Unit #3 Post Classical Period Regional and Transregional Interactions c. 600 c. 1450 CE
Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions c.600-c.1450 CE Key Concept 3.1 Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks There was no sustained contact between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia, but trans-regional networks grew Pastoral & nomadic groups played a key role in the growth of communication and exchange networks Religions and belief systems spread along trade networks Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Confucianism gained a large number of adherents
Regional and Transregional Interactions c.600-c.1450 CE Key Concept 3.2 Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions The old imperial form of government revived in this time period with the Byzantine Empire and Chinese Dynasties Sui (589-618), Tang (618-907), & Song(960-1279) However, expansion of Islam create a new form of government, the caliphate Mongols created a new form called the khanates City-states emerged in the Italian peninsula, East Africa, Southeast Asia, and Mesoamerica
Regional and Transregional Interactions c.600-c.1450 CE Key Concept 3.3 Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequence Technological innovations led to increased agricultural production This allowed cities and towns to grow Patriarchal social structures remained in place, although women gained power and influence in some regions New forms of coerced labor appeared, including serfdom in Europe and Japan and the extension of the mit a in the Inca Empire
Dates that defined c.600 c.1450 CE These dates defined the time period c.220 CE: the Han Dynasty ended c.476 CE: the Western Roman Empire ended c.550 CE: the Gupta Empire ended c.608 CE: the Tang Dynasty began c.622 CE: Islam was introduced
Byzantine Empire under Justinian
Byzantine Empire 650 CE 1180 CE
Islamic Caliphate
The Caliphate, 622 750 Expansion under Muhammad, 622 632 Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphs, 632 661 Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661 750
Note on Caliphs and Caliphates First four beginning with Abu Bakr were elected by the Muslim council (non-blood line Sunni; Ali, Muhammad s son-in-law, cousin was passed over) Rashidun Caliphs, 632 661 (shown on the map) Umayyad Caliphate, 661 750 Largest expansion of Islam capital in Damascus 5 th largest empire in world history measuring population and territory Umayyad s are Sunni Abbasid Caliphate 750-1258 Abbasid s are Sunni Abbasid s came from Persian converts; Golden Age of Islam is under the Abbasid Caliphate Capital moved to Bagdad; the Mongols sack them in 1258
Sui Dynasty
Important Migrations c.600-c.1450 CE Vikings from northern Europe into France, Russia, Iceland, and Greenland Mongols south and west across Asia and into eastern Europe Arabs across North Africa and into Spain
Vikings originated from Denmark, Norway, & Sweden
Mongols (1206-1368)
Arab Migration- Umayyad Caliphate 661 750 CE Dar al Islam =Home of Islam Areas where Muslims are majority
Key Concept 3.1 Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks Trade was strong in the era c.600 BCE-c.600 CE It now intensified during c.600-c.1450 Cities Increased in number and importance Important Afro-Eurasian trading cities along routes in this era included Djenne, Timbuktu, and Gao in West Africa Don t confuse Gao in West Africa with Goa in South Asia
Technological Changes & Trading Practices Djenne Timbuktu GAO
Technological Changes & Trading Practices Cities Increase in number and importance of trading cities Byzantium and Novgorod in Europe Byzantium- Constantinople
Technological Changes & Trading Practices Cities Increase in number and importance of trading cities Bagdad in Southwest Asia
Technological Changes & Trading Practices Cities Increase in number and importance of trading cities Samarkand and Bukhara in Central Asia
Technological Changes & Trading Practices Cities Increase in number and importance of trading cities Dunhuang & Chang'an in East Asia
Technological Changes & Trading Practices Important seaports that added to the intensification of trade included Venice and Byzantium in Europe Tyre and Hormuz in Southwest Asia Zanzibar and Kilwa on East African coast Calicut and Goa in South Asia Melaka (Malacca) in Southeast Asia Hangzhou and Guangzhou in East Asia
Important seaports that added to the intensification of trade included Tyre and Hormuz in Southwest Asia
Important seaports that added to the intensification of trade included Zanzibar and Kilwa in East Africa Zanzibar Kilwa
Important seaports that added to the intensification of trade included Calicut and Goa in South Asia
Important seaports that added to the intensification of trade included Melaka (Malacca) in Southeast Asia
Important seaports that added to the intensification of trade included Hangzhou and Guangzhou in East Asia Hangzhou Guangzhou (Canton)
Important trade events in this era Luxury items were traded in these cities in greater quantity, along with everyday items Silk remained a high demand commodity throughout Afro-Eurasia New technologies brought gunpowder, paper, the compass and the astrolabe Biggest occurrence in this time period is advent of Islam Missionaries and merchants moved with great rapidity into South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia and northern Africa
Important trade events in this era There was some decline in trade along the Silk road with the fall of the Han and Indian Ocean Trade declined because of political unrest Sui( 581 618 CE), Tang (618-907), and Song (960-1279) Dynasties reestablished government stability & supported trade by land and sea Grand Canal built in this time period Indian Ocean Trade network was self-regulating Mongols (1271-1368) would eventually establish Pax Mongolica to stabilize the Silk Road Trade Byzantine Empire was a major political, economic, and social power in the eastern half of the Mediterranean Muslim Caliphates and Mongol empires kept trade routes open (Pax Mongolica)- NOTE: Pax Romana & Pax Mongolica are great terms to use in your essays
West African Trade between 11 th & 15 th centuries
Major Trade Routes c.1300 CE
c.600-c.1450 CE
A Little More on the Intensification of Trade Merchants from many cultures began settling into areas very far from their homelands into pockets of communities Jewish and Christian merchants and their families lived in major trade cities in China, South Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, western Europe, the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Gulf Muslim communities were established in trading cities around the rim of the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, North Africa, West Africa, Muslim Spain, the Byzantine Empire, and China
A Little More on the Intensification of Trade (continued) Sogdian merchants from Persia traveled east and west across the Silk Roads, establishing communities from the Byzantine Empire to China Their greatest contribution was the translation of religious texts; works from Islam, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Buddhism Chinese merchants established residences in Southeast Asia and throughout Indian Ocean cities We can call all this movement the merchant diaspora They were all drawn to new regions by the ability to make money; many government's aided them because of the benefits of trade
A Little More on the Intensification of Trade Two Well-known Travelers Marco Polo A Description of the World opened European eyes to the Orient s advancements Ibn Battuta A Muslim traveler from North Africa who in early 1300s began a journey of 30 years through out Dar-al Islam He traveled to West Africa, Muslim Spain, North Africa, Byzantine Empire, Islamic Caliphates in South West Asia, East Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia Estimated 75,000 mile of travel
Intensification of Trade: Technology, ideas, and diseases are exchanged Time period of c. 600 c.1450 great exchange of technology This movement was mostly from eastern side of Afro-Eurasia, especially China, through India westward and eventually into Europe From China came paper-making, printing, compass, gunpowder, and cannons China learned how to grow and process cotton and sugar; learned how to grow better rice from Vietnam India merchants exported mathematical concepts, such as negative numbers and zero into Western Europe and Muslim Spain
Time period of c. 600 c.1450 great exchange of technology Muslim scholars preserved libraries of Greek literature and science left throughout the empire by Alexander the Great Europeans rediscovered their Greek and Roman heritage through contacts with Muslims in Spain This helped spark the European Renaissance in the beginning of the 14 th century Arts moved along the Silk Roads and other trade routes Cymbals, tambourines, & guitar came from East and Central Asia Hindu and Buddhist sculptures and temples, not just in South Asia, but in Southeast Asia & China
Time period of c. 600 c.1450 also exchange of disease Bubonic plague in 14 th century CE often attributed to the expansion of trade under the Mongols Black Death entered the Black Sea region of the Byzantine Empire and travel into western Europe on caravans Estimated that Europe lost one-third of its population
Origin and Diffusion of Religions
Origins and Spread of Black Death in Asia
Spread of Bubonic Plague
Governments in Post-Classical c.600-c.1450 CE Post Classical Period saw the rise of important civilizations Byzantine, Abbasid, Tang, Song, and Mongol (Yuan) Classical Empires Fall Roman Empire fell in 476 CE & Europe collapsed into the Dark Ages much of the territory overrun by Germanic tribes Christian Church remained intact & Roman Catholic Church provided social order and political stability The Pope became the defacto political head of Europe and a hierarchy of support with cardinals, bishops, arch bishops, priests and nuns
Government in Europe Primary political governance came from the Catholic Church during the early portion of this time period Secular leadership at the beginning of this time period was local Local landowners (Lords) managed large farms (manors) with poor landless people (serfs) Privately paid soldiers (knights) provided the protection from intruders (rival lords, bandits, Vikings) Once a landowner became a very large land holder often through conquest, he could call himself a king of his land (country)
Government in Europe Power between the Church and secular leaders began to escalate By 700 CE change was shifting back to secular leaders First beginning was with Charles Martel defeating a Muslim army that had penetrated France from conquest in Spain (Battle of Tours) 800 CE Charlemagne, Martel s grandson united much of modern France, Germany, & northern Italy into a New Roman Empire Movement for power now developed between Christian church leaders and secular leaders This lasted for several centuries
Eastern Roman Empire-Byzantine Western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE, but Eastern portion, Byzantine Empire, flourished At its height it was one of the most powerful empires in the world, covering eastern Europe and almost all of North Africa Greatest leader of the Byzantine Empire was Justinian established a unified legal code (Justinian s Code) throughout his empire During its history, Byzantine Empire was in constant conflict with Muslim caliphates near its end was on the verge of collapse with Muslim forces
Muslim Empires rise in Southwest Asia, North Africa, & South Asia Islam developed in Southwest Asia (Arabian peninsula) in early 7 th century Muhammad s visions and teachings of monotheism and Five Pillars began spreading rapidly Five Pillars required: 1) testimony of faith; 2) Prayer 5 times per day; 3) Giving Zakat (Support of the Needy); 4) Fasting during the month of Ramadan; & 5) Pilgrimage to Mecca Note that the Zakat was much higher for nonbelievers causing them to convert
Muslim Empires rise in Southwest Asia, North Africa, & South Asia Concept of jihad Jihad, or struggle for the faith, inspired Muslim armies to conquer lands of nonbelievers in Southwest Asia and Northern Africa Not all Muslims adopted this aggressive interpretation of jihad; many considered it simply to be the struggle within
Muslim Empires rise in Southwest Asia, North Africa, & South Asia Effects of Islam of Islam Islam had an immediate effect on polytheistic nomadic herders in the Arabian peninsula uniting them by force or choice Spread of Islam went both eastward and westward By 732 CE Muslims and Christians were fighting in France at the Battle of Tours Islam became the dominant culture in Spain and North Africa By mid-8 th century Islam went from Spain, across North Africa, and into modern-day India and Pakistan by the mid 8 th century
Muslim Empires rise in Southwest Asia, North Africa, & South Asia Lack of succession after Muhammad set the course of Islam into one of factional sects and regional caliphates (Know Shia & Sunni) Umayyad Caliphate Originally ruled from Damascus, but after clashing with the Abbasid Caliphate it established a dynasty in Cordoba, Spain Rule in Spain peaked in 11 th century and stayed until 15 th century; Spain was stable while western Europe was recovering from collapse of Roman Empire Muslim Spain traded with the Arab world during the Middle Ages
Muslim Empires rise in Southwest Asia, North Africa, & South Asia Abbasid Caliphate (c.750-c. 1250 CE) Centered in Bagdad and at its peak in 10 th century, and stretched from Turkey into Central Asia and across North Africa Bagdad a very cosmopolitan city with Arabs, Persians, Turks, South Asians, Christians, Jews, Buddhists, and Muslims living there Culture of Abbasids was adapted from Persians with Persians serving in the government (remember satraps in Achaemenid Empire); Persian art and literature was prominent (1001 Nights) Turkish Muslims from the north, among them Seljuk's, held important posts in the Abbasid Caliphate
Muslim Empires rise in Southwest Asia, North Africa, & South Asia Abbasid Caliphate (c.750-c. 1250 CE) Abbasids employed Turkish soldiers Mamluks in their army Abbasids over time lost power to local rulers, faced peasant revolts throughout their empire, and were sacked by the Mongols in mid-13 th century Abbasid Era is known as the Golden Age of Islam Poets, scholars, scientists and artist were welcomed in the region; advances made in astronomy, medicine and math (al-jabr) A phrase existed, the ink of the scholar is more holy than the blood of the martyr
The Crusades 1095 1291 Crusades were a series of Muslim-Christian clashes over the control of Southwest Asia beginning in the late 11 th century and lasting close to 200 years Christians sought to re-establish their faith in Southwest Asia Political and economic causes Byzantines wanted to retake land lost to the Seljuk Turks asked help from western Europe Greatest economic cause was fear that luxury goods from Asia (silk and spices) would be cut off by the Muslims if Constantinople came under Muslim control
The Crusades 1095 1291 Result of the Crusades Europeans gained only small territories along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Jerusalem became jointly occupied by Muslims, Jews and Christians Europeans ultimately benefited by from the rediscovery of Roman and Greek literature that Muslim scholars had maintained for centuries Revived science, math, and philosophy of the Classical civilizations led to the Renaissance in the 14 th and 15 th centuries This is a contributing cause of eventual European hegemony
The Crusades 1095 1291 Economic results of the Crusades Europeans benefitted with the transference of Asian spices, foods, silks, cotton, and many other products Demand for the Asian products led to trading towns and routes to the East and increased wealth in the West The search for easier routes to the East led to maritime explorations funded by European monarchs (Columbus) Negative consequences led to eventual transference of the Black Death into Europe
China s Dynasties After the fall of the Han (c.220 CE) regional rulers emerged in China Next family to unite much of China was the Sui followed by the golden ages of the Tang and Song dynasties Sui Dynasty (581-618 CE) revived the Great Wall building and began the contraction of the Grand Canal Sui reinstituted the Confucian examination system for civil service and Buddhism increased in popularity during their reign
China s Dynasties Tang (618-907 CE) Tang followed closely after the Sui and together with the Song it represented the Golden Age of Chinese influence in culture, economic power, and scientific achievement Tang ruled from Chang an, modern-day Xi an Tang continued work on the Great Wall and continued to strengthen the Confucian examination system
China s Dynasties Tang (618-907 CE) Tang rejected Buddhism, strengthened their empire with military power, diplomacy and trade Tang conducted a census, raised the tax base Tang s art was among the most beautiful, especially their ceramics Tang s technology included printing, gunpowder, medicine, the compass, & ship construction more advanced than any place in the world at that time
China s Dynasties--Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE) Song dynasty followed the Tang, which collapsed after flood, famines, pirates, and bandits weakened it The rise of a new dynasty in China could happened in relatively quickly times in world history time because of the belief in the MANDATE OF HEAVEN Chinese believed if one dynasty fell another one was on the way Mandate of Heaven The Mandate determines whether an emperor of China is sufficiently virtuous to rule; if he does not fulfill his obligations as emperor, then he loses the Mandate and thus the right to be emperor.
More on the Mandate of Heaven There are four principles to the Mandate: 1) Heaven grants the emperor the right to rule, 2) Since there is only one Heaven, there can only be one emperor at any given time, 3) The emperor's virtue determines his right to rule, and, 4) No one dynasty has a permanent right to rule. Signs that a particular ruler had lost the Mandate of Heaven included peasant uprisings, invasions by foreign troops, drought, famine, floods and earthquakes.
China s Dynasties--Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE) Neo-Confucianism developed strongly in the Song Neo-Confucianism--an attempt to create a more rationalist and secular form of Confucianism by rejecting superstitious and mystical elements of Daoism and Buddhism The movement was a stronger acceptance of Confucian tradition even though it still had influences from Buddhism and Daoism In change from Tang to Song, the practice of footbinding came back This represented the Confucian order of male-first
China s influence on Korea, Japan, &Vietnam Sinification A term used for the spread of Chinese culture During the Tang and Song Dynasties China exerted influence over Korea, Japan, and Vietnam Korean scholars interacted with Confucian scholars and returned to Korean with Chinese books, ideas, and technology A number of the wealthy elite Koreans adopted Confucianism
China s influence on Korea, Japan, &Vietnam Japan Japan voluntarily adapted aspects of the Chinese culture Japan never came under Chines rule, but the Japanese emperors were very aware of the success of the Tang and modeled them Buddhism became popular in Japan Confucianism was adapted by the Japanese Remember the Tale of Genji, which had a very civilized courtly life with much Chinese type protocol The courtly life of the emperor opened the way for the establishment of Shogun and military rule Japan developed its own form of feudalism
China s influence on Korea, Japan, &Vietnam Vietnam During the Tang Dynasty China invaded Vietnam Vietnamese resisted not allowing much success Vietnamese women were very strong in its history and rejected the Confucian system of male dominance China did gain from its interaction with Vietnam Borrowed techniques to produce better rice and more output per hectare
The Mongols 1206-1368 Mongol empire the largest in all of world history Founded by Temujin who established the Great Law and united the warring tribes of the steppes It stretched from East Asia to eastern Europe at its height Mongols were and remain pastoralists Nomadic people who herd sheep, yaks, goats, cattle, and most importantly horses There eventual conquering of China under Kublai Khan ended the Confucian examination system Yuan Dynasty (1271 1368)
The Mongols 1206-1368 Pax Mongolica Regions and cities that resisted the Mongols were completely annihilated When Bagdad resisted in 1258 the leaders were dragged through the streets and over 200,00 died An estimated one-half of China s population died during Mongol rule Once Mongol rule gained control, the Silk Road returned to safe transport
The Mongols 1206-1368 Highlights of the Mongols They controlled the largest empire in world history They allowed freedom of religion in conquered areas The Mughal Empire of South Asia took its name from the Mongols Increased trade developed because of Pax Mongolica, but the Black Death spread all across the khnates and into Western Europe
Muslim & Christian Kingdoms in Africa Sudanic states Southwest of the Sahara in the African grasslands called the Sahel rose the Muslim kingdoms of Ghana, Songhay, and Mali They exported salt, gold, and animal skins across the desert via camel caravans and connected into the Afro-Eurasia trade network Ethiopia Christianity came to Egypt, Nubia, and Ethiopia before the advent of Islam Christians became a minority over time, but Ethiopia remained, and still does, remain largely Christian Ethiopia has Christian churches carved out of rock
Civilization of Influence c.600 1450 CE Southwest Asia West Africa East Africa North Africa Mediterranean South Asia East Asia Central Asia Americas Europe Abbasid, Ottoman, Mongols Ghana Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Swahili States Arab, Ottoman Byzantine Delhi Sultanates Tang, Song, Mongol (Yuan), Ming Mongols Maya, Aztecs Muslim Iberia (Portugal & Spain)
Important Technology c.600-c.1450 Paper money, block printing, gunpowder, (firearms: China) Mechanical clock, eyeglasses, English longbow, (wheeled plow: Europe) (University system of education: North Africa)
Key Terms and Concepts Trans-Sahara Trade Islam Caliphate Crusades Dar-al Islam Diffusion of Religions Byzantine Empire Tang and Song Dynasties Sinification Mongols Black Death Mayan States Coerced Labor Feudalism Zheng He Ibn Battuta Marco Polo Pax Mongolica Black Death Mansa Musa Zheng He