IOM Village Assessments and Returnee Monitoring in Southern Kordofan and Four States in Southern Sudan

IOM Village Assessments and Returnee Monitoring in Southern Kordofan and Four States in Southern Sudan (Northern Bahr al Ghazal, Warrab, Unity and Western Bahr al Ghazal) Volume I: Analytical Report, Maps and Statistical Tables 2008

Acknowledgements In the execution of this project the International Organization for Migration (IOM) wishes to express its thanks to its partners: the Government of National Unity (GoNU), Humanitarian Aid Commission (HAC), the Government of Southern Sudan (GoSS), the Southern Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Commission (SSRRC), Voluntary Return and Reintegration Committee (VRRC), the Sudan Social Development Organization (SUDO) in Southern Kordofan, the German Agro Action (GAA), the Sudan Red Crescent (SRC), CARE International in Unity State and World Vision International (WVI) in Warrab State. IOM also wishes to extend its thanks to the United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) Protection Unit. This project would not have been possible without the generous contributions and support of our donors. In this respect, IOM would like to offer its sincere appreciation to the United Nations Common Humanitarian Fund (CHF), the European Commission for Humanitarian Aid (ECHO), the Office for Disaster Assistance of the United States Agency for Development (OFDA/USAID), AusAID International Refugee Fund, Government of Japan and Threat and Risk Mapping Analysis (TRMA)-UNDP. Page 2 of 96

Table of contents Acknowledgements...2 Scope of report...4 Executive summary...6 PART I NARRATIVE REPORT...8 A. Background...8 B. Objectives...8 C. Methodology...9 D. Challenges...9 E. Assessments results...10 1. Population pattern with focus on displacement and return...10 2. Water coverage in assessed areas...12 2.1 Availability and accessibility of water...12 2.2 Access to improved drinking water in area assessed...13 3. Education and school enrolment...15 3.1 Coverage and type of education...15 3.2 School enrolment and gender disaggregation...17 3.3 Construction type and equipment of schools...18 4. Health sector and HIV/AIDS awareness...20 4.1 Coverage and accessibility of health facilities...20 4.2 Structure and staffing of healthcare facilities...21 4.3 HIV/AIDS...24 5. Income generation and food resources...25 5.1 Income generation activities in the area assessed...25 5.2 Food resources...26 5.3 Food assistance...27 6. Shelter and housing...28 PART II MAPS...29 PART III ANNEXES...40 Page 3 of 96

Scope of report This report represents the culmination of IOM Sudan s Village Assessment Programme which was conducted in Southern Sudan and Southern Kordofan between January and December 2008. All of IOM s programmes in Sudan are aimed at promoting the safe, dignified and sustainable return of those who have been uprooted by the latest civil war in Sudan, a war which has displaced more than 4 million individuals in a region dominated by poverty and scarcity. Within Sudan, IOM is most closely associated with the joint governmental, UN and IOM IDP return programme, through which IOM has helped more than 90,000 IDPs to get back to their homes in Southern Sudan. In addition to this programme, IOM has also supported the return of Sudanese migrants who have been stranded abroad, the return of highly qualified migrants from the Diaspora (and IDP s) and, in coordination with UNHCR, the repatriation of refugees. In total, within the last four years, IOM has assisted in the return of more 150,000 individuals to different parts of Sudan. While the various assisted return programmes have had an enormous impact on the recovery and development of the region, they are dwarfed by the level of spontaneous returns which have occurred to the region. IOM s Tracking of Spontaneous Returns Programme has determined that 1.7 million individuals have returned to Southern Sudan and Southern Kordofan over the last 4 years. 1 Within this context, the IOM Village Assessment Programme (along with the Tracking of Spontaneous Returns Programme) represents a key commitment from IOM to extend support to this enormous number of spontaneous returns. IOM s Tracking of Spontaneous Returns Programme identifies the areas and numbers of return, and directs IOM s Village Assessment Programme to the communities most severely impacted by return within the 4 states where IOM maintains a permanent presence. The information contained in this report represents the results of that Village Assessment process. This report provides the compiled data from more than 1500 village assessments within 5 states, but it should be noted that the assessed villages are not evenly distributed across those 5 states. Where data compiled across all 5 states is presented, it is important to take into consideration how the particular conditions in the most comprehensively assessed state (i.e. Southern Kordofan) may influence the overall results, particularly as that one state is not part of Southern Sudan and thus under very different public administration from the 4 states of the South. Depending on securing available financial resources, IOM intends to extend the comprehensive approach applied in Southern Kordofan to Northern Bahr al Ghazal and Warrab states, aiming to assess all villages in these two states by the end of April 2009 and in Unity and severely affected areas of Western Bahr el Ghazal by June 2009. Findings of assessed villages are represented in two volumes, Volume I: Analytical Report, Maps and Statistical Tables and Volume II: Full Village Assessment Datasets. 1 Total Returns to Southern Sudan, Post CPA to June 2008 report published in October 2008 at http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/media/docs/reports/returns_tracking_report.pdf Page 4 of 96

Volume I is comprised of 3 parts; PART I: narrative based analysis of assessed villages, PART II: maps providing visual representation of key parts of the data, PART III: simple statistical tables and form sample. Volume II is comprised of the full dataset of IOM s Village Assessment Programme. Published in CD format only, this volume provides the completed forms for all the villages assessed which can be accessed through clickable maps at the state, county and payam levels. Page 5 of 96

Executive summary The following report presents the results of village assessments conducted in four states of Southern Sudan and Southern Kordofan from January to December 2008, where 1,525 villages were assessed. The in the areas assessed consisted of 68% residents, 26% returnees and 6% IDPs. Insufficient access to water and particularly improved drinking water has been flagged by the majority of the villages in Southern Sudan as the major concern, in Southern Kordofan the access to water has been rated as being of medium concern. In 60% of villages, hand pumps had been established, 17% of the villages had wells, but 43% of all hand pumps were found to be non functioning (1,659), almost one quarter of all villages in Southern Sudan use river water as their main water source. Lack of access to health care has been rated as the second major concern. Only 20% of the villages assessed have healthcare facilities. Logistical constraints, such as inaccessible roads or lack of public transport, and/or no financial means hinder the access to health care of the majority of the remaining villages. Of those villages which had healthcare facilities, the majority were found to lack qualified personnel. Of all the health facilities assessed, the 38% of health staff consisted of mid wives/traditional birth attendants and 32% nurses. 28% had medical assistants and only 2% had medical doctors. Levels of HIV/AIDS awareness in the states of Southern Sudan was found to be of great concern, only 11% of interlocutors within the focal group discussions in Northern Bahr al Ghazal and Warrab reported any knowledge about HIV/AIDS. In Southern Kordofan, 58% had been reached by awareness programmes. 52% of the villages assessed had access to education, whereby 72% of the education facilities were basic primary schools and 2% secondary schools. 15% of the schools were Koranic, all of which were located in Southern Kordofan. Educational structures were found to be of a generally very basic standard, 20% of the schools were outdoor facilities, 67% were of non permanent structure. Gender equality in school enrolment is relatively positive in Southern Kordofan, where 41% of the students are girls. In Southern Sudan education of girls is less common, with only 30% of the pupils being female. 70% - 80% of the gave as their main source of income agro-pastoralism with farming and livestock rearing as main activities. 24% of those in Southern Sudan reported complementing this with fishing. The main source of food is based on the income generated from these activities and purchase of additional food at markets. The food basket is complemented by collection of wild fruits and hunting (5%). Compared to the food sources before the conflict, own production decreased slightly from 56% to 49%, whereas market purchase increased from 22% to 35%. Page 6 of 96

Villages assessed per state, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 State Number of village assessed Northern Bahr al Ghazal 188 Southern Kordofan 1,088 Warrab 167 Unity 62 Western Bahr al Ghazal 20 Total 1,525 As the table indicates, the coverage of assessments for Southern Kordofan is much more comprehensive than for the 4 states of Southern Sudan, and the findings of this report should be interpreted in this light. Page 7 of 96

PART I NARRATIVE REPORT A. Background It is estimated that approximately four million people were displaced during the 20 years of fighting between the northern and southern regions of Sudan. Return to Southern Sudan occurred in small numbers following the ceasefire agreement in 2002, but following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in January 2005, IDP returns increased considerably in terms of both North-South and South-South movements. Return movements are mainly spontaneous. The estimated number of spontaneous returnees to Southern Sudan and Southern Kordofan up to June 2008 is 1.7 million 2. In addition, around 220,000 Sudanese have been assisted home through GoSS/GNU/UN-IOM organized return operations, including both IDPs and refugees. 20 years of civil war have severely limited the availability of basic services in most regions of Southern Sudan, and many of those who return have a limited knowledge of subsistence mechanisms leading to high levels of dependence on humanitarian assistance. Competition over available resources between returnees and host communities also gives rise to concerns about access to available services and the physical protection of returnees and host communities. In order to meet these concerns, IOM began conducting village assessment and returnee monitoring programmes in villages of high return in 2007. The aim of these programmes is to identify needs for interventions through IOM s own High/Quick Impact Projects and to provide information to the Sudanese authorities and the international community to coordinate broader reintegration and recovery assistance as well as to address other protection concerns. IOM s Village Assessment and monitoring programmes specifically target the areas most affected by returns, and assessments are undertaken through direct field visits, utilizing a standardized assessment tool. The selection of the areas/villages for assessment is achieved through consideration of a number of indicators including results from en-route tracking, area of return tracking, Return Working Groups (RWG) discussions and information passed to IOM through local level interagency/ssrrc coordination forums and HAC. IOM s returnee monitoring and village assessment programme covers Southern Kordofan and four of the ten States of Southern Sudan. In Southern Kordofan IOM completed assessments in almost every village (97 %). In the four states of Southern Sudan villages of high return were prioritized. B. Objectives The village assessment programme has the following primary objectives: Collection of data and mapping of basic infrastructure in villages of return within 6 sectors (water, education, health, shelter, food and security). Monitoring trends and protection challenges in areas of high return Identification of reintegration needs and Protection concerns in the assessed villages 2 Total Returns to Southern Sudan, Post CPA to June 2008 report published in October 2008 at http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/media/docs/reports/returns_tracking_report.pdf Page 8 of 96

Sharing of information in various forums/formats in order to incorporate the collected baseline data into reintegration planning C. Methodology IOM developed Sudan specific questionnaires to gather information on availability and accessibility of basic infrastructure in areas of high return. The questionnaire is designed for village level assessments and includes information on and tribal composition of the villages, availability of shelter and food, livelihood opportunities as well as information on water and sanitation, health and education and other issues related to protection and reintegration (see Annex 84). The methodology for identification of reintegration challenges is a combination of Focus Group Discussions with different social groups (i.e. government representatives, local leader, residents and returnee representatives, women and youths), individual interviews and visual assessment, in which the team members survey the available facilities with key informants. IOM maintains continuous dialogue and shares the data received with partners, such as SSRRC, UNMIS/RRR, UN agencies and NGOs to control the quality of the information received and to address reintegration problems jointly. In Southern Kordofan IOM conducted a pilot project for the mapping of all villages in the state to have a comprehensive overview of the basic services at payam, county and state levels. Village Assessment forms are processed in the Joint Operation Centres in Khartoum. The data is then consolidated in a centralized IOM database. Verification and quality control are done at the village level, data entry level and at the centralized IOM Khartoum level. Forms with suspected unreliable information are placed on hold and referred to the verification teams in order to revisit the villages concerned. D. Challenges The total number of villages assessed in the reporting period is 1,583 villages. 58 village assessment forms were rejected and did not pass the information verification system of the database. The villages are due to be reassessed after the rainy season to clarify the data. Therefore this report only provides the results of 1,525 villages. It is important to acknowledge that the assessment in the four Southern Sudan states does not cover all the villages that received returns in the four target states in Southern Sudan, and that the coverage was particularly partial in Unity and Western Bahr Al Ghazal states. While IOM continues to do its utmost to verify the numbers of returnees and residents within villages, it has to be kept in mind that figures are based on estimations, as registration by village administrators in the area assessed is unsystematic and not always available. As indicated in the executive summary, the coverage of assessments for Southern Kordofan is much more comprehensive than for the 4 states of Southern Sudan, and the findings of this report should be interpreted in this light. Page 9 of 96

E. Assessments results 1. Population pattern with focus on displacement and return The total for the assessed 1,525 villages is 2,665,107 persons according to the information received from local leaders. Returnees represent around 26% (692,377), IDPs 6% (149,209) and residents 68% (1,823,521) of the assessed (see table and figure 1 for more details). Although IOM continues to do its greatest to verify the numbers of returnees and residents within villages, it has to be kept in mind that the figures are based on estimations and do not reflect the exact pattern. 100% of the villages assessed in Northern Bahr al Ghazal, Warrab and Western Bahr al Ghazal were villages that had received at least some returnees (see figure 2 for more details). Table 1: Population and returnees of assessed villages per state, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 State Number of village assessed Return villages Total Returnees IDPs Resident Northern Bahr al Ghazal 188 188 653,836 138,084 29,516 486,236 Southern Kordofan 1,088 495 1,274,521 301,204 96,827 876,490 Warrab 167 167 455,094 191,649 11,709 251,736 Unity 62 60 191,096 10,507 3,834 176,755 Western Bahr al Ghazal 20 20 90,560 50,933 7,323 32,304 Total 1,525 930 2,665,107 692,377 149,209 1,823,521 Percentage 100% 26% 6% 68% Figure 1: Percentage of returnees out of the total, disaggregated by state, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 Resident 68% Returnees 26% Northern Bahr El Ghazal 21% Southern Kordofan 24% Unity 5% Western Bahr El Ghazal 56% IDP 6% W arrab 42% Page 10 of 96

Figure 2: Return villages in area assessed, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 Western Bahr el Ghazal, 100% Northern Bahr El Ghazal, 100% Warrab, 100% Unity, 97% Southern Kordofan, 45% Page 11 of 96

2. Water coverage in assessed areas 2.1 Availability and accessibility of water Access to water has been rated in the majority of the villages as the major concern. Although the majority of the villages were found to have access to improved drinking water 3 and other sources of water, it was consistently found that availability of water and access to improved drinking water is insufficient compared to the density. The main sources of water in the villages assessed were hand pumps (60%) and wells (17%). Hafeers are particularly common in Southern Kordofan, where in 9% of the villages assessed water is fetched from this type of water source. The use of river as water source was found in 18% of the villages in Northern Bahr al Ghazal, and 24% of the villages in Warrab (see figure 3 and 4 for more details). Table 2 below summarizes the type of water sources available in the villages assessed. Table 2: Correlation between villages per state and available water sources, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 STATE Number of village assessed Well Improved drinking water Hand Pump Other water sources Tanker Bladder River Hafeer Lake/dam Pond Northern Bahr al Ghazal 188 39 122 2 1 31 14 0 3 Southern Kordofan 1,088 189 701 51 4 3 109 4 60 Unity 62 0 34 6 1 13 0 0 0 Warrab 167 50 97 3 0 40 14 0 13 Western Bahr al Ghazal 20 3 18 1 0 3 1 0 0 Total 1,525 281 972 63 6 90 138 4 76 Percentage 17% 60% 4% 0% 6% 8% 0% 5% Figure 3: Correlation between villages per state and available water sources, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 100% 90% 80% 70% 1% 15% 1% 5% 6% 5% 24% 18% 2% 1% 11% 12% 4% 60% 50% 58% 62% 45% 69% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 7% 10% 18% 17% Northern Bahr El Ghazal 63% Southern Kordofan Unity Warrab Western Bahr El Ghazal 6% 23% 4% 12% Well Hafeer HandPump Tanker Bladder River Pond 3 Within the scope of this report wells, hand pumps. Water tanker and bladders are defined as improved drinking water. Hafeers have been rated as other water source. Page 12 of 96

Figure 4: Correlation between villages per state and types of water sources, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 80% 70% 60% 58% 62% 63% 69% 50% 45% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 24% 23% 18% 17% 18% 15% 12% 10% 11% 7% 6% 5% 5% 6% 4% 4% 1% 1% 2% 1% Northern Bahr El Ghazal Southern Kordofan Unity Warrab Western Bahr El Ghazal 12% Well Hafeer HandPump Tanker Bladder River Pond 2.2 Access to improved drinking water in area assessed Although many successful interventions have been made, the access to water in high return areas in the four states of Southern Sudan is still concerning. On average 1,367 individuals in Warrab and 1,811 individuals in Northern Bahr al Ghazal, share one water source of improved drinking water (see figure 5 and table 3 for more details). This is three times the generally accepted standard of 500 individuals per hand pump. In Southern Sudan, around 20% of the villages utilize other water sources, such as rivers and pools. In Southern Kordofan, access to drinking water is significantly better. On average 543 persons share one source of safe drinking water. More information per state indicates the table below. Figure 5: Access to improved drinking water and other water sources per state, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 2769 2330 1811 1476 1730 1509 1367 1415 543 491 Northern Bahr El Ghazal Southern Kordofan Unity Warrab Western Bahr El Ghazal Population/ improved drinking water source Population/ water source Page 13 of 96

The efforts of the government and the international community to improve the coverage of safe drinking water is reflected in the number of wells and hand pumps that have been constructed in the areas assessed. The number of water sources in the villages assessed is summarized in table 3 below. Table 3: Population and water sources in the area assessed, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 STATE Estimated Well Improved drinking water Hand pump Tanker Bladder Hafeer River Other water sources Northern Bahr al Ghazal 653,836 116 239 3 3 48 31 3 443 Southern Kordofan 1,274,521 644 1639 60 4 129 4 117 2,597 Unity 191,096 0 57 11 1 0 13 82 Warrab 455,094 81 172 10 0 14 40 16 333 Western Bahr al Ghazal 90,560 7 52 1 0 1 3 64 Total 2,665,107 848 2,159 85 8 192 91 136 3,519 Percentage 24% 61% 2% 0% 5% 3% 4% 100% Pond/ dam Total On average 43% of the hand pumps assessed were found to be not working (see figure 6), despite the fact that many villagers reported being charged maintenance fees for the water from hand pumps. The main causes for the failure of the maintenance were provided as lack of spare parts or lack of know how. Figure 6: Correlation between functioning and non-functioning hand pumps, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 29% 45% 27% 35% 63% 71% 55% 73% 65% 37% Northern Bahr al Ghazal Southern Kordofan Unity Warrab Western Bahr al Ghazal HP % functioning HP % not functioning Page 14 of 96

3. Education and school enrolment 3.1 Coverage and type of education 52% of the villages assessed had direct access to education (see figure 7). 1,081 functioning schools were assessed. 796 villages had one or more than one education facility. A total of 188 non functioning schools were detected during the assessment process. The reasons for non functioning educational facility were provided as lack of funds (35%), lack of teachers (26%), destroyed buildings (21%) and other (18%), as detailed in Figure 8. Figure 7: Percentage of villages with availability of schools, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 Villages without schools 729 48% Total Assessed Villages 1,525 Villages with functioning schools 796 52% Figure 8: Reasons for non-functioning schools in percentages, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 Other 18% Lack of funds 35% Destroyed 21% Lack of teachers 26% At the state level, the percentage of functioning schools in the villages assessed was found to be 49% in Southern Kordofan, 55% in Unity, 59% in Northern Bahr al Ghazal, 62% in Warrab and Page 15 of 96

90% in Western Bahr al Ghazal, see table 4. This result has to be evaluated in view of the varied number of villages assessed in each state. Table 4: Availability of education facilities by state, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 STATE Number of village assessed Villages with functioning schools % of villages with functioning schools Number of functioning schools in the assessed villages Villages without schools Nonfunctioning schools Northern Bahr al Ghazal 188 111 59% 123 77 14 Southern Kordofan 1,088 529 49% 770 559 156 Unity 167 34 55% 43 28 6 Warrab 62 104 62% 123 63 6 Western Bahr al Ghazal 20 18 90% 22 2 6 Total 1,525 796 52% 1,081 729 188 72% of the education facilities assessed offered basic primary education. In total, 781 functioning Basic Primary Schools were assessed in the four states. Access to secondary education in rural areas was found to be extremely limited, only 2% of the schools (24 schools) provided secondary education. Four schools gave classes for adult education, two located in Southern Kordofan and one each in Northern Bahr al Ghazal and Warrab. See table 5 for more details. In Southern Kordofan, 167 (22%) of 770 schools assessed were Koranic schools. In 63% of the villages with Koranic schools this was the only accessible education 27% of the villages had also basic primary schools. In Southern Kordofan, 9% of the schools were described as other. Other meant in 67% pre-school. Table 5: Typology of education per state, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 State Primary Secondary Koran / Khalwa Other No Answer Total Northern Bahr al Ghazal 117 2 1 3 123 Southern Kordofan 494 19 167 70 20 770 Unity 39 1 2 1 43 Warrab 110 2 5 6 123 Western Bahr al Ghazal 21 1 22 Total 781 24 167 79 30 1,081 Percentage 72% 2% 15% 7% 3% 100% The catchment area of 63% of the schools is 3 villages. For those attending school, 82% of the students have to walk more than 30 min to reach their place of education, 16% have to walk between 15 to 30 min and only 2% walk for less than 15 min as detailed in figure 9. Repeatedly, the distance to the nearest school was mentioned as the reason for the non enrolment of children. Page 16 of 96

Figure 9: Average walking distance to access education in percentage, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 Less than 15min 2% 15 to 30min 16% More than 30min 82% 3.2 School enrolment and gender disaggregation School enrolment and assistance needs were discussed with the respective headmasters of the schools assessed. Enrolment figures are mainly based on registration figures (and thus are not estimated figures). In total, 152,559 boys (66%) and 75,438 girls (34%) were enrolled in school, see figure 10 for more details. The average of students per class is 55. School enrolment of boys and girls differed significantly between Southern Kordofan and Southern Sudan. In Southern Kordofan, 59% of students are male and 41% female. In Southern Sudan, the percentage of school enrolment of girls is significantly lower. On average, only 25% of the students are female. Figure 10: Gender disaggregated school enrolment, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 80% 70% 60% 74% 59% 71% 75% 69% 50% 40% 30% 26% 41% 29% 25% 31% 20% 10% 0% Northern Bahr El Ghazal Southern Kordofan Unity Warrab Western Bahr El Ghazal Girls Boys Page 17 of 96

3.3 Construction type and equipment of schools The construction standards of educational buildings were found to be extremely poor. 67% of the functioning schools were constructed out of local materials such as grass, wood and/or mud. A significant number of the buildings were found to be in need of maintenance, see figure 11 for details. 20% of educational facilities were actually classes held in open spaces, mainly under trees for shade. Only 8% of the schools were of permanent structure. Figure 11: Construction materials of schools, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 Brick 8% Other 4% Under trees/open area 20% Thatch/Grass /Mud 67% It was reported that 70% of schools received no assistance in construction, equipment or supply of school materials, though this average is highly affected by the low levels of support reported in Southern Kordofan given that this state contains by far the largest numbers of schools assessed. In Western Bahr al Ghazal, 85% of the schools assessed received assistance, in Northern Bahr al Ghazal, Warrab and Unity support was provided to an average to 50% of schools. In Southern Kordofan, only 20% of the schools reported being supported; see figure 12 and table 6 below for more details. Figure 12: Percentage of education assistance provided to supported schools, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 Western Bahr El Ghazal 85% Northern Bahr El Ghazal 52% Southern Kordofan 20% Warrab 51% Unity 45% Page 18 of 96

Table 6: Type of education assistance provided by state, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 STATE Total assessed villages No of villages with education assistance Type of assistance Building Furniture Textbooks Training Other Northern Bahr al Ghazal 188 97 35 10 102 17 97 261 Southern Kordofan 1,088 222 98 119 88 81 38 424 Unity 62 28 16 13 20 8 4 61 Warrab 167 86 13 83 93 19 59 267 Western Bahr al Ghazal 20 17 2 18 21 1 15 57 Total 1,525 450 164 243 324 126 213 1,070 Percentage 30% 15% 23% 30% 12% 20% 100.00% Total Page 19 of 96

4. Health sector and HIV/AIDS awareness 4.1 Coverage and accessibility of health facilities Availability and access to health was found to be a major concern in the areas assessed (see figure 13 for more details). The majority of the rural relies on traditional medicine and/or use drugs without prescription. 80% of the villages assessed have no healthcare centres/units. Figure 13: Percentages and number of villages with health facilities, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 Villages without health facility 1,219 80% Total Assessed villages 1,525 Villages with functioning heath facility 306 20% 20% of the villages assessed had functioning health units with a total of 321 functioning health facilities being identified in 306 villages. In Southern Kordofan 17.38% of the villages have facilities, in the villages in the South, the percentage is at 23%; see table 7 for more details. In addition, 100 health units were found to be non-functioning, 75% of which were located in Southern Kordofan. 39% of these facilities were not in use because the building was damaged/ destroyed and in 34% of cases the provision of health service was not possible due to the lack of qualified staff. 11% of the health facilities were closed due to lack of financial support and medicine. Table 7: Availability of health facilities by state, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 STATE % of villages Villages with Number of Total assessed No of non with functioning functioning villages functioning H.F functioning health facility health facilities H.F Northern Bahr al Ghazal 188 47 47 14 25% Southern Kordofan 1,088 189 196 75 17.38% Unity 62 14 18 4 22.58% Warrab 167 38 39 5 22.76% Western Bahr al Ghazal 20 18 21 2 90% Total 1,525 306 321 100 20% Page 20 of 96

Access to the existing health facilities was classified as being problematic for 85% of the. Walking distances were reported of more than 60 minutes to the next healthcare unit by 65% of the, 20% of respondents reported requiring 30 to 60 minutes walking distance to reach the nearest health facility; see figure 14 for more details. Figure 14: Average walking distance to health facilities, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 Less than 15 min 1% 15 to 30 min 14% 30 to 60 min 20% More than 60 min 65% 4.2 Structure and staffing of healthcare facilities 74% of the health facilities operate in permanent structures, and 26% of the health facilities are based in semi-permanent structures. Financial and material assistance to the healthcare units provided by the state was reported as being highly variable in different states, in Southern Kordofan the state was reported as providing only 7% of available assistance to healthcare, whereas in Warrab the state was reported as providing 33%. The international community was reported as providing the least support to Western Bahr al Ghazal. The relative contributions of the international community and the state are provided in figure 15 below: Figure 15: External assistance for health facilities per state, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 66% 58% 67% 56% 57% 23% 35% 33% 33% 28% 29% 11% 7% 0% 14% Northern Bahr El Ghazal Southern Kordofan Unity Warrab Western Bahr El Ghazal Government International Community No external assistance Page 21 of 96

The levels of qualified medical personnel in the 321 healthcare facilities in the area assessed were reported as being very low. Medical doctors represent only 2% of the medical personnel, equivalent to only eleven medical doctors in the area assessed. Six doctors out of the eleven were working in Northern Bahr al Ghazal. Only 52% of the healthcare facilities have either medical doctors or medical assistants - 59% in Southern Kordofan, 46% in Northern Bahr al Ghazal, 46% in Warrab and 38% in Western Bahr al Ghazal. Table 8 and figure 16 shown below indicate the structure of the medical personnel in the areas assessed; Table 8: Health staff in health care facilities assessed per person, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 STATE Doctor Medical Ass Nurse Mid Wife TBA Total Northern Bahr al Ghazal 6 16 35 11 13 81 Southern Kordofan 2 114 92 77 62 347 Unity 1 4 10 4 0 19 Warrab 2 15 29 20 17 83 Western Bahr al Ghazal 0 8 19 11 2 40 Total 11 157 185 123 94 570 Percentage 2% 28% 32% 22% 16% 100.00% Figure 16: Health staff in health care facilities assessed in percentage, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 53% 43% 40% 45% 48% 20% 30% 33% 27% 21% 21% 18% 35% 20% 33% 7% 1% 5% 2% 0% Northern Bahr El Ghazal Southern Kordofan Unity Warrab Western Bahr El Ghazal Doctor Medical assistant Nurse Mid wife/tba During the assessment, representatives of the health sector were asked what kinds of resources were available. In the majority of the facilities, vaccination and medicines were available; however, the drug basket was often limited, see figure 17 for more details. Need for better equipment, particularly beds, was mentioned in almost all healthcare facilities. Page 22 of 96

Figure 17: Lack of supply in health care facilities in percentage, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 Southern Kordofan 53% 73% 83% 80% Northern Bahr al Ghazal 11% 28% 47% 72% Warrab 15% 13% 33% 54% Unity 17% 44% 56% 61% Western Bahr al Ghazal 9% 24% 76% 86% Lack of beds Lack of equipment No vaccination No medicine The cost of access to healthcare showed great variation from state to state. In Northern Bahr al Ghazal, 83% of the inhabitants reported that medical service was free of charge. In Warrab, 50% reported health services as being free and 43% reported that cost was dependent on the type of service. In Southern Kordofan, it was reported that 22% of the healthcare facilities charge for services and medicine, though 56% of patients reported that they had only to cover the cost of the medicine. This result should be interpreted taking into consideration the overall limited access to healthcare in Southern Sudan mentioned in section 4.1. Figure 18: Cost of access to health care, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 100% 90% 18% 15% 14% 21% 80% 70% 22% 43% 16% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 83% 56% 86% 7% 50% 63% 10% 0% Northern Bahr El Ghazal 6% Southern Kordofan Unity Warrab Western Bahr El Ghazal Completely Free Cost of Medicine only Full Cost Varies depending on Service Page 23 of 96

4.3 HIV/AIDS 40% of communities reported to have little or no HIV/AIDS awareness, 39% stated they had been reached by HIV awareness raising programmes and 20% did not want to answer the question. The awareness level showed significant differences between Southern Kordofan and the South, more details are provided in figure 19. In Southern Kordofan, 58% of the inhabitants reported having some awareness of the disease, in Southern Sudan; over 50% had no knowledge about HIV/AIDS. Figure 19: HIV/AIDS awareness in the area assessed, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 25% 25% 68% 58% 84% 30% 58% 11% 21% 17% 32% 11% 10% 5% 45% Northern Bahr El Ghazal Southern Kordofan Unity Warrab Western Bahr El Ghazal No answer HIV awareness /HIV awareness campaign Never heard about it Page 24 of 96

5. Income generation and food resources 5.1 Income generation activities in the area assessed Agriculture is the primary economic activity in the areas assessed. The majority of the communities are agro-pastoralists who engage in both farming and the rearing of livestock, particularly cattle. Planting is conducted during the rainy season, though some cultivation also occurs during summer. Fishing constitutes a significant source of income in the South, 23% to 25% respondents reported fishing to be among the three main income sources in the village. See figure 20 for more details. Other income sources was comprised of mainly low-scale income generation activities such as carving, milling of grains, collection and sale of wild vegetables and firewood, production and sale of charcoal and local furniture. A considerable number of returnees in the villages assessed stated that they had no possibility to start farming due to lack of agricultural tools and seeds. This was provided as the main source of low-scale income generation activities as mentioned in figure 20 below. Figure 20: Main income generation activities per state, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 2% 26% 14% 24% 9% 20% 25% 34% 23% 24% 36% 25% 33% 20% 51% 36% 28% 33% 35% Northern Bahr El Ghazal Southern Kordofan Unity Warrab Western Bahr El Ghazal Farming Livestock rearing Fishing Other Page 25 of 96

5.2 Food resources Pre- and post-conflict food resources were reported as being very similar. Own production of food was ranked by 56% of the communities as the primary source of food before the conflict. Currently, own production was ranked as the main source of food by only 7%; see figure 21 and table 9. Purchase of food was categorized by 35% as major source of food post-conflict, compared to 22% pre-conflict. See Annexes 10 and 11 for more information about the pre-conflict and current food sources. Figure 21: Correlation of pre-conflict and current food sources, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan, Nov 2008 Own production Market purchase 22% 35% 49% 56% Wild foods Relatives Others 5% 6% 4% 3% 5% 8% Food credit WFP 2% 1% 1.76% 1.96% Pre conflict food source Current food source 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% Table 9: Percentage of current sources of food clustered by state, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 Current STATE Own Market Wild Food WFP Relatives production purchase foods credit Others Total Northern Bahr al Ghazal 47% 5% 9% 34% 3% 1% 1% 100% Southern Kordofan 54% 1% 37% 1% 6% 99% Unity 14% 3% 29% 33% 19% 2% 100% Warrab 31% 2% 9% 31% 25% 1% 2% 100% Western Bahr al Ghazal 47% 13% 8% 24% 8% 100% Page 26 of 96

5.3 Food assistance 38% of the villages assessed reported receiving food assistance, 63% received three months assistance, 31% three to six months. Reported food assistance to communities varied remarkably by state, in Unity and Southern Kordofan 26% to 29% of the communities assessed received food assistance (see figure 22), in Northern Bahr al Ghazal 54% reported receiving food assistance, in Western Bahr al Ghazal 70% and in Warrab 86%. Figure 22: Food assistance per state, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 70% 54% 29% 86% 26% Northern Bahr El Ghazal Southern Kordofan Unity Warrab Western Bahr El Ghazal As main reasons for food shortage were mentioned lack of rain (37%) see figure 23, lack of access to market (32%), and destroyed crops - either by floods or by pest - (17%). Figure 23: Reasons for food shortage in 2008, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 Lack of rain 37% No access to market 32% Crops destroyed 17% No Planting Lack of financial means 6% 7% Looting No access to farmland 1% 0% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Page 27 of 96

6. Shelter and housing In 72% of the villages assessed, the construction of new shelters was observed, see table 10. In the four states in Southern Sudan, 82% to 96% of the villages exhibited evidence of new shelters whilst in Southern Kordofan the figure was only 63%. Table 10: Construction of new shelters in the assessed villages, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 STATE Villages Yes Villages No NA % of shelter constructed Northern Bahr al Ghazal 181 4 3 96% Southern Kordofan 694 348 46 64% Unity 51 4 7 82% Warrab 151 14 2 90% Western Bahr al Ghazal 19 1 95% Total 1,096 370 59 72% Percentage 72% 24% 4% The majority of the new constructions were classified as temporary and made out of grass walls (47%) and plastic sheets (37%); see figure 24 for more details. In numerous focus group discussions, returnees stated that they were not able to construct tukuls because they could not afford the construction materials. Figure 24: Type of new constructed shelters in area assessed, IOM Village Assessment Report, Sudan 2008 5% 3% 2% 6% 47% 37% Brick Mud Grass walls Traditional tents Plastic sheets Other Page 28 of 96

PART II MAPS The section of the report presents a collection of thematic maps based predominantly on the data collected through IOM s village assessment programme. The exceptions to this are maps 1 and 3 which to greater or lesser degrees also rely on data from IOM s Tracking of Spontaneous Returns Tracking Programme. For all the maps below, again with the exception of maps 1 and 3, only South Kordofan has been assessed in its entirety, so the results of the 4 states of Southern Sudan should be seen as partial/indicative. Payams which have been left blank in the 4 states in Southern Sudan indicate that insufficient data has been gathered in that payam to make a reliable conclusion in relation to the parameter assessed. 1. Post CPA Spontaneous and Organised Returns: Southern Sudan and Southern Kordofan. The map shows the total number of returns, IDP/refugee and organised/spontaneous to Southern Sudan and Southern Kordofan since the signing of the CPA. The estimated number of spontaneous is extrapolated from IOM/SSRRC s Tracking of Spontaneous Return Programme. The organized IDPs figures are taken directly from manifests of joint UN-IOM assisted IDP return programme. The figures for the organized refugees are provided courtesy of UNHCR. 2. Return Impact Map: Southern Sudan and Southern Kordofan. This map is based on data from IOM s Village Assessment Project gathered between December 2007 and June 2008. This map compares the number of returnees in any given payam with other categories (residents and IDPs) to assess the degree of impact of those returnees on the receiving communities. Areas where the levels of returnees in comparison with resident are high are shown in dark shading. Only South Kordofan has been assessed in its entirety, so the results of the 4 states of Southern Sudan should be seen as partial/indicative. Payams which have been left blank in the 4 states in Southern Sudan indicate that insufficient data has been gathered in that payam to make a reliable conclusion in relation to the parameters assessed. 3. Area of Return Tracked Spontaneous Returnees: Southern Sudan and Southern Kordofan. This map is based on data from IOM s Tracking of Spontaneous Returns Programme, based on data gathered from January 2006 up to June 2008. This programme gathers data directly from the villages of return, and thus provides actual rather than indicative return numbers. As of November 2008, the geographic coverage of IOM s Tracking of Spontaneous Returns Programme is around 65% by payam. Areas of the map shown without colour indicate the lack of reporting mechanism, not lack of returnees. By various means, the IOM area of return tracking programme is directed towards the areas of highest return, and thus the coverage of numbers of returnees tracked is held to be above the geographical coverage of 65%. 4. Types of Population in Assessed Villages: Southern Sudan & Southern Kordofan Payam Level Page 29 of 96

This map is based on data from IOM s Village Assessment Project gathered between December 2007 and June 2008. This map shows the actual density of in each payam (shaded areas), and the relative presence of different types IDP, returnee and resident (pie chart). 5. Access to Water in Assessed Villages: Southern Sudan & Southern Kordofan Payam Level This map is based on data from IOM s Village Assessment Project gathered between December 2007 and June 2008. This map compares the numbers of improved water sources in each payam with the total of that payam. The lightest tone on the map indicates where the ratio of payam to improved water sources is within Sphere standards, and darker colours indicate areas where that standard is not reached. For Southern Kordofan only, the map also shows the absolute number of villages with improved, or other, water sources for each payam in bar chart form. Improved water sources are taken to be wells, hand-pumps, bladders and tankers. 6. Heath Facilities in Assessed Villages: Southern Sudan & Southern Kordofan Payam Level This map is based on data from IOM s Village Assessment Project gathered between December 2007 and June 2008. This map compares the numbers of health facilities in each payam with the total of that payam. 7. Numbers of Teachers in Assessed Villages: Southern Sudan & Southern Kordofan Payam Level This map is based on data from IOM s Village Assessment Project gathered between December 2007 and June 2008. This map shows the absolute number of teachers in each payam, primary school level only. 8. Numbers of Teachers and Enrolled Student Ratios: Southern Sudan & Southern Kordofan Payam Level This map is based on data from IOM s Village Assessment Project gathered between December 2007 and June 2008. This map shows the relative number of teachers to enrolled students, calculated at the payam level. Payams where student/teacher ratios are 60:1 or better are light shaded, where ratios are worse, darker shading is used. For Southern Kordofan only, this map also shows the absolute number of teachers in each payam with the use of bar charts. 9. Enrolment in Primary Schools by Gender: Southern Sudan & Southern Kordofan Payam Level This map is based on data from IOM s Village Assessment Project gathered between December 2007 and June 2008. This map shows the relative number of boy/girl enrolment in primary schools at the payam level. In addition, shading is used in this map to indicate the absolute number of primary schools in each payam. Page 30 of 96

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PART III ANNEXES

Annexes Annex 1: Type of functioning water sources...42 Annex 2: No of functioning water sources in dry season...42 Annex 3: No of functioning additional water sources in wet season...42 Annex 4: School facilities per state...42 Annex 5: Typology of assistance provided to schools by state...43 Annex 6: Non functioning health facility reasons for non-functioning...43 Annex 7: Construction materials of health facilities per state...43 Annex 8: Cost of access to health care by state...44 Annex 9: Attitude towards HIV/AIDS...44 Annex 10: Sources of food pre-conflict clustered by state...44 Annex 11: Current sources of food clustered by state...44 Annex 12: Percentage of Pre-conflict sources of food clustered by state...45 Annex 13: Food assistance and provider of food assistance in area assessed...45 Annex 14: Northern Bahr El Ghazal, villages without functioning schools...46 Annex 15: Southern Kordofan, villages without functioning schools...48 Annex 16: Unity, villages without functioning schools...59 Annex 17: Western Bahr El Ghazal, villages without functioning schools...59 Annex 18: Warrab, villages without functioning schools...60 Annex 19: Northern Bahr El Ghazal, villages without functioning health facilities...61 Annex 20: Southern Kordofan, villages without functioning health facilities...64 Annex 21: Unity, villages without functioning health facilities...79 Annex 22: Warrab, villages without functioning health facilities...80 Annex 23: Western Bahr el Ghazal, villages without functioning health facilities...82 Annex 24: Northern Bahr El Ghazal, villages with limited access to safe water...82 Annex 25: Southern Kordofan, villages with limited access to safe water...83 Annex 26: Western Bahr El Ghazal, villages with limited access to safe water...83 Annex 27: Warrab, villages with limited access to safe water...84 Annex 28: Northern Bahr El Ghazal, villages with non-functioning health facilities...84 Annex 29: Unity, villages with non-functioning health facilities...85 Annex 30: Warrab, villages with non-functioning health facilities...85 Annex 31: Western Bahr El Ghazal, villages with non-functioning health facilities...85 Annex 32: Southern Kordofan, villages with non-functioning health facilities...86 Annex 33: Northern Bahr el Ghazal, villages with schools in open area...88 Annex 34: Southern Kordofan, villages with schools in open area...89 Annex 35: Unity, villages with schools in open area...90 Annex 36: Warrab, villages with schools in open area...90 Annex 37: Western Bahr el Ghazal, villages with schools in open area...91 Annex 38: IOM Village Assessment Form...92 Page 41 of 96

Annex 1: Type of functioning water sources Water surface Hand Well Hafeer STATE pump Tanker Bladder River lake/dam Pond Other Total Northern Bahr al Ghazal 48 29 139 1 0 0 0 0 73 290 Southern Kordofan 212 141 755 46 5 75 5 177 193 1609 Unity 0 0 35 5 0 0 0 0 10 50 Warrab 48 57 100 3 0 0 0 1 52 261 Western Bahr al Ghazal 6 3 18 1 0 0 0 0 7 35 Total 314 230 1,047 56 5 75 5 178 335 2,245 Percentage 14% 10% 47% 2% 0% 3% 0% 8% 15% 100% Annex 2: No of functioning water sources in dry season Water surface STATE Well Hafeer Hand pump Tanker Bladder River lake/dam Pond Other Total Northern Bahr al Ghazal 116 48 239 3 3 31 3 443 Southern Kordofan 644 129 1,639 60 4 4 5 112 1 2,598 Unity 0 0 57 11 1 13 82 Warrab 81 14 172 10 0 40 16 333 Western Bahr al Ghazal 7 1 52 1 0 3 64 Total 848 192 2,159 85 8 91 5 131 1 3,520 Annex 3: No of functioning additional water sources in wet season Water surface STATE Well Hafeer Hand pump Tanker Bladder River lake/dam Pond Other Total Northern Bahr al Ghazal 22 51 21 31 31 156 Southern Kordofan 79 52 119 5 3 104 7 292 3 664 Unity 1 1 10 1 13 Warrab 10 73 6 3 19 97 208 Western Bahr al Ghazal 10 4 6 1 2 23 Total 121 180 147 5 7 170 8 423 3 1,064 Annex 4: School facilities per state STATE Under a Tree Thatch Brick Other Total Northern Bahr al Ghazal 50 42 33 8 133 Southern Kordofan 35 393 0 101 529 Unity 14 5 4 11 34 Warrab 29 58 21 2 110 Western Bahr al Ghazal 3 16 9 28 Total 131 514 67 122 834 Percentage 16% 62% 8% 15% 100% Page 42 of 96