FURTHER READING 333. Further Reading

FURTHER READING 333 Further Reading Throughout I have tried to cite works which are either completely or largely accessible to those without knowledge of Latin and Greek. Works which are particularly suitable as an introduction to an area or author are asterisked. Many other items could of course be cited, but these should be enough to guide the reader on most areas discussed in this book. General Works of Reference First and foremost comes the invaluable Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd edn, eds S. Hornblower and A. J. Spawforth, 1996): this version completely supersedes the earlier editions of 1949 and 1970. There are entries, with rich bibliographies, on all authors mentioned in this book (and many more), as well as numerous thematic entries. I do not refer to this elsewhere because citations would become too frequent, but I cannot stress too strongly my debt to this work. Under the same editorship is the Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization (1998): this is an abridgement of the OCD which includes pictures and maps, but omits bibliographies and the more detailed references to sources. Another useful work is M. C. Howatson (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (1989), which gives abundant help in identifying classical names and myths. The following two titles are also useful: E. J. Bickerman, Chronology of the Ancient World (2nd edn, 1980), and G. W. Bowersock, P. Brown and O. Grabar (eds), Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World (1999; an abridged version, Interpreting Late Antiquity (2001), has been published). Atlases: the monumental work is R. J. A. Talbert (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World (2000), but its price is as high as its quality. Cheaper alternatives are N. G. L. Hammond, Atlas of the Greek and Roman World in Antiquity (1982; paperback 1992), and R. J. A. Talbert, Atlas of Classical History (1985). Other notable reference works that give reliable help in the areas they cover are C. J. Rowe and M. Schofield (eds), Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought (2000), P. France (ed.), The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation

334 FURTHER READING (2000), J. Boardman (ed.), The Oxford History of Classical Art (1993), and J. Davidson Reid (ed.), The Oxford Guide to Classical Mythology in the Arts 1300 1990s (1993). Other Histories of Classical Literature CHCL (= Cambridge History of Classical Literature), vol.1 (Greek Literature), eds P. E. Easterling and B. Knox (1985), and vol. 2 (Latin Literature), eds E. J. Kenney and W. V. Clausen (1982). Many contributors and of uneven quality; at its best very good. O. Taplin (ed.), Literature in the Greek and Roman Worlds (2000), contains attractive essays focusing on audience and performance. J. Boardman, J. Griffin and O. Murray (eds), The Oxford History of the Classical World (1982), covers literature, history, art and thought, and has excellent illustrations. Of single-author works, the best on Greek are by Germans, the best on Latin by an Italian: fortunately all are translated. I refer to A. Lesky, A History of Greek Literature (Eng. tr. 1966), now rather dated but very clear and fair-minded; A. Dihle, A History of Greek Literature from Homer to the Hellenistic Period (Eng. tr. 1994), compressed but highly intelligent; G. B. Conte, Latin Literature: A History (1994), informative and judicious. Briefer single-author works include S. Braund, Latin Literature (2002), emphasizing literary theory; P. Levi, The Pelican History of Greek Literature (1985); S. Said and M. Trédé, A Short History of Greek Literature (Eng. tr. 1999; Fr. original 1990). More specific works on particular aspects: D. A. Campbell, The Golden Lyre (1983); M. Fantuzzi-R. Hunter, Muse e modelli: la poesia ellenistica da Alessandro magno ad Augusto (2002, Eng. tr. imminent); J. Griffin, Latin Poets and Roman Life (1985), mainly on Augustan poetry; E. Fantham, Roman Literary Culture from Cicero to Apuleius (1996); N. Horsfall, The Culture of the Roman Plebs (2003); D. A. Russell (ed.), Antonine Literature (1990), esp. the editor s opening essay; S. Swain, Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism and Power in the Greek World AD 50 250 (1996); A. Dihle, Greek and Latin Literature of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Justinian (Eng. tr. 1994). Some Classics of the Classics E. Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776 88), is still a work of rich insight, quite apart from its enormous literary merit: the best selection is the excellent Penguin abridgement by David Womersley (2000), which includes many famous chapters (though not ch. 37 on the rise of monasticism). J. Burckhardt, The Greeks and Greek Civilization (ed. O. Murray, 1998), provides selections from a great historian s lectures, and is one of the founding documents of cultural history. E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (1951), is a work which every student should read: its learning and perception still inspire, even though many particular propositions have been refuted.

FURTHER READING 335 E. R. Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages (Eng. tr. 1953), and E. Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature (1946; Eng. tr. by W. Trask, 1953), are inexhaustible. The latter starts with a chapter on Homer which has been much criticized, but the whole book is a treasure-house of critical insights. Italo Calvino, Why Read the Classics? (tr. M. McLaughlin, 1999; Ital. original 1991), contains memorable essays on major authors. Translations The most wide-ranging series is the Loeb Classical Library, which for almost a century has published compact hard-cover volumes with text and facing translation. This includes almost all authors cited in this book, but the series is uneven. Early volumes were mostly unambitious, plain prose and few if any notes; a few ventured into verse, disastrously for the most part (though B. B. Rogers rendering of Aristophanes into a style modelled on Gilbert and Sullivan is worth noting). Some of the older versions of major authors have been updated (Homer, Virgil among them); others have been completely replaced (Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Propertius, Quintilian). In general the rule is that the more recent the Loeb, the better it is likely to be: in some cases this is the best edition for both amateurs and scholars to use (e.g. Manilius, Quintilian, Arrian). The other series which can be strongly recommended are the Penguin Classics and the Oxford World s Classics: these normally offer good and idiomatic versions, with informative introductions and notes. Both series have some gaps and some weaker volumes (the Penguin Catullus is very poor). Hackett s Library performs a similar service, although their range is less wide. I mention a few other translations below and in the notes, where the Loeb or Penguin are not helpful. Anthologies: A. Poole and J. Maule (eds), The Oxford Book of Classical Verse in Translation (1995); R. Stoneman (ed.), Daphne into Laurel: Translations of Classical Poetry from Chaucer to the Present (1982). An excellent series of Penguin Poets in Translation was inaugurated by G. Steiner (ed.), Homer in English (1996), and volumes have appeared on Catullus, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Seneca, Martial and Juvenal. It is sad that the series has been discontinued. Further Reading Relevant to Particular Chapters Introduction Ancient history: probably the best introductory books, scholarly but stimulating, are the Fontana History of the Ancient World, esp. O. Murray and J. K. Davies on Early and Classical Greece, F. W. Walbank on the Hellenistic World, and A. Cameron on late antiquity. Longer and more detailed are the Routledge series: see esp. the volumes by R. Osborne (early Greece), S. Hornblower (479 323 BC), and T. J. Cornell (early Rome). The massive volumes of the Cambridge Ancient History (2nd edn), a

336 FURTHER READING work by many hands, provides expert guidance and huge bibliographies across the full range from Mycenae to the beginning of the Middle Ages: coverage of literature is variable, but there are some fine essays on culture, religion and social contexts. A selection of other titles: A. Andrewes, Greek Society (Penguin edn, 1971); P. Cartledge, The Greeks (1993); M. I. Finley, The World of Odysseus (2nd edn, 1978), The Use and Abuse of History (1971), and Economy and Society in Ancient Greece (1981); A. R. Burn, Persia and the Greeks (revised edn by D. M. Lewis, 1984); J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Life and Letters in Ancient Rome (1969), Roman Women (1962), and Romans and Aliens (1979); P. A. Brunt, Social Conflicts in the Roman Republic (1971); F. Millar and E. Segal (eds), Caesar Augustus (1984); G. K. Galinsky, Augustan Culture (1996); Z. Yavetz, Plebs and Princeps (1969); P. Veyne, Bread and Circuses (Eng. tr. 1990; longer Fr. original 1976); P.Garnsey and R. Saller, The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture (1987); P. Garnsey and C. Humfress, The Evolution of Late Antiquity (2001). For the ancient theorists on their own literature, see D. A. Russell and M. Winterbottom (eds), Ancient Literary Criticism (1972), a valuable sourcebook; the abridged version, Classical Literary Criticism (1989), includes four key texts: Aristotle s Poetics, Horace s Art of Poetry, Tacitus Dialogue on Orators, and Longinus On the Sublime. On genre, D. A. Russell, Criticism in Antiquity (1981), ch. 10; A. Fowler, Forms of Literature (1982), very wide horizons; also S. J. Harrison, Forms of Appropriation: Generic Enrichment in Vergil and Horace (forthcoming). On literary cross-reference, see S. Hinds, Allusion and Intertext (1998), esp. chs 1 2; D. Fowler, Roman Constructions (2000), 115 37; L. Edmunds, Intertextuality and the Reading of Roman Poetry (2001). For other aspects of literary theory and the classics, see D. P. and P. G. Fowler, OCD s.v. literary theory and classical studies ; S. J. Harrison (ed.), Texts, Ideas and the Classics (2001); *M. Heath, Interpreting Classical Literature (2003). On literacy, varying views in W. V. Harris, Ancient Literacy (1989); R. Thomas, Literacy and Orality in Ancient Greece (1992); A. K. Bowman and G. Woolf (eds), Literacy and Power in the Ancient World (1994). On the textual traditions, above all *L. D. Reynolds and N. G. Wilson, Scribes and Scholars (3rd edn, 1991). See also Reynolds introduction to L. D. Reynolds (ed.), Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics (1983); M. L. West, Textual Criticism and Editorial Technique (1973); E. G. Turner, Greek Papyri (1968, revised 1980); E. G. Turner, Greek Manuscripts of the Ancient World, 2nd edn revised by P. J. Parsons (BICS Suppl. 46, 1987). On the classical heritage, two very different but equally rich works are *G. Highet, The Classical Tradition. Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature (Oxford 1949), and R. R. Bolgar, The Classical Heritage and Its Beneficiaries: From the Carolingian Age to the End of the Renaissance (1954). On modern scholarship, besides Reynolds and Wilson, cited above, see U. von Wilamowitz, History of Classical Scholarship (Eng. tr. 1981), a stimulating if opinionated overview (originally published in German, 1921); R. Pfeiffer, History of Classical Scholarship i (1968), on the ancient world, and ii (1976), from Erasmus to the Victorians, are masterly, but advanced.

FURTHER READING 337 Chapter 1 Epic C. M. Bowra, From Virgil to Milton (1945); *J. Griffin, Homer on Life and Death (1980); R. B. Rutherford, Homer (G & R new surveys 26, 1996); *W. A. Camps, An Introduction to Virgil s Aeneid (1969: elementary but useful); *P. Hardie, Virgil (G & R new surveys 28, 1998); R. Thomas, Virgil and the Augustan Reception (2001); L. P. Wilkinson, Ovid Recalled (1955), remains a sympathetic study of its subject; more up-to-date is P. Hardie (ed.), Cambridge Companion to Ovid (2001); E. Fantham, Ovid s Metamorphoses (2004). D. C. Feeney, The Gods in Epic (1991), especially good on Ovid and Lucan; M. P. O. Morford, The Poet Lucan (1967), mainly on his rhetoric; W. R. Johnson, Momentary Monsters (1987), is a short, vigorous essay on Lucan; see also P. Hardie, The Epic Successors of Virgil (1993), and, in CHCL, J. C. Bramble on Lucan, and D. Vessey s chapter on other Latin epic. Chapter 2 Drama CHCL i (the sections on tragedy and comedy are all excellent, and reprinted as a separate paperback). *O. Taplin, Greek Tragedy in Action (1978), stimulating introduction; A. H. Sommerstein, Greek Drama and Dramatists (2000), combines basic factual data with a selection of translated passages; *P. E. Easterling (ed.), Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy (1997), one of the best in this series so far, has excellent essays and very full bibliography; also S. Goldhill, Reading Greek Tragedy (1987); J. Winkler and F. Zeitlin (eds), Nothing to do with Dionysos? (1990) (uneven); C. Pelling (ed.), Greek Tragedy and the Historian (1997); *E. Csapo and W. Slater, The Context of Greek Drama (1995), is a valuable sourcebook. J. Mossman (ed.), Oxford Readings in Euripides (2003), collects some influential essays; similar volumes are planned for Aeschylus and Sophocles. Comedy: *K. J. Dover, Aristophanic Comedy (1972); M. Silk, Aristophanes and the Nature of Comedy (2001); on the fragmentary Greek comedies, D. Harvey and J. Wilkins (eds), The Rivals of Aristophanes: Studies in Athenian Old Comedy (2000) (advanced); *R. L. Hunter, The New Comedy of Greece and Rome (1985); G. E. Duckworth, The Nature of Roman Comedy (1971); T. S. Eliot, Shakespeare and the Stoicism of Seneca and Seneca and Elizabethan Tragedy, both repr. in his Selected Essays (1932; 3rd edn, 1951); C. J. Herington, in Essays in Classical Literature, ed. N. Rudd (1972), 169 219; and the same author s chapter on Seneca in CHCL ii. Chapter 3 Rhetoric Standard handbooks are G. Kennedy, The Art of Persuasion in Greece (1963); The Art of Rhetoric in the Roman World (1972); see also I Worthington (ed.), Persuasion. Greek Rhetoric in Action (1994); S. Usher, Greek Oratory, Tradition and Originality (1999); *M. L. Clarke, Rhetoric at Rome (1953, revised by D. Berry, 1996); D. A.

338 FURTHER READING Russell, Rhetoric and Criticism, G & R, 14 (1967), 130 44; S. F. Bonner, Roman Declamation (1949); S. F. Bonner, Education in Ancient Rome (1977). Selections from the Greek speeches include W. R. Connor, Greek Orations (1966); C. Carey, Trials from Classical Athens (1997). A complete series of translations is in progress from Austin, Texas: so far, note esp. S. Todd, Lysias (1999). An excellent translation of a number of Cicero s best speeches is Cicero: Defence Speeches (World s Classics); a larger selection in various Penguin volumes. For Cicero s life, see *E. Rawson, Cicero. A Portrait (1973); D. L. Stockton, Cicero, A Political Biography (1971); *C. Habicht, Cicero the Politician (1990). Chapter 4 History, Biography and Fiction General: *A. Momigliano, History and Biography, in The Legacy of Greece: A New Appraisal (ed. M. I. Finley, 1981), 155 84; see also his The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography (1990), posthumous and no annotation, but resting on deep knowledge of the whole field: still more penetrating are the specific studies in his Studies in Historiography (1969), and Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography (1977); The Development of Greek Biography (1971). See further S. Hornblower (ed.), Greek Historiography (1994), esp. the editor s contributions; *J. Marincola, Greek Historians (G & R new surveys 31, 2001); *C. S. Kraus and A. J. Woodman, Latin Historians (G & R new surveys 27, 1997). T. A. Dorey (ed.), Latin Historians (1962): oddly, this includes the Greek Polybius. For studies of particular writers see the notes to ch. 4. On later developments, see Momigliano, Essays... (1977) on Pagan and Christian Historiography and on Ammianus Marcellinus; D. Rohrbacher, The Historians of Late Antiquity (2002). Fiction: *T. Hägg. The Novel in Antiquity (1983) wide horizons, excellent illustrations; *E. L. Bowie in CHCL, i, 683 99 (paperback, i.4.123 39), reprinted in S. Swain (ed.), Oxford Readings in the Greek Novel (1999), 39 59; *P. G. Walsh, The Roman Novel (1970); *M. Coffey, Roman Satire (1976), ch. 10, discusses Petronius; E. Courtney, A Companion to Petronius (2000). On Apuleius, besides Walsh, see esp. J. J. Winkler, Auctor & Actor (1985); also S. J. Harrison, Apuleius: A Latin Sophist (2000); various papers on both Petronius and Apuleius in S. J. Harrison (ed.), Oxford Readings in the Roman Novel (1999). Chapter 5 Erotic Literature General themes and background: *G. Clarke, Women in the Ancient World (G & R, new surveys, 21, 1989); K. J. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (1978) fundamental, though quite detailed; J. Winkler, The Constraints of Desire (1990); D. M. Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality (1990); J. Davidson, Courtesans and Fishcakes (1998); P. Brown, The Body and Society (1988). Interesting essays collected in D. M. Halperin, J. J. Winkler, F. Zeitlin (eds), Before Sexuality (1990), and M. C. Nussbaum

FURTHER READING 339 and J. Sihvola (eds), The Sleep of Reason (2002). On Latin poetry, see R. O. A. M. Lyne, The Latin Love Poets (1980), with useful chapters on social history, but his discussion of the poets is one-sided; P. Veyne, Roman Erotic Elegy (1988); M. Wyke, The Roman Mistress (2002). Women s writing: *J. M. Snyder, The Woman and the Lyre (1990). For translations see e.g. Josephine Balmer, Classical Women Poets (Bloodaxe Books, 1996). There are numerous sourcebooks: note especially M. Lefkowitz and M. Fant, Women s Life in Greece and Rome (1982, revised 1992); T. K. Hubbard, Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: A Sourcebook of Basic Documents (2003). For translations of Greek lyric poetry which include the newer material, there are two useful books. M. L. West, Greek Lyric Poetry (Oxford, World s Classics 1993), is by a world expert but gives very slender annotation. More helpful though less complete is A. W. Miller, Greek Lyric (Hackett 1996), which also has extensive selections from Pindar and Bacchylides. Chapter 6 Literature and Power On the early Greek lyric poets in this context, see A. Podlecki, The Early Greek Poets and Their Times (1984); many relevant observations also in O. Murray, Early Greece (1980). B. K. Gold, Literary Patronage in Greece and Rome (1987) cites much older work and brings the story down to the Augustan age. That period has been much studied: see e.g. G. Williams, Tradition and Originality in Roman Poetry (1968), esp. ch. 2, The Poet and the Community, and ch. 6, The Poetry of Institutions ; *J. Griffin, on Augustus and the poets, in Caesar Augustus, eds F. Millar and E. Segal (1983), 188 218; P. White, Promised Verse (1993). P. Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Eng. tr., 1988), discusses the relevant art and architecture and relates it to the poetry. For later developments, see E. Fantham (cited in the section on other histories of classical literature (p. 334)); A. Hardie, Statius and the Silvae (1983), valuable not only on Statius but on the wider history of patronage; R. MacMullen, Enemies of the Roman Order (1966). Chapter 7 Aspects of Wit Parody: J. P. Cèbe, La caricature et la parodie dans le monde romain antique des origines à Juvenal (1966); M. Silk, Aristophanes and the Definition of Comedy (2000), ch. 2. Hellenistic literature: *A. W. Bulloch provides a helpful survey of the main figures in CHCL, i. See also H. Lloyd-Jones, A Hellenistic Miscellany, Academic Papers, ii (1990); G. O. Hutchinson, Hellenistic Poetry (1988), esp. on Callimachus; P. J. Parsons, in A. W. Bulloch et al. (eds), Images of Ideology (1993). On the pointed style, W. C. Summers, Select Letters of Seneca (1910), xv xli; P. Plass, Wit and the Writing of History (1988). Martial: J. P. Sullivan, Martial, the Unexpected Classic (1991). Satire: E. Fraenkel, Horace (1957), a very important work, but assuming knowledge of Latin; *N. Rudd, The Satires of Horace (1966); *M. Coffey, Roman

340 FURTHER READING Satire (1976), excellent on literary history though not detailed on particular poems; S. H. Braund, Roman Verse Satire (G & R, new surveys, 23, 1992). G. Highet, Juvenal the Satirist (1954), is uncritically biographical but useful on Juvenal s influence. Lucian: C. Robinson, Lucian and His Influence in Europe (1974). Translations: for Callimachus, see the version by F. Nisetich (Oxford 2000), with full notes (the Loeb is now very out of date). More translations of Hellenistic literature are needed. For Lucilius, see E. H. Warmington, Remains of Old Latin, vol. 3 (Loeb). Chapter 8 Thinkers C. Gill, Greek Thought (G & R, new surveys, 25, 1995); *T. Irwin, Classical Thought (1989), is more concerned with Greek than Latin. On the Roman side, see *M. L. Clarke, The Roman Mind (1956); similar though more up-to-date, *M. P. O. Morford, The Roman Philosophers (2002). More specific studies: G. E. R. Lloyd, Magic, Reason and Experience (1979), esp. ch. 4; R. Buxton (ed.), From Myth to Reason? (1999), esp. the editor s introduction; *E. Hussey, The Presocratics (1972). On the sophists and Socrates, see W. K. C. Guthrie, History of Greek Philosophy, vol. 3 (1969) later volumes are less stimulating. On Socrates, *C. C. W. Taylor, Socrates (1998); more advanced is G. Vlastos, Socrates, Ironist and Moral Philosopher (1991. On Plato, e.g. R. Kraut (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Plato (1992); R. B. Rutherford, The Art of Plato (1995). For Roman thinkers, M. Griffin and J. Barnes (eds), Philosophia Togata: Essays on Philosophy and Roman Society (1989), esp. M. Griffin, Philosophy, Politics and Politicians at Rome, and P. A. Brunt, Philosophy and Religion in the Late Republic ; M. Griffin, CAH, ix (1994), ch. 18, The Intellectual Developments of the Ciceronian Age ; E. Rawson, Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic (1985); P. MacKendrick, The Philosophical Works of Cicero (1989), has its uses, but reads more like the materials for a book than a book. Lucretius: the revised Loeb (M. Smith) is helpfully annotated, as is the version by A. Melville in the Oxford World s Classics; see also *D. A. West, The Imagery and Poetry of Lucretius (1969). K. Volk, The Poetics of Latin Didactic (2002), covers Lucretius, Virgil s Georgics, Ovid s Ars Amatoria. On Virgil s Georgics, the standard book is still *L. P. Wilkinson, The Georgics of Virgil (1969) the same scholar is the author of the admirable Penguin translation. See also the relevant section in Hardie, Virgil (G & R survey). The most recent full-scale study, M. Gale, Virgil on the Nature of Things (2000), gives access to earlier work and is valuable for the detailed comparisons with Lucretius. Horace, Epistles: N. Rudd s translation (Penguin) combines Horace s Satires and Epistles and Persius. Imperial Stoicism: C. D. N. Costa (ed.), Seneca (1974), esp. the essays by M. Griffin on his life, and *D. A. Russell on his Letters; *P. Veyne, Seneca (1997); *A. A. Long, Epictetus (2001). On Marcus Aurelius, P. A. Brunt, Marcus Aurelius in His Meditations, JRS, 64 (1974), 1 20; P. Hadot, The Inner Citadel (1998);

FURTHER READING 341 see also P. Hadot, Philosophy as a Way of Life: Spiritual Exercises from Socrates to Foucault (1995). On Plutarch, *D. A. Russell, Plutarch (1973), is outstanding; excellent selections from the Moral Essays in both Penguin and World s Classics, with little overlap. Translations: the works that survive intact are available in many versions. As for the more fragmentary authors, on the Presocratics see the Penguin volumes, Early Greek Philosophy and The Greek Sophists, or the World s Classics, The First Philosophers; on Hellenistic thinkers, A. A. Long and D. Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers (1987), vol. 1, or B. Inwood, Hellenistic Philosophy; Introductory Readings (1988). Chapter 9 Believers The unquestioned master of the study of early Greek religion is W. Burkert, whose Greek Religion (1985) is long but constantly illuminating. Many approaches are surveyed by *J. Bremmer, Greek Religion (G & R, new surveys, 24, 1994); the companion volume by *J. North, Roman Religion (G & R, new surveys, 30, 2000), is also helpful and serves partly as a guide into Beard-North-Price (below). On Greek religion generally, see also R. Buxton (ed.), Oxford Readings in Greek Religion (2000); *S. Price, Religions of the Ancient Greeks (1999). For Rome, J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, Continuity and Change in Roman Religion (1979); D. C. Feeney, Literature and Religion at Rome (1998); M. Beard, J. North, S. Price, Religions at Rome (1998), vol. 1, a history, and vol. 2, a sourcebook in translation. See also S. Price and E. Kearns (eds), The Oxford Dictionary of Classical Myth and Religion (2003). Myth: W. Burkert, Structure and History in Greek Mythology (1979), ch. 1; F. Graf, Greek Mythology (1987, Eng. tr., 1993); Bremmer (see last paragraph), ch. 5; *R. Buxton, Imaginary Greece: The Contexts of Mythology (1994) (excellent). The Jews and classical literature: A. Momigliano, in The Legacy of Greece, A New Appraisal, ed. M. I. Finley (1981), 325 46; E. Bickerman, The Jews in the Greek Age (1988); T. Rajak (ed.), The Jews among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire (1997); R. Lane Fox, The Unauthorised Version (1991), and note esp. ch. 11. Paganism/Christianity: Gibbon, Decline and Fall, esp. chs 15 16; A. Momigliano (ed.), The Conflict of Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century (1963), esp. the essays by Momigliano and Jones; *E. R. Dodds, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety (1964); *P. Brown, The World of Late Antiquity (1971); R. MacMullen, Paganism in the Roman Empire (1981); R. Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians (1986), esp. part 1; K. Hopkins, A World Full of Gods (1999), has much of interest, though his time-travel narratives may not appeal to all. For a short history of early Christianity, see H. Chadwick, The Early Church (Penguin 1967); a larger treatment by the same author, The Church in Ancient Society: From Galilee to Gregory the Great (2001). J. Binns (ed.), Latin Literature of the Fourth Century AD (1974). Augustine: P. Brown, Augustine of Hippo (1967, revised 2000: inspiring), supplemented by his Religion and Society in the Age of St Augustine (1971); *H. Chadwick,

342 FURTHER READING Augustine (1986); G. Clark, Augustine, Confessions (1993); G. O Daly, Augustine s City of God (1999) advanced. Translations: H. Isbell, The Last Poets of Imperial Rome (Penguin 1971); C. White, Early Christian Latin Poetry (1999). Some works by Tertullian and Augustine are available in Loeb; for fuller coverage of the Christian prose works one has to turn to older versions, in particular the multi-volume Library of the Ante-Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. For further guidance, see the bibliography in Chadwick, The Church in Ancient Society (above).