Sefer Shemot The Book of Exodus

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Sefer The Book of Exodus Introduction and commentary by Rabbi Tuly Weisz Location and geography are central to Sefer (Exodus). Ancient Egypt and the barren wilderness form the essential backdrop to the drama which unfolds in the second book of the Bible. While all of the events recorded in Sefer take place outside of the Land of Israel, this does not mean that Eretz Yisrael is unimportant in this book. On the contrary, the Land of Israel is a central theme and primary focus of Sefer. The Hebrew name for the Book of Exodus is Sefer, the Book of Names, taken from the opening words of the first verse. Continuing the narrative from the point where Sefer Bereishit (Genesis) ended, it transitions from a family s individual story to the birth of an entire nation. The opening chapters of Sefer describe the trials experienced by the Children of Israel in the fiery furnace of slavery. This brutal oppression in a foreign land has been explained by Jewish commentators as a process of national purification, necessary in order to prepare the Israelites for entry into the land flowing with milk and honey (Exodus 3:8). Sefer goes on to describe the exodus from Egypt and offers timeless insight into God s loving relationship with humanity as their ultimate Redeemer. With each step they take in the wilderness, the Israelites are marching towards, and getting closer to, Eretz Yisrael, which becomes the ultimate ideal for which they strive. It is no wonder then, that the Book of has served throughout the ages as an inspiration for those who have longed for Eretz Yisrael. Wandering through the bitter exile, Jews have always seen themselves as following in the footsteps of the ancient Israelites. In the darkest moments of Jewish history, we have borne the burden of persecution with the knowledge that we are always getting closer to deliverance and redemption, and to Israel. Sefer causes us to realize that the destiny of the People of Israel always leads towards the Land of Israel. 135

Map of the Journey from Egypt to Mount Sinai This map traces the journey of the Children of Israel from Egypt to Mount Sinai as described in Sefer (12:37-19:2). 1. The Children of Israel leave Egypt from Ramses (Exodus 12:37). 2. The first stop on their journey is Succoth (Exodus 12:37). 3. From Succoth they travel to Etham (Exodus 13:19). 4. They camp between Midgol and the sea while the Egyptian army pursues them (Exodus 14:1-14). 5. The Sea of Reeds splits, allowing the Jews to cross on dry land (Exodus 14:15-31). 6. The people travel to Marah where they find bitter water (Exodus 15:23-26). 7. In Elim, they find 12 springs of water and 70 palm trees (Exodus 15:27). 8. In the wilderness of Sin, they complain about the lack of food (Exodus 16:1-36). 9. They again lack water in Rephidim. God provides water from a rock and Amalek attacks (Exodus 17:1-16). 10. From Rephidim, they travel to Mount Sinai (Exodus 19:1-2). Journey from Egypt to Mount Sinai Ramses Mediterranean Sea Succoth EGYPT Migdol Etham SINAI DESERT Marah Sea of Reeds Elim Wilderness of Sin City Mountain River Rephidim Mt. Sinai

Exodus /Exodus 1 1 1 These are the names of the sons of Yisrael who came to Egypt with Yaakov, each coming with his household: א א שמות א ו א ל ה ש מו ת ב נ י י ש ר א ל ה ב א ים מ צ ר י מ ה א ת י ע ק ב א יש ו ב יתו ב או v -AY-leh sh -MOT b -NAY yis-ra-ayl ha-ba-eem mitz-ra-y -mah AYT ya-a-kov EESH u -vay-to BA-u ב ר או ב ן ש מ עו ן ל ו י ו יהו ד ה Yehuda; 2 Reuven, Shimon, Levi, and ג י ש שכ ר ז בו ל ן ו ב נ י מ ן Binyamin; 3 Yissachar, Zevulun, and ד ד ן ו נ פ ת ל י ג ד ו א ש ר Asher. 4 Dan and Naftali, Gad and 5 The total number of persons that were of Yaakov s issue came to seventy, Yosef being already in Egypt. 6 Yosef died, and all his brothers, and all that generation. 7 But the Israelites were fertile and prolific; they multiplied and increased very greatly, so that the land was filled with them. 8 A new king arose over Egypt who did not know Yosef. 9 And he said to his people, Look, B nei Yisrael are much too numerous for us. 10 Let us deal shrewdly with them, so that they may not increase; otherwise in the event of war they may join our enemies in fighting against us and rise from the ground. 11 So they set taskmasters over them to oppress them with forced labor; and they built garrison cities for Pharaoh: Pithom and Raamses. 12 But the more they were oppressed, the more they increased and spread out, so that the [Egyptians] came to dread the Israelites. 13 The Egyptians ruthlessly imposed upon the Israelites ה ז ח ט ו י ה י כ ל נ פ ש י צ א י י ר ך י ע ק ב ש ב ע ים נ פ ש ו יו ס ף ה י ה ב מ צ ר י ם ו ו י מ ת יו ס ף ו כ ל א ח יו ו כ ל ה ד ו ר ה הו א ו ב נ י י ש ר א ל פ רו ו י ש ר צו ו י ר ב ו ו י ע צ מו ב מ א ד מ א ד ו ת מ ל א ה א ר ץ א ת ם ו י ק ם מ ל ך ח ד ש ע ל מ צ ר י ם א ש ר ל א י ד ע א ת יו ס ף ו י אמ ר א ל ע מ ו ה נ ה ע ם ב נ י י ש ר א ל ר ב ו ע צו ם מ מ נ ו ה ב ה נ ת ח כ מ ה לו פ ן י ר ב ה ו ה י ה כ י ת ק ר אנ ה מ ל ח מ ה ו נו ס ף ג ם הו א ע ל ש נ א ינו ו נ ל ח ם ב נו ו ע ל ה מ ן ה א ר ץ י יא יב ו י ש ימו ע ל יו ש ר י מ ס ים ל מ ע ן ע נ תו ב ס ב ל ת ם ו י ב ן ע ר י מ ס כ נו ת ל פ ר ע ה א ת פ ת ם ו א ת ר ע מ ס ס ו כ א ש ר י ע נ ו א תו כ ן י ר ב ה ו כ ן י פ ר ץ ו י ק צו מ פ נ י ב נ י י ש ר א ל יג ו י ע ב דו מ צ ר י ם א ת ב נ י י ש ר א ל ב פ ר ך ואלה 1:1 These are the names Sefer starts with the letter vav,(ו) which signifies the conjunction and, thus connecting it to the end of Sefer Bereishit. In fact, the passages beginning with 1:1 and Bereishit 46:8 are practically identical, each containing a list of Yaakov s descendants who accompanied him to Egypt. The end of Sefer Bereishit describes the children of Yaakov leaving their homeland and descending to Egypt. Sefer continues the story of the exile and the subsequent miraculous redemption, and is therefore a direct continuation of Sefer Bereishit. However, the story does not end with the conclusion of Sefer. While the slavery itself comes to an end with the exodus from Egypt, the ultimate redemption comes only with the reunification of the Children of Israel and their homeland, as described in Sefer Yehoshua. 139

/Exodus 1 14 the various labors that they made them perform. Ruthlessly* they made life bitter for them with harsh labor at mortar and bricks and with all sorts of tasks in the field. 15 The king of Egypt spoke to the Hebrew midwives, one of whom was named Shiphrah and the other Puah, יד טו שמות א ו י מ ר רו א ת ח י יה ם ב ע ב ד ה ק ש ה ב ח מ ר ו ב ל ב נ ים ו ב כ ל ע ב ד ה ב ש ד ה א ת כ ל ע ב ד ת ם א ש ר ע ב דו ב ה ם ב פ ר ך ו י אמ ר מ ל ך מ צ ר י ם ל מ י ל ד ת ה ע ב ר י ת א ש ר ש ם ה א ח ת ש פ ר ה ו ש ם ה ש נ ית פ ו ע ה va-yo-mer ME-lekh mitz-ra-yim lam-ya-l -DOT ha-iv-ri-yot a-sher SHAYM ha-a-khat shif-rah v -SHAYM ha-shay-neet pu-ah 16 saying, When you deliver the Hebrew women, look at the birthstool: if it is a boy, kill him; if it is a girl, let her live. ו י אמ ר ב י ל ד כ ן א ת ה ע ב ר י ו ת ו ר א ית ן ע ל ה א ב נ י ם א ם ב ן הו א ו ה מ ת ן א תו ו א ם ב ת ה יא ו ח י ה 17 The midwives, fearing Hashem, did not do as the king of Egypt had told them; they let the boys live. 18 So the king of Egypt summoned the midwives and said to them, Why have you done this thing, letting the boys live? 19 The midwives said to Pharaoh, Because the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women: they are vigorous. Before the midwife can come to them, they have given birth. 20 And Hashem dealt well with the midwives; and the people multiplied and increased greatly. 21 And because the midwives feared Hashem, He established households for them. 22 Then Pharaoh charged all his people, saying, Every boy that is born you shall throw into the Nile, but let every girl live. טז יז יח יט כ כא ו ת יר אן ה מ י ל ד ת א ת ה א ל ה ים ו ל א ע ש ו כ א ש ר ד ב ר א ל יה ן מ ל ך מ צ ר י ם ו ת ח י ין א ת ה י ל ד ים ו י ק ר א מ ל ך מ צ ר י ם ל מ י ל ד ת ו י אמ ר ל ה ן מ ד ו ע ע ש ית ן ה ד ב ר ה ז ה ו ת ח י ין א ת ה י ל ד ים ו ת אמ ר ן ה מ י ל ד ת א ל פ ר ע ה כ י ל א כ נ ש ים ה מ צ ר י ת ה ע ב ר י ת כ י ח יו ת ה נ ה ב ט ר ם ת בו א א ל ה ן ה מ י ל ד ת ו י ל דו ו י יט ב א ל ה ים ל מ י ל ד ת ו י ר ב ה ע ם ו י ע צ מו מ א ד ו י ה י כ י י ר או ה מ י ל ד ת א ת ה א ל ה ים ו י ע ש ל ה ם ב ת ים ו י צ ו פ ר ע ה ל כ ל ע מ ו ל אמ ר כ ל ה ב ן ה י ל ו ד ה י א ר ה ת ש ל יכ הו ו כ ל ה ב ת ת ח י ו ן כב Exodus * the various labors that they made them perform. Ruthlessly moved up from the end of the verse for clarity 1:15 The Hebrew midwives The identity of these Hebrew midwives, meyaldot haivriyot com- is debated by Rabbinic,(מילדות העבריות) mentators. Many have assumed, as the literal reading implies, that they were Jewish women. But other commentators, such as the Abrabanel, suggest that the midwives Shiphrah and Puah were Egyptians. This interpretation is primarily based on the use of the phrase fear of God, a phrase often used to describe the behavior of exceptional gentiles, in reference to their heroic actions. According to these interpreters, the phrase meyaldot haivriyot, Hebrew midwives, is deliberately ambiguous, and it actually refers to the midwives for the Hebrew women. If so, Shiphrah and Puah were the first gentiles in history to risk their lives in order to rescue a Jew. Israeli Bible scholar and teacher par excellence, Nechama Leibowitz, remarked about this passage, If we accept that the midwives were Egyptian, a very vital message becomes apparent. The Torah indicates how the individual can resist evil. He need not shirk his moral responsibility under cover of superior orders... Neither moral courage nor sheer wickedness are ethnically or nationally determined qualities. Moab and Ammon produced a Ruth and Naamah respectively; Egypt two righteous midwives. Nechama Leibowitz (1905-1997) 140

Exodus /Exodus 2 2 1 A certain man of the house of Levi went and married a Levite woman. 2 The woman conceived and bore a son; and when she saw how beautiful he was, she hid him for three months. 3 When she could hide him no longer, she got a wicker basket for him and caulked it with bitumen and pitch. She put the child into it and placed it among the reeds by the bank of the Nile. 4 And his sister stationed herself at a distance, to learn what would befall him. 5 The daughter of Pharaoh came down to bathe in the Nile, while her maidens walked along the Nile. She spied the basket among the reeds and sent her slave girl to fetch it. 6 When she opened it, she saw that it was a child, a boy crying. She took pity on it and said, This must be a Hebrew child. 7 Then his sister said to Pharaoh s daughter, Shall I go and get you a Hebrew nurse to suckle the child for you? 8 And Pharaoh s daughter answered, Yes. So the girl went and called the child s mother. 9 And Pharaoh s daughter said to her, Take this child and nurse it for me, and I will pay your wages. So the woman took the child and nursed it. 10 When the child grew up, she brought him to Pharaoh s daughter, who made him her son. She named him Moshe, explaining, I drew him out of the water. שמות ב ב א ו י ל ך א יש מ ב ית ל ו י ו י ק ח א ת ב ת ל ו י ו ת ה ר ה א ש ה ו ת ל ד ב ן ו ת ר א א תו כ י טו ב הו א ו ת צ פ נ הו ש ל ש ה י ר ח ים ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט ו ל א י כ ל ה עו ד ה צ פ ינו ו ת ק ח לו ת ב ת ג מ א ו ת ח מ ר ה ב ח מ ר ו ב ז פ ת ו ת ש ם ב ה א ת ה י ל ד ו ת ש ם ב ס ו ף ע ל ש פ ת ה י א ר ו ת ת צ ב א ח תו מ ר ח ק ל ד ע ה מ ה י ע ש ה לו ו ת ר ד ב ת פ ר ע ה ל ר ח ץ ע ל ה י א ר ו נ ע ר ת יה ה ל כ ת ע ל י ד ה י א ר ו ת ר א א ת ה ת ב ה ב תו ך ה ס ו ף ו ת ש ל ח א ת א מ ת ה ו ת ק ח ה ו ת פ ת ח ו ת ר א הו א ת ה י ל ד ו ה נ ה נ ע ר ב כ ה ו ת ח מ ל ע ל יו ו ת אמ ר מ י ל ד י ה ע ב ר ים ז ה ו ת אמ ר א ח תו א ל ב ת פ ר ע ה ה א ל ך ו ק ר את י ל ך א ש ה מ ינ ק ת מ ן ה ע ב ר י ת ו ת ינ ק ל ך א ת ה י ל ד ו ת אמ ר ל ה ב ת פ ר ע ה ל כ י ו ת ל ך ה ע ל מ ה ו ת ק ר א א ת א ם ה י ל ד ו ת אמ ר ל ה ב ת פ ר ע ה ה יל יכ י א ת ה י ל ד ה ז ה ו ה ינ ק הו ל י ו א נ י א ת ן א ת ש כ ר ך ו ת ק ח ה א ש ה ה י ל ד ו ת נ יק הו ו י ג ד ל ה י ל ד ו ת ב א הו ל ב ת פ ר ע ה ו י ה י ל ה ל ב ן ו ת ק ר א ש מו מ ש ה ו ת אמ ר כ י מ ן ה מ י ם מ ש ית הו va-yig-dal ha-ye-led va-t -vi-ay-hu l -vat par-oh vai-hee LAH l -VAYN va-tik-ra sh -MO mo-sheh va-to-mer KEE min ha-ma-yim m -shee-ti-hu י משה 2:10 She named him Moshe Moshe was the greatest of all of Israel s leaders, who is known with affection in Jewish tradition as Moshe Rabbeinu Moshe our Teacher. Although Moshe speaks,(משה רבינו) directly with Hashem, he is identified as the most humble person to ever live (Numbers 12:3). The name Moshe is a constant reminder of his modest origins. According to the Sages of the Midrash, Moshe actually had ten names, but out of appreciation to Pharaoh s daughter who saved him, he is referred to by the name she gave him: Moshe, which means I have drawn him from the water. 141

/Exodus 2 11 Some time after that, when Moshe had grown up, he went out to his kinsfolk and witnessed their labors. He saw an Egyptian beating a Hebrew, one of his kinsmen. 12 He turned this way and that and, seeing no one about, he struck down the Egyptian and hid him in the sand. 13 When he went out the next day, he found two Hebrews fighting; so he said to the offender, Why do you strike your fellow? 14 He retorted, Who made you chief and ruler over us? Do you mean to kill me as you killed the Egyptian? Moshe was frightened, and thought: Then the matter is known! 15 When Pharaoh learned of the matter, he sought to kill Moshe; but Moshe fled from Pharaoh. He arrived in the land of Midian, and sat down beside a well. 16 Now the priest of Midian had seven daughters. They came to draw water, and filled the troughs to water their father s flock; 17 but shepherds came and drove them off. Moshe rose to their defense, and he watered their flock. 18 When they returned to their father Reuel, he said, How is it that you have come back so soon today? 19 They answered, An Egyptian rescued us from the shepherds; he even drew water for us and watered the flock. יא יב יג יד שמות ב ו י ה י ב י מ ים ה ה ם ו י ג ד ל מ ש ה ו י צ א א ל א ח יו ו י ר א ב ס ב ל ת ם ו י ר א א יש מ צ ר י מ כ ה א יש ע ב ר י מ א ח יו ו י פ ן כ ה ו כ ה ו י ר א כ י א ין א יש ו י ך א ת ה מ צ ר י ו י ט מ נ הו ב חו ל ו י צ א ב י ו ם ה ש נ י ו ה נ ה ש נ י א נ ש ים ע ב ר ים נ צ ים ו י אמ ר ל ר ש ע ל מ ה ת כ ה ר ע ך ו י אמ ר מ י ש מ ך ל א יש ש ר ו ש פ ט ע ל ינו ה ל ה ר ג נ י א ת ה א מ ר כ א ש ר ה ר ג ת א ת ה מ צ ר י ו י יר א מ ש ה ו י אמ ר א כ ן נו ד ע ה ד ב ר ו י ש מ ע פ ר ע ה א ת ה ד ב ר ה ז ה ו י ב ק ש ל ה ר ג א ת מ ש ה ו י ב ר ח מ ש ה מ פ נ י פ ר ע ה ו י ש ב ב א ר ץ מ ד י ן ו י ש ב ע ל ה ב א ר ו ל כ ה ן מ ד י ן ש ב ע ב נו ת ו ת ב אנ ה ו ת ד ל נ ה ו ת מ ל אנ ה א ת ה ר ה ט ים ל ה ש קו ת צ אן א ב יה ן טו טז יז יח יט ו י ב או ה ר ע ים ו י ג ר ש ו ם ו י ק ם מ ש ה ו י ו ש ע ן ו י ש ק א ת צ אנ ם ו ת ב אנ ה א ל ר עו א ל א ב יה ן ו י אמ ר מ ד ו ע מ ה ר ת ן ב א ה י ו ם ו ת אמ ר ן א יש מ צ ר י ה צ יל נו מ י ד ה ר ע ים ו ג ם ד ל ה ד ל ה ל נו ו י ש ק א ת ה צ אן va-to-mar-na ish mitz-ri hi-tzi-la-nu mi-yad ha-ro-eem v -GAM da-lo LA-nu va-yashk et ha-tzon 20 He said to his daughters, Where is he then? Why did you leave the man? Ask him in to break bread. 21 Moshe consented to stay with the man, and he gave Moshe his daughter Tzipora as wife. ו י אמ ר א ל ב נ ת יו ו א י ו ל מ ה ז ה ע ז ב ת ן א ת ה א יש ק ר א ן לו ו י אכ ל ל ח ם כ כא ו י ו א ל מ ש ה ל ש ב ת א ת ה א יש ו י ת ן א ת צ פ ר ה ב ת ו ל מ ש ה Exodus 2:19 An Egyptian rescued us from the shepherds Based on this verse, the Sages of the Midrash contrast Yosef and Moshe. Yosef identified himself with Eretz Yisrael, as he says, I was kidnapped from the land of the Hebrews (Genesis 40:15), whereas Moshe does not protest when Jethro s daughters refer to him as an Egyptian. Yosef therefore merits to be buried in the Land of Israel, while Moshe does not. Rabbi Zalman Sorotzkin points out that Moshe s behavior is understandable, as he was not born in Israel nor had he ever been there. However, once Hashem had promised Avraham that his descendants would inherit the land, it became their homeland. No matter where in the world a Jew may find himself, he is called upon to identify with Eretz Yisrael. 142

Exodus /Exodus 3 22 She bore a son whom he named Gershom, for he said, I have been a stranger in a foreign land. 23 A long time after that, the king of Egypt died. The Israelites were groaning under the bondage and cried out; and their cry for help from the bondage rose up to Hashem. 24 Hashem heard their moaning, and Hashem remembered His covenant with Avraham and Yitzchak and Yaakov. 25 Hashem looked upon the Israelites, and Hashem took notice of them. 3 1 Now Moshe, tending the flock of his father-in-law Jethro, the priest of Midian, drove the flock into the wilderness, and came to Horeb, the mountain of Hashem. 2 An angel of Hashem appeared to him in a blazing fire out of a bush. He gazed, and there was a bush all aflame, yet the bush was not consumed. 3 Moshe said, I must turn aside to look at this marvelous sight; why doesn t the bush burn up? 4 When Hashem saw that he had turned aside to look, Hashem called to him out of the bush: Moshe! Moshe! He answered, Here I am. 5 And He said, Do not come closer. Remove your sandals from your feet, for the place on which you stand is holy ground. 6 I am, He said, the God of your father, the God of Avraham, the God of Yitzchak, and the God of Yaakov. And Moshe hid his face, for he was afraid to look at Hashem. 7 And Hashem continued, I have marked well the plight of My people in Egypt and have heeded their outcry because of their taskmasters; yes, I am mindful of their sufferings. 8 I have come down to rescue them from the Egyptians and to bring them out of that land to a good and spacious land, a land flowing with milk and honey, the region of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites. כב כג כד כה ג א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח שמות ג ו ת ל ד ב ן ו י ק ר א א ת ש מו ג ר ש ם כ י א מ ר ג ר ה י ית י ב א ר ץ נ כ ר י ה ו י ה י ב י מ ים ה ר ב ים ה ה ם ו י מ ת מ ל ך מ צ ר י ם ו י א נ חו ב נ י י ש ר א ל מ ן ה ע ב ד ה ו י ז ע קו ו ת ע ל ש ו ע ת ם א ל ה א ל ה ים מ ן ה ע ב ד ה ו י ש מ ע א ל ה ים א ת נ א ק ת ם ו י ז כ ר א ל ה ים א ת ב ר יתו א ת א ב ר ה ם א ת י צ ח ק ו א ת י ע ק ב ו י ר א א ל ה ים א ת ב נ י י ש ר א ל ו י ד ע א ל ה ים ו מ ש ה ה י ה ר ע ה א ת צ אן י ת רו ח ת נו כ ה ן מ ד י ן ו י נ ה ג א ת ה צ אן א ח ר ה מ ד ב ר ו י ב א א ל ה ר ה א ל ה ים ח ר ב ה ו י ר א מ ל א ך י ה ו ה א ל יו ב ל ב ת א ש מ ת ו ך ה ס נ ה ו י ר א ו ה נ ה ה ס נ ה ב ע ר ב א ש ו ה ס נ ה א ינ נ ו א כ ל ו י אמ ר מ ש ה א ס ר ה נ א ו א ר א ה א ת ה מ ר א ה ה ג ד ל ה ז ה מ ד ו ע ל א י ב ע ר ה ס נ ה ו י ר א י ה ו ה כ י ס ר ל ר או ת ו י ק ר א א ל יו א ל ה ים מ ת ו ך ה ס נ ה ו י אמ ר מ ש ה מ ש ה ו י אמ ר ה נ נ י ו י אמ ר א ל ת ק ר ב ה ל ם ש ל נ ע ל יך מ ע ל ר ג ל יך כ י ה מ קו ם א ש ר א ת ה עו מ ד ע ל יו א ד מ ת ק ד ש הו א ו י אמ ר א נ כ י א ל ה י א ב יך א ל ה י א ב ר ה ם א ל ה י י צ ח ק ו אל ה י י ע ק ב ו י ס ת ר מ ש ה פ נ יו כ י י ר א מ ה ב יט א ל ה א ל ה ים ו י אמ ר י ה ו ה ר א ה ר א ית י א ת ע נ י ע מ י א ש ר ב מ צ ר י ם ו א ת צ ע ק ת ם ש מ ע ת י מ פ נ י נ ג ש יו כ י י ד ע ת י א ת מ כ א ב יו ו א ר ד ל ה צ ילו מ י ד מ צ ר י ם ו ל ה ע ל תו מ ן ה א ר ץ ה ה וא א ל א ר ץ טו ב ה ו ר ח ב ה א ל א ר ץ ז ב ת ח ל ב ו ד ב ש א ל מ קו ם ה כ נ ע נ י ו ה ח ת י ו ה א מ ר י ו ה פ ר ז י ו ה ח ו י ו ה י בו ס י 143

ט י יא יב יג יד טו טז יז שמות ג ו ע ת ה ה נ ה צ ע ק ת ב נ י י ש ר א ל ב א ה א ל י ו ג ם ר א ית י א ת ה ל ח ץ א ש ר מ צ ר י ם ל ח צ ים א ת ם ו ע ת ה ל כ ה ו א ש ל ח ך א ל פ ר ע ה ו הו צ א א ת ע מ י ב נ י י ש ר א ל מ מ צ ר י ם ו י אמ ר מ ש ה א ל ה א ל ה ים מ י א נ כ י כ י א ל ך א ל פ ר ע ה ו כ י או צ יא א ת ב נ י י ש ר א ל מ מ צ ר י ם ו י אמ ר כ י א ה י ה ע מ ך ו ז ה ל ך ה או ת כ י א נ כ י ש ל ח ת יך ב הו צ יא ך א ת ה ע ם מ מ צ ר י ם ת ע ב דו ן א ת ה א ל ה ים ע ל ה ה ר ה ז ה ו י אמ ר מ ש ה א ל ה א ל ה ים ה נ ה א נ כ י ב א א ל ב נ י י ש ר א ל ו א מ ר ת י ל ה ם א ל ה י א בו ת יכ ם ש ל ח נ י א ל יכ ם ו א מ רו ל י מ ה ש מו מ ה א מ ר א ל ה ם ו י אמ ר א ל ה ים א ל מ ש ה א ה י ה א ש ר א ה י ה ו י אמ ר כ ה ת אמ ר ל ב נ י י ש ר א ל א ה י ה ש ל ח נ י א ל יכ ם ו י אמ ר עו ד א ל ה ים א ל מ ש ה כ ה ת אמ ר א ל ב נ י י ש ר א ל י ה ו ה א ל ה י א ב ת יכ ם א ל ה י א ב ר ה ם א ל ה י י צ ח ק ו אל ה י י ע ק ב ש ל ח נ י א ל יכ ם ז ה ש מ י ל ע ל ם ו ז ה ז כ ר י ל ד ר ד ר ל ך ו א ס פ ת א ת ז ק נ י י ש ר א ל ו א מ ר ת א ל ה ם י ה ו ה א ל ה י א ב ת יכ ם נ ר א ה א ל י א ל ה י א ב ר ה ם י צ ח ק ו י ע ק ב ל אמ ר פ ק ד פ ק ד ת י א ת כ ם ו א ת ה ע ש ו י ל כ ם ב מ צ ר י ם ו א מ ר א ע ל ה א ת כ ם מ ע נ י מ צ ר י ם א ל א ר ץ ה כ נ ע נ י ו ה ח ת י ו ה א מ ר י ו ה פ ר ז י ו ה ח ו י ו ה י בו ס י א ל א ר ץ ז ב ת ח ל ב ו ד ב ש /Exodus 3 9 Now the cry of the Israelites has reached Me; moreover, I have seen how the Egyptians oppress them. 10 Come, therefore, I will send you to Pharaoh, and you shall free My people, the Israelites, from Egypt. 11 But Moshe said to Hashem, Who am I that I should go to Pharaoh and free the Israelites from Egypt? 12 And He said, I will be with you; that shall be your sign that it was I who sent you. And when you have freed the people from Egypt, you shall worship Hashem at this mountain. 13 Moshe said to Hashem, When I come to the Israelites and say to them, The God of your fathers has sent me to you, and they ask me, What is His name? what shall I say to them? 14 And Hashem said to Moshe, Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh. He continued, Thus shall you say to the Israelites, Ehyeh sent me to you. 15 And Hashem said further to Moshe, Thus shall you speak to the Israelites: Hashem, the God of your fathers, the God of Avraham, the God of Yitzchak, and the God of Yaakov, has sent me to you: This shall be My name forever, This My appellation for all eternity. 16 Go and assemble the elders of Yisrael and say to them: Hashem, the God of your fathers, the God of Avraham, Yitzchak, and Yaakov, has appeared to me and said, I have taken note of you and of what is being done to you in Egypt, 17 and I have declared: I will take you out of the misery of Egypt to the land of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites, to a land flowing with milk and honey. va-o-mar a-a-leh et-khem may-o-nee mitz-ra-yim el E-retz ha-k -na-a-nee v -ha-khee-tee v -ha-e-mo-ree v -ha-p -ree-zee v -ha-khi-vee v -hai-vu-see el E-retz za-vat kha-lav ud-vash Exodus 3:17 Out of the misery of Egypt The Hebrew word for Egypt, Mitzrayim,(מצרים) is connected to two Hebrew words which offer insight into the nature of that country. The name Mitzrayim is related to the Hebrew word tzara,(צרה) meaning tragedy or distress. This connection teaches that Egypt was a land of suffering for the Children of Israel, who suffered in slavery for hundreds of years before being redeemed מצרים 144

Exodus /Exodus 4 18 They will listen to you; then you shall go with the elders of Yisrael to the king of Egypt and you shall say to him, Hashem, the God of the Hebrews, manifested Himself to us. Now therefore, let us go a distance of three days into the wilderness to sacrifice to Hashem our God. 19 Yet I know that the king of Egypt will let you go only because of a greater might. 20 So I will stretch out My hand and smite Egypt with various wonders which I will work upon them; after that he shall let you go. 21 And I will dispose the Egyptians favorably toward this people, so that when you go, you will not go away empty-handed. 22 Each woman shall borrow from her neighbor and the lodger in her house objects of silver and gold, and clothing, and you shall put these on your sons and daughters, thus stripping the Egyptians. 4 1 But Moshe spoke up and said, What if they do not believe me and do not listen to me, but say: Hashem did not appear to you? 2 Hashem said to him, What is that in your hand? And he replied, A rod. 3 He said, Cast it on the ground. He cast it on the ground and it became a snake; and Moshe recoiled from it. 4 Then Hashem said to Moshe, Put out your hand and grasp it by the tail he put out his hand and seized it, and it became a rod in his hand 5 that they may believe that Hashem, the God of their fathers, the God of Avraham, the God of Yitzchak, and the God of Yaakov, did appear to you. 6 Hashem said to him further, Put your hand into your bosom. He put his hand into his bosom; and when he took it out, his hand was encrusted with snowy scales! יח יט כ כא כב ד א ב ג ד ה ו שמות ד ו ש מ עו ל ק ל ך ו ב את א ת ה ו ז ק נ י י ש ר א ל א ל מ ל ך מ צ ר י ם ו א מ ר ת ם א ל יו י ה ו ה א ל ה י ה ע ב ר י ים נ ק ר ה ע ל ינו ו ע ת ה נ ל כ ה נ א ד ר ך ש ל ש ת י מ ים ב מ ד ב ר ו נ ז ב ח ה ל יה ו ה א ל ה ינו ו א נ י י ד ע ת י כ י ל א י ת ן א ת כ ם מ ל ך מ צ ר י ם ל ה ל ך ו ל א ב י ד ח ז ק ה ו ש ל ח ת י א ת י ד י ו ה כ ית י א ת מ צ ר י ם ב כ ל נ פ ל א ת י א ש ר א ע ש ה ב ק ר ב ו ו א ח ר י כ ן י ש ל ח א ת כ ם ו נ ת ת י א ת ח ן ה ע ם ה ז ה ב ע ינ י מ צ ר י ם ו ה י ה כ י ת ל כו ן ל א ת ל כו ר יק ם ו ש א ל ה א ש ה מ ש כ נ ת ה ו מ ג ר ת ב ית ה כ ל י כ ס ף ו כ ל י ז ה ב ו ש מ ל ת ו ש מ ת ם ע ל ב נ יכ ם ו ע ל ב נ ת יכ ם ו נ צ ל ת ם א ת מ צ ר י ם ו י ע ן מ ש ה ו י אמ ר ו ה ן ל א י א מ ינו ל י ו ל א י ש מ עו ב ק ל י כ י י אמ רו ל א נ ר א ה א ל יך י ה ו ה ו י אמ ר א ל יו י ה ו ה מזה ]מ ה [ ]ז ה[ ב י ד ך ו י אמ ר מ ט ה ו י אמ ר ה ש ל יכ הו א ר צ ה ו י ש ל יכ הו א ר צ ה ו י ה י ל נ ח ש ו י נ ס מ ש ה מ פ נ יו ו י אמ ר י ה ו ה א ל מ ש ה ש ל ח י ד ך ו א ח ז ב ז נ בו ו י ש ל ח י דו ו י ח ז ק ב ו ו י ה י ל מ ט ה ב כ פ ו ל מ ע ן י א מ ינו כ י נ ר א ה א ל יך י ה ו ה א ל ה י א ב ת ם א ל ה י א ב ר ה ם א ל ה י י צ ח ק ו אל ה י י ע ק ב ו י אמ ר י ה ו ה לו עו ד ה ב א נ א י ד ך ב ח יק ך ו י ב א י דו ב ח יקו ו י ו צ א ה ו ה נ ה י דו מ צ ר ע ת כ ש ל ג by the Almighty. And the word Mitzrayim (מצרים) is also connected to the word tzar,(צר) meaning narrow. On a metaphorical level, a person is enslaved when he feels constricted and limited, and thereby unable to actualize his unique potential. 145

/Exodus 4 7 And He said, Put your hand back into your bosom. He put his hand back into his bosom; and when he took it out of his bosom, there it was again like the rest of his body. 8 And if they do not believe you or pay heed to the first sign, they will believe the second. 9 And if they are not convinced by both these signs and still do not heed you, take some water from the Nile and pour it on the dry ground, and it the water that you take from the Nile will turn to blood on the dry ground. 10 But Moshe said to Hashem, Please, O Hashem, I have never been a man of words, either in times past or now that You have spoken to Your servant; I am slow of speech and slow of tongue. 11 And Hashem said to him, Who gives man speech? Who makes him dumb or deaf, seeing or blind? Is it not I, Hashem? 12 Now go, and I will be with you as you speak and will instruct you what to say. 13 But he said, Please, O Hashem, make someone else Your agent. 14 Hashem became angry with Moshe, and He said, There is your brother Aharon the Levite. He, I know, speaks readily. Even now he is setting out to meet you, and he will be happy to see you. 15 You shall speak to him and put the words in his mouth I will be with you and with him as you speak, and tell both of you what to do 16 and he shall speak for you to the people. Thus he shall serve as your spokesman, with you playing the role of Hashem to him, 17 and take with you this rod, with which you shall perform the signs. 18 Moshe went back to his father-in-law Jether and said to him, Let me go back to my kinsmen in Egypt and see how they are faring. And Jethro said to Moshe, Go in peace. 19 Hashem said to Moshe in Midian, Go back to Egypt, for all the men who sought to kill you are dead. ז ח ט י יא יב יד טו טז יז יח שמות ד ו י אמ ר ה ש ב י ד ך א ל ח יק ך ו י ש ב י דו א ל ח יקו ו י ו צ א ה מ ח יקו ו ה נ ה ש ב ה כ ב ש רו ו ה י ה א ם ל א י א מ ינו ל ך ו ל א י ש מ עו ל ק ל ה א ת ה ר אש ו ן ו ה א מ ינו ל ק ל ה א ת ה א ח רו ן ו ה י ה א ם ל א י א מ ינו ג ם ל ש נ י ה א תו ת ה א ל ה ו ל א י ש מ עו ן ל ק ל ך ו ל ק ח ת מ מ ימ י ה י א ר ו ש פ כ ת ה י ב ש ה ו ה יו ה מ י ם א ש ר ת ק ח מ ן ה י א ר ו ה יו ל ד ם ב י ב ש ת ו י אמ ר מ ש ה א ל י ה ו ה ב י א ד נ י ל א א יש ד ב ר ים א נ כ י ג ם מ ת מו ל ג ם מ ש ל ש ם ג ם מ א ז ד ב ר ך א ל ע ב ד ך כ י כ ב ד פ ה ו כ ב ד ל ש ו ן א נ כ י ו י אמ ר י ה ו ה א ל יו מ י ש ם פ ה ל א ד ם או מ י י ש ו ם א ל ם או ח ר ש או פ ק ח או ע ו ר ה ל א א נ כ י י ה ו ה ו ע ת ה ל ך ו א נ כ י א ה י ה ע ם פ יך ו הו ר ית יך א ש ר ת ד ב ר יג ו י אמ ר ב י א ד נ י ש ל ח נ א ב י ד ת ש ל ח יט ו י ח ר א ף י ה ו ה ב מ ש ה ו י אמ ר ה ל א א ה ר ן א ח יך ה ל ו י י ד ע ת י כ י ד ב ר י ד ב ר הו א ו ג ם ה נ ה הו א י צ א ל ק ר את ך ו ר א ך ו ש מ ח ב ל ב ו ו ד ב ר ת א ל יו ו ש מ ת א ת ה ד ב ר ים ב פ יו ו א נ כ י א ה י ה ע ם פ יך ו ע ם פ יהו ו הו ר ית י א ת כ ם א ת א ש ר ת ע ש ו ן ו ד ב ר הו א ל ך א ל ה ע ם ו ה י ה הו א י ה י ה ל ך ל פ ה ו א ת ה ת ה י ה ל ו ל אל ה ים ו א ת ה מ ט ה ה ז ה ת ק ח ב י ד ך א ש ר ת ע ש ה ב ו א ת ה א ת ת ו י ל ך מ ש ה ו י ש ב א ל י ת ר ח ת נו ו י אמ ר לו א ל כ ה נ א ו א ש ו ב ה א ל א ח י א ש ר ב מ צ ר י ם ו א ר א ה ה עו ד ם ח י ים ו י אמ ר י ת רו ל מ ש ה ל ך ל ש לו ם ו י אמ ר י ה ו ה א ל מ ש ה ב מ ד י ן ל ך ש ב מ צ ר י ם כ י מ תו כ ל ה א נ ש ים ה מ ב ק ש ים א ת נ פ ש ך Exodus 146

Exodus /Exodus 4 20 So Moshe took his wife and sons, mounted them on an ass, and went back to the land of Egypt; and Moshe took the rod of Hashem with him. 21 And Hashem said to Moshe, When you return to Egypt, see that you perform before Pharaoh all the marvels that I have put within your power. I, however, will stiffen his heart so that he will not let the people go. 22 Then you shall say to Pharaoh, Thus says Hashem: Yisrael is My first-born son. שמות ד ו י ק ח מ ש ה א ת א ש ת ו ו א ת ב נ יו ו י ר כ ב ם ע ל ה ח מ ר ו י ש ב א ר צ ה מ צ ר י ם ו י ק ח מ ש ה א ת מ ט ה ה א ל ה ים ב י דו כ כא ו י אמ ר י ה ו ה א ל מ ש ה ב ל כ ת ך ל ש ו ב מ צ ר י מ ה ר א ה כ ל ה מ פ ת ים א ש ר ש מ ת י ב י ד ך ו ע ש ית ם ל פ נ י פ ר ע ה ו א נ י א ח ז ק א ת ל ב ו ו ל א י ש ל ח א ת ה ע ם ו א מ ר ת א ל פ ר ע ה כ ה א מ ר י ה ו ה ב נ י ב כ ר י י ש ר א ל v -a-mar-ta el par-oh KOH a-mar a-do-nai b -NEE v -kho-ree yis-ra-ayl 23 I have said to you, Let My son go, that he may worship Me, yet you refuse to let him go. Now I will slay your first-born son. 24 At a night encampment on the way, Hashem encountered him and sought to kill him. 25 So Tzipora took a flint and cut off her son s foreskin, and touched his legs with it, saying, You are truly a bridegroom of blood to me! 26 And when He let him alone, she added, A bridegroom of blood because of the circumcision. 27 Hashem said to Aharon, Go to meet Moshe in the wilderness. He went and met him at the mountain of Hashem, and he kissed him. 28 Moshe told Aharon about all the things that Hashem had committed to him and all the signs about which He had instructed him. 29 Then Moshe and Aharon went and assembled all the elders of the Israelites. 30 Aharon repeated all the words that Hashem had spoken to Moshe, and he performed the signs in the sight of the people, כב כג כד כה כו כז כח כט ל ו א מ ר א ל יך ש ל ח א ת ב נ י ו י ע ב ד נ י ו ת מ א ן ל ש ל חו ה נ ה א נ כ י ה ר ג א ת ב נ ך ב כ ר ך ו י ה י ב ד ר ך ב מ לו ן ו י פ ג ש הו י ה ו ה ו י ב ק ש ה מ יתו ו ת ק ח צ פ ר ה צ ר ו ת כ ר ת א ת ע ר ל ת ב נ ה ו ת ג ע ל ר ג ל יו ו ת אמ ר כ י ח ת ן ד מ ים א ת ה ל י ו י ר ף מ מ נ ו א ז א מ ר ה ח ת ן ד מ ים ל מ ו ל ת ו י אמ ר י ה ו ה א ל א ה ר ן ל ך ל ק ר את מ ש ה ה מ ד ב ר ה ו י ל ך ו י פ ג ש הו ב ה ר ה א ל ה ים ו י ש ק לו ו י ג ד מ ש ה ל א ה ר ן א ת כ ל ד ב ר י י ה ו ה א ש ר ש ל חו ו א ת כ ל ה א ת ת א ש ר צ ו הו ו י ל ך מ ש ה ו א ה ר ן ו י א ס פו א ת כ ל ז ק נ י ב נ י י ש ר א ל ו י ד ב ר א ה ר ן א ת כ ל ה ד ב ר ים א ש ר ד ב ר י ה ו ה א ל מ ש ה ו י ע ש ה א ת ת ל ע ינ י ה ע ם 4:22 My first-born son God refers to the Children of Israel as His first-born son. A firstborn is not the only child, yet his status is unique and therefore carries extra responsibility. Similarly, all nations of the world are Hashem s children; anyone can form a meaningful relationship with Him. However, He chose the Jewish people as a firstborn to fulfill a unique role; to be His representatives to bring Godliness into this world. Similarly, He also chose Eretz Yisrael as the place where they are to fulfill that responsibility. 147