CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF CONCESSION I- CLAUSE OF CONCESSION (Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ) Definition: Là mệnh đề chỉ sự tương phản giữa hai mệnh đề trong câu. Bắt đầu bằng : although, though, even though, even if (mặc dù) + clause. Although Though + Clause (S + V ) Even though Even if Ex1: He was lazy. He passed the test. -> Although he was lazy, he passed the test. Ex2: We had a picnic. The weather was bad. -> We had a picnic though the weather was bad. II- PHRASE OF CONCESSION: (Cuïm töø chæ söï nhöôïng boä) Baét ñaàu baèng IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE (maëc duø) sau noù laø moät cuïm töø (phrase) coù theå laø cuïm danh töø hoaëc cum danh ñoäng töø. IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE + phrase (noun phrase/ gerund phrase Ex1: Despite studying hard, he failed the final test. Ex2: We had a picnic in spite of the bad weather. III- THE WAYS OF CHANGING A CLAUSE TO A PHRASE (caùch ñoåi moät meänh ñeà thaønh cuïm töø) 1- Meänh ñeà coù chuû töø laø moät ñaïi töø (Pronoun) + be + adj khi ñoåi sang cuïm töø ta boû BE, ñoåi chuû töø thaønh tính töø sôû höõu (possessive adj), ñoåi tính töø thaønh danh töø. Subject (pronoun) + be + adj Possessive adj + noun Ex1: Although he was lazy, he passed the test. Despite his laziness, he passed the test. Ex2: Though he was poor, he lived a happy life. 2- Mệnh đề có chủ từ là danh từ (noun) + be + adj khi chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ Be, đổi chủ từ thành sở hữu cách (possessive case), đổi tính từ thành danh từ Subject (noun) + be + adj possessive case + noun
Ex: The car didn t crash though the driver was careless. The car didn t crash despite the driver s carelessness. 3- Mệnh đề có chủ từ + V(ordinary) khi chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ chủ từ đổi động từ sang dạng V-ing. Subject + V(ordinary) V-ing Ex: Though he studied hard, he didn t passed the test. In spite of studying hard, he didn t passed the test. 4- Mệnh đề có There be + noun, khi chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ there be. There + be + Noun -> x + Noun Ex: Although there were many people there, they couldn t rescue him. Despite many people there, they couldn t rescue him. * CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF REASON (Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ nguyên nhân) I- CLAUSE OF REASON (Mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân) Definition: Là mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân của hành động được nêu trong mệnh đề chính. Bắt đầu bằng : Because (vì) + clause. Because+ Clause (S + V ) Ex: He came ten minutes late. He missed the first train. He came ten minutes late because he missed the first train. Main clause Clause of reason II- PHRASE OF REASON: (Cuïm töø chæ nguyeân nhaânï) Baét ñaàu baèng BECAUSE OF (bôûi vì) sau noù laø moät cuïm töø (phrase) coù theå laø cuïm danh töø hoaëc cum danh ñoäng töø. BECAUSE OF + phrase (noun phrase/ gerund phrase Ex1: Because of the bad weather, they didn t take part in the trip. Noun phrase Ex2: They stayed at home because of being sick. Gerund phrase
III- THE WAYS OF CHANGING A CLAUSE TO A PHRASE (caùch ñoåi moät meänh ñeà thaønh cuïm töø) - Caùch ñoåi meänh ñeà chæ nguyeân nhaân sang cuïm töø gioáng nhö caùch ñoåi meänh ñeà chæ söï nhöôïng boä sang cuïm töø Ex: I catch cold because I went out in the rain yesterday. I catch cold because of going out in the rain yesterday. EXERCISES: Exercise 1: Combine each pair of sentences below, using the conjunction given in brackets. 1. He is very rich. He isn t happy. (although) 2. She couldn t answer the question. She is very intelligent. (though) 3. He tried. He was not successful. (though) 4. His life is hard. He determined to study well. (although) 5. He was wise and experienced. He was not taken in. (though) Exercise 2: Change the clause of concession to phrase. 1. She didn t eat much though she was hungry. 2. Although he had much experience in machinery, he didn t succeed in repairing this machine. 3. We did the test well though it was difficult. 4. Although he is strong, I m not afraid of him. 5. The plane took off though the weather was bad. 6. Though his English was good, he wasn t chosen. 7. Although the streets are narrow, many people drive in this city. 8. Mr Pike doesn t wear glasses though he is over sixty. 9. He ate the chocolate cake even though he was on diet.
10. He studies very well though his life was hard at that time. Exercise 3: Change the clause of reason to phrase. 1. Because she was careful, she didn t make any mistakes in her answers. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- 2. I started to cough because there was smoke in the room. 3. We didn t go fishing because the water was rough. 4. I couldn t do the test because it was difficult. 5. Peter didn t go to school yesterday because he was sick. 6. Mary went to bed early because she felt tired. 7. She didn t go to the circus with Betty because she had a bad cold. 8. John succeeded in his exam because he worked hard. 9. She stayed at home because her mother was sick. 10. I like him because his father is kind to me. Exercise 4 : Choose A, B, C or D that best completes each unfinished sentence 1. we were in town, we often met him. a. For b. Although C. So d. When 2. She didn t get the job she had all the necessary qualifications. a. because b. although c. so d. but 3. I could not eat I was very hungry. a. even though b. in spite c. despite d. in spite the fact that 4. In pite, the baseball game was not cancelled. a. the rain b. of the rain c. it was raining d. there was a rain 5. he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car. a. In spite b. In spite of c. Despite d. Although 6., he walked to the station. a. Despite being tired b. Although to be tired c. In spite being tired d. Despite tired 7. The children slept well, despite
a. it was noise b. the noise c. of the noise d. noisy 8. She left him she still loved him. a. even if b. even though c. in spite of d. despite 9. her lack of hard work, she was promoted. a. In spite b. Even though c. in spite of d. despite of 10. they are brothers, they do not look like. a. Although b. Even c. Despite d. In spite of 11. We are concerned with the problem of energy resouces we must also think of our environment. a. despite b. though c. as though d. but 12. some Japanese women are successful in business, the majority of Japanese companies are run by men. a. But Even if c. If d. As though