Chapter 4, Section 4 The Age of Pericles (Pages 138 146) Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did Athens change under the rule of Pericles? What happened when Sparta and Athens went to war for control of Greece? As you read pages 139 144 in your textbook, create a circle graph showing how many citizens, foreigners, and enslaved people lived in Athens in the 400s B.C. Chapter 4, Section 4 83
The Athenian Empire (pages 139 140) What do you think makes a leader great? Think of leaders you have known or heard about. Then, as you read, list the achievements of Pericles. Based on the achievements you have listed, write a paragraph evaluating his leadership. Use specific examples from your list to support your opinion. Define or describe the following terms from this lesson. direct democracy representative democracy philosophers Briefly describe the following place. Delos 84 Chapter 4, Section 4
Explain why this person is important. Pericles Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson. behalf achieve What is the difference between a direct democracy and a representative democracy? Daily Life in Athens (pages 142 144) 1. What was life like in Athens? Before you read, skim the reading to identify main ideas. Then write three questions you think your reading will answer. After you have finished reading, write the answers to these questions. Chapter 4, Section 4 85
2. 3. Explain why this person is important. Aspasia Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson. economy philosophy How did Athenian men and women spend their time? 86 Chapter 4, Section 4
The Peloponnesian War (pages 144 146) Before you read, based on what you know about Sparta and Athens, predict who you think will win the war. Support your prediction with facts from your reading. After you read, write a paragraph about your reaction to the actual outcome. Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson. framework cooperate colony (Chapter 4, Section 1) Use this term that you studied earlier in a sentence that reflects the term s meaning. Chapter 4, Section 4 87
What effects did the Peloponnesian War have on Greece? Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did Athens change under the rule of Pericles? What happened when Sparta and Athens went to war for control of Greece? 88 Chapter 4, Section 4
Name Date Class VOCABULARY ACTIVITY 4-4 The Age of Pericles: Words to Know Directions: Compare a direct democracy and a representative democracy by filling in the number of the phrases below in the correct portion of the Venn diagram. 1. Citizens participate in government. 2. Citizens choose the people who make the laws and policies. 3. All citizens can vote on each law or policy. 4. In Athens, male citizens over age 18 attended assembly meetings. 5. In the United States, Congress passes laws. 6. The people hold the power. Direct Democracy Both Representative Democracy Building Academic Vocabulary Directions: The meaning of an English word can be changed by changing the form of the word. Discover the meaning of cooperation by reading the sentence. Use different forms of the word cooperation and correctly complete the sentences that follow. cooperation, noun Example: Cooperation that would lead to harmony between the Greek city-states was not possible during the Peloponnesian War. 7. When the Greek city-states faced a common enemy, they did. SECTION 4-4 8. The citizens of Athens worked together to achieve common goals. 31
SECTION 4-4 Name Date Class GUIDED READING ACTIVITY 4-4 The Age of Pericles Directions: Reading for Accuracy Reading the section and completing the activity below will help you learn more about Athens during the Age of Pericles. Use your textbook to decide if a statement is true or false. Write T or F in the blank, and if a statement is false, rewrite it correctly on the line. 1. Athens formed the Delian League with other city-states, including Sparta. 2. The Delian League freed almost all of the Greek cities under Persian control. 3. Athens was a representative democracy. 4. In a direct democracy, citizens choose a smaller group to make laws. 5. Pericles allowed only upper-class male citizens to run for public office. 6. In the 400s B.C., more people lived in Sparta than in any other city-state. 7. Slavery was common in the ancient world. 8. Athens had so much farmland that it was able to export grain to other places. 9. Athenian girls learned to read and play music at school. 10. To win the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians made a deal with the Persians. 36
Name Date Class PRIMARY SOURCE READING 4 Buying a Horse About the Selection Xenophon was born in Athens in 430 B.C. He was a student of Aristotle before joining the Greek army. He led his soldiers bravely in a battle against the Persians. He admired the strength and discipline of the Spartans. Eventually he joined them to fight against Athens. As a result, he was forced out of Athens and went to live in Sparta. There he lived and wrote about his experiences. In this excerpt below, Xenophon writes about how to buy a horse without being cheated. Reader s Dictionary criterion: standard used for making a judgment temper: character or quality frog: a triangular pod in the side of a horse s hoof simultaneously: happening at the same time On the Art of Horsemanship by Xenophon First we will give directions how best to avoid being cheated in buying a horse. For judging an unbroken colt, the only criterion, obviously, is the body, for no clear signs of temper are to be detected in an animal that has not yet had a man on his back. [2] In examining his body, we say you must first look at his feet. For, just as a house is bound to be worthless... if the foundations are unsound, however well the upper parts may look, so a war-horse will be quite useless, even though all his other points are good, if he has bad feet; for in that case he will be unable to use any of his good points. [3] When testing the feet first look to the hoofs. For it makes a great difference in the quality of the feet if they are thick rather than thin. Next you must not fail to notice whether the hoofs are high both in front and behind, or low. For high hoofs have the frog, as it is called, well off the ground; but flat hoofs tread with the strongest and weakest part of the foot simultaneously, like a bow-legged man. Moreover, Simon says that the ring, too, is a clear test of good feet: and he is right; for a hollow hoof rings like a cymbal in striking the ground. Source: Xenophon: Volume IV, Loeb Classical Library, Volume L 168, translated by E. C. Marchant, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1923. CHAPTER 4 23
CHAPTER 4 Name Date Class PRIMARY SOURCE READING 4 Buying a Horse (continued) Directions: Answer the questions below in the spaces provided. 1. What parts are most important in judging a horse according to Xenophon? 2. What points are most important in evaluating the horse s hooves? 3. Why is the ring of a hoof important? 4. Critical Thinking Why do you think it would be more important to judge a horse s feet rather than a horse s body? 24