at Harappa. 2 The Harappan culture, which has a span of about one thousand five hundred years starting from third millennium B.C.E., has a long hoary past. The Harappan culture zone is huge, ranging between 680,000 to 800,000 sq. kilometers. The Harappans established their farming villages and well-planned cities and towns around this large area. To date around 1500 sites of this civilization are known, out of which only 97 have been so far excavated. The earliest excavations focused on large cities located along the Indus River and its tributaries such as Mohenjo-daro on Indus (Sindh, Southern Pakistan) and Harappa on Ravi (Punjab, northern Pakistan). Perhaps Mohenjo-daro was the capital city of this civilization. The earliest cities became integrated into an extensive urban culture around 4,600 years ago and continued to dominate the region for at least 700 years, from 2600 to 1900 B.C. It was only in the 1920's that the buried cities and villages of the Indus valley were recognized by archaeologists as representing an undiscovered civilization. The sites have been found in Afghanistan, Punjab, Sindh, and Baluchistan, northwest frontier province of Pakistan, Jammu, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Western UP in India. The northernmost site is Manda in Jammu district in Jammu and Kashmir, the southernmost is Malvan in Surat district in southern Gujarat. The most important known feature of this civilization is its town planning and uniformity in The history of Indian pottery begins with the Harappan Civilization. Harappan people used different types of pottery such as glazed, polychrome, incised, perforated and knobbed. For the decoration of pottery the Harappan people used several methods. There is proof of pottery being constructed in two ways, handmade and wheel-made. It consists both plain and painted chiefly of wheel made wares. Harrappan and Mohanjodaro cultures heralded the age of wheel-made pottery. The Harappan pottery is uniformly sturdy, well-baked and bright or dark in color. The plain pottery usually of red clay with or without a fine red slip is more common than the painted ware. The painted pottery is mostly of red and black colors. Material culture but there was regional variation in plans as well as pottery tradition. 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/indus_valley_civilization

P a g e 4 Objective As we all know, the Harappa culture flourished in Indo-Pak sub continental from the beginning of 3 rd millennium B.C. to the mid of 2 nd millennium B.C. The painted designs noticed on the well baked red ware of this culture has undergone many changes starting from the Early Harappan phase to the end of this culture known as Late Harappa. Some of painted designs which were noticed in the beginning underwent changes and even died out. But at the same times new designs started emerging. This was not confined to one particular painted motif but changes in the motifs including stylization was a continuous process. This research study procures detail understanding about the making of pottery, classification of design during Harappan civilization; it also enforced revisiting the creative practices of Harappan time and culture by studying the available literature like archaeological reports and interpretational statements made by leading archaeologists for true idea on Indus pottery. Visiting pottery collections, the actual shreds housed in various museums is the authentic experience to look at the painted pottery and to study symbols and motifs painted on different kind of pottery for daily use and appreciating the creative thought-process of Harappan people. As the structure of this research fundamental points, which has been taken into concern, are as follows: Geographical regions Natural features Time period Material Shape & Form Color & Design Rationale & Classification Study of pottery brings immense knowledge of any culture and pottery is considered as the most significant finding of every civilization around the world because pottery is the oldest thing which is used by humankind which continued till contemporary society. The earliest date of

P a g e 5 handmade pottery in the world goes back to Ca 12000-9000 BC from the sites of the late Mesolithic and early Neolithic period in south east China, middle east and Asian region. The earliest pottery in south Asia is a corded ware from a Mesolithic site at Belan valley (7000 BC). In Indus valley region after a gap of 1000 years handmade pottery appears at Mehrgarh, a Neolithic site located in Baluchistan, Pakistan. The study of Harappan culture has been divided into phases by eminent scholars and researchers. The first phase was pre-independence began with excavation at Harappa (D. R. Sahni) and at Mohenjo-Daro (R. D. Banerjee) in 1920-21: based on that in 1924 this civilization was identified as Bronze Age similar to those of Mesopotamia and Egypt. The second phase began with the publication of Sir Mortimer Wheeler s excavation report.1947. This argued for the beginning of the civilization. Duration of this phase was 1947 to 1963. The third phase (1964-84) began with Aryan invasion theory by G. F Dales, D P Agrawal s analysis of radiocarbon dates and the work by A. Ghosh on Ghaggar system of Rajasthan in 1965. A considerable number of research paper, books and other literature have been published on this subject with authentic facts and research analysis, which are great source of knowledge and information to support this study. The purpose of this study revolves around the development, evolution and changes in painted pottery design during Harappan era, categorization of designs and its growth, maturity and decline. Chapter 1 is introduction, which includes Origin, Extent and Distribution of Harappan Culture, Scope of Study, Frame Work & Methodology. As the framework of this research paper, fundamental points which have been taken into concern are as follows: Geographical regions Natural features Time period Material Shape & Form Colour & Design Rationale & Classification

P a g e 6 Geographical regions: Baluchistan, Non-Baluchi Area outside the Indus Plain and The Indus Hakra Plain. Natural features: climate and flora-fauna depending on rainfall and soil. Time period: Time period of the study is 3 rd and 2 nd millennium BC which includes Pre- Harappan Cultures, Harappan Culture and Late Harappan Culture. Material: Designs and motifs found on pottery, available ceramics both from habitational and burial areas. Shape & Form: The Harappan pottery is characterized by a well burnt black painted red ware with distinctive shapes like cylindrical, perforated, gobletdish shape and big tall jars. This variety of shapes in pottery found in Indus Valley culture gives a great source to understand the creative side of Harappan lifestyle. Pottery used for different purposes are available to study such as Drinking vessel, Vase, flasks, narrow necked vases, Storage jar, offering stand, Dish, Dish on stand, Bowl, Handi, Cup & Cup on stand, Feeder, Basin, Casket, Ring stand, Lid and Lamp. Color & Design: Painted pottery from Indus Valley region constitutes a very small percentage of the total ceramics. 3 Though most of the potteries found are plain and unpainted, but the available evidence of painted pottery is not too less and deserves great significance to understand the artistic development in daily life of that era. Rationale & Classification: Study of the purpose and categorization of painted designs like different kind of motifs and symbols. The general motifs on the pottery are intersecting circles, leaf patterns, fish scale patterns, human and animal figurines. This chapter discusses on the historical backgrounds, origin and development of Harappan culture, story of discovery and its impact, research scope and basic structure and methods used for the purpose. Here also it is given an analysis of the work. Chapter 2 is about excavation history in details in different sites in Indian subcontinent, Pakistan and other adjacent areas as well as in Iran, Iraq & Persian Gulf. As this civilization had 3 Satyawadi, Dr. Sudha, Proto-historic Pottery of Indus Valley Civilization, D. K. Printworld (P) Ltd, New Delhi, 1994

P a g e 7 been spreaded very wide, sites have been divided into three groups, Nucleus cities means the core sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, kalibangan, Baror, Bhirann, Dholavir, Rangpur. Coastal cities, which are located in coastal plains. - Lothal, Allahdino, Balakot, Surkagendor. Other sites which are discovered time to time in various places of India like-kot-diji, Rakhigarhi, Chanu Daro, Sanauli, Amri, Banawali, Balu, Kunal, Ropar, Hulas, Farmana, Alamgirpur, The grouping is done without any country or state barrier focusing on design matter as they are discovered during pre or post independence time. Chapter 3 is about pottery Shapes that describes Vessel body parts and types of pottery like Jars, Pots, Bowls, Dishes, Rim, Base, offering stand, Scored Pottery, Ribbed Pottery, Beakers, Vases, Handi, Feeder, Basin, Cup, Cup on stand, Casket, Ringstand, Lid. The Art of pottery had reached its high when wheel made. Pottery was regular in shape. The Indus potter was a skilled craftsman and produced plain, coloured and glazed pottery. The Indus pottery was famous for its shape, rich. This chapter also describes details of Surface Treatment design, colours and perfect finish. All pottery from the first part of the Ravi Phase was hand built. The coarse handmade pottery include bowls, jars, vessels - in various colors such as red, orange, brown, black and cream. The real beginning of Indian pottery is with the Indus Valley Civilization. Most of the forms were finely made shallow bowls, deep bowls, narrow-mouthed carinated vessels, or thick walled cooking pots. Color treatment- It is known that most of the pottery found in Indus valley region is unpainted, that is plain. The painted pottery constitutes a very small percentage of the total ceramics. The ceramic contents may be divided into (1) light terracotta red, (2) Buff, (3) red, (4) black and red and (5) grey wares. Also we discussed Material and Technique, Manufacturing process used by potters along with necessary images. Chapter 4 is main research section of this paper which talks about designs, development of painted motifs in various sites of Harappan civilization.this chapter gives in depth study report on Geometrical Designs such as Straight lines, Wavy lines, Loops, Circle pattern, Semi circle,

P a g e 8 Zig-Zag, Cheques, Square, Triangle, Bead and Sun Motif; Floral Design Peepal with Bull, Peepal, Peepal with Birds, Peepal with Horn, Peepal with Arch-motif, Single leaf, Rosette, Lotus, Intersecting Circle, Geometrical Flower, Palmleaf, Bean, Sunflower, Banana, Neem, Acacia Design, Unidentified Plant Design and Faunal Design like Animal in friezes, Animals in natural surroundings, Animals in association with the sun motif, Animals in association with the comb motif. Painted Decoration, means beautifying an object by applying paint on the surface of the object. These are, in the first place, the expression of the potter/painter's aesthetic sensibilities, as also a reflection of the natural surroundings. The aesthetic quality of painted pot is apparently related to the artistic beauty of the patterns executed. These design patterns constitute of motifs and elements (i.e. the basic unit or component of a design), have been classified by scholars as geometric, non-geometric, human, floral motif etc (Rao 1963; Manchanda 1972; Joshi 1972). And based on the patterning or arrangement of these elements, archaeologists attempt to impute meanings to them. The presence/absence of certain motifs, its frequency, or continuity and change over time can be used to formulate typological history and chronology. This chapter gives a detail idea of painted pottery design of Harappan civilization with ample number of images and photographs as evidences as per discussion. Chapter 5 is about some selected design and other Designs such as Rising Sun, Swastika, Star, Comb design. This chapter is very analytical and briefly it discussed on the significance of these motifs and how they have been used in various ways and combining with other motifs. In this chapter it is also mentioned that why these selected motifs are important along all. Chapter 6 talks about comparison of the Painted Designs from Indian sites with the sites Outside India. There are several doubts and debates regarding how potteries from different sites are different from each other or they are influenced by other sites. This chapter discussed comparing the available materials and based on previous context and established thought process and came towards a point of view focusing on design aspect, which is unique for this paper and basic purpose.

P a g e 9 Conclusion It was believed that pottery was introduced with the advent of agriculture and domestication of animals. Before the invention of pottery, the hunting and food gathering communities, who moved from place to place, believed to have some kind of perishable or hard material for keeping water and food. These may be of varied material including stone vessels. Fragments of stone bowls having ivory sheen were found from places like Jarmo in West Asia. These were of fine grained limestone which often had multi coloured veins. In East Asia pottery was evolved earlier than agriculture by hunter gather communities somewhere in 14-13 th Millennium BC (Puratatva 42, the earliest pottery in East Asia: Review K.N. Dikshit and Manjil Hazarika). Perhaps in Neolithic period when pottery making began, the idea of painting pottery was derived from those multi colored veins. The Harappan civilization occupying a huge area in the subcontinent is one of the largest urbanized civilizations of the ancient world. The total vicinity which covers more than a million square kilometers includes present Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Indian states of Jammu, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Although more than 1024 of Harappan sites have been discovered and excavated, but the important ones have been taken into account for their significance from the point of view of our Aims and Objectives. Afghanistan: Mundigak, Shortughai Baluchistan: Sutkagen Dor on the Makran coast Pakistan: Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Kot-Diji, Chanhudaro, Balakot Rajasthan: Kalibangan Gujarat: Dholavira, Lothal, Desalpur, Surkotada, Junikuran, Padri, Kuntasi, Nagwada, Rojdi. Haryana: Banawali, Mitathal, Rakhigarhi, Siswal, Balu, Kunal Punjab: Rupar, Dhalewan Jammu: Manda Utter Pradesh: Alamgirpur, Sanauli, Hulas

P a g e 10 As already discussed in the previous chapters that Harappan civilization has not reached its maturity in a sudden development rather its genesis had started long before the emergence of this civilization as its origin was deeply rooted within the cultural milieu of the pre or Early Harappans. First of all the people of Harappa learnt the art of fortifying their town from their ancestors. Many important small scale industries have already been developed by Early- Harappans at places like Mehrgarh, Amri, Kot-Diji, Saraikhola, Kalibangan I, Ghazi Shah etc. Terracotta cakes are also contributed by the Early-Harappans, as evidence found from Kunal at Haryana and Jhandi Babar in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. The Early Harappans were already employing bullock carts for trade and communication as indicated by the toy-models found from Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Dholavira. Discovery of seven steatite seals from Kunal shows that typical mature Harappan square seals were made centuries before the urban center of this civilization. Lastly few pottery types and designs comprising flanged jars and tall offering stands of mature Harappans types were also had been used by the people of Kot-Diji and Amri. However the mature period brought some important changes in total scenario. The development of various categories of structures like big houses, little houses, backed brick house, mud house, city dweller and village dweller led to the understanding that a kind of social differentiation came into being in this phase. After Independence consequently all major Harappan sites fell within the geographical boundary of Pakistan. So many researches and studies carried out by the Indian archaeologists to find out their vestiges in the areas which come under India. As a result, substantial field works had been undertaken by them and a large number of Harappan sites were plotted in the archaeological map of India. The field works of this phase unearthed the true character of this civilization. It was noticed there are certain uniformity in all the Mature Harappan sites with few regional variations. The general characteristics are same. The Harappan pottery is generally termed as black-on-red ware. This term is inappropriate because the collection of pottery consisted of four categories such as red ware, buff ware, grey ware and the black-and-red ware. This study has dealt with various motifs used on painted pottery. The origin of each motif, its development over space and time and also inter-relationship of motifs with different cultures, has

P a g e 11 been discussed. Excavations have thrown up sufficient evidence to reveal that the earliest occurrence of these motifs is in Mesopotamian culture. Each motif on pottery has a story to tell and is directly related to the beliefs and practices of the people. The designs noticed in the early shreds in the levels of early Harappan while continuing they have shown more maturity towards style and treatment and sometimes in the matter of detail also. This process continued on early to mature and even in contact of Harappans with indigenous people termed as late Harappans or declined phase. Some of the designs continued even at later stage. And this kind of study has evolved after making of comparative study of the designs noticed on various Harappan sites in India and Pakistan. All this kind of study could not have taken place or would not have come to the process to know this kind of development. Most of the earlier scholars have missed this approach.

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