بسم اهلل الرمحن الرحيم As-Sarf (Morphology) ~ Class Twenty-Three احلمد هلل رب العاملني وصلى اهلل وسلم وبارك على نبينا حممد وعلى آله وصحبه أمجعني, أما بعد Our teacher began with praising Allaah and sending salaat and salaam on the Messenger of Allaah, his family, companions and followers until the Last Day and began: This is the last class of phase One and our next class will be phase Two in shaa Allaah. Phase Two will be close to phase One in terms of the number of classes, but phase Three will be short (about three classes only). CONJUGATIONS الم هم وز Is a verb that has a hamzah in one of its original letters. The Mahmooz is exactly like the Saalim in terms of the conjugations. We don t have conjugate all of it, but there are a few exceptional cases, and that will be given at the end of phase two in shaa Allaah. What we should worry about for now is when the hamzah is in the beginning in the Mudaari when speaking about yourself The only case where there is something additional, is when we turn it to a Mudaari Example: When the Hamzah is in the beginning (The Faa). Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 1
The change that appears when turning it into a Mudaari is when speaking about yourself. When speaking about yourself in the Mudaari we add a hamzah at the beginning. Principle: When there are two أ in a row and the first has a fathah while the following is silent, we turn it (i.e. the following) into an ا then we merge them together and write it.آ in this form When adding the hamzah of the Mudaara ah we will end up having two hamza s in a row. The first has a fathah and the following is silent so we are able to turn the second one into an alif. Now that the first is a hamzah and the following is an alif we are able to merge them آ together and we write it like so أ خ ذ : He took : I take آخ ذ أ خ ذ ي أخ ذ One: It belongs to Chapter He ate :أ ك ل :I eat آك ل It belongs to Chapter One Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 2
He fabricated a lie :أ ف ك : I fabricate a lie آف ك It belongs to Chapter Two الم ض ع ف So far of what we have taken is that the Muda af comes in two Chapters which is Chapter One and Two. In Chapter One it is Transitive (Muta add) and in Chapter Two it is Intransitive (Laazim). Reminder: The ruling of merging two identical letters is that the first one has to be silent and the second one has to have harakah, and if it is the other way around it is impossible to merge. Principle: Whenever the Laam is silent we have to Unmerge otherwise Merge. The Laam of the word means the third original letter. ض- ل- ل : he went astray ض ل ض ل ي ض ل This verb is Laazim so it is of Chapter Two Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 3
ع م- م : he encompassed/included ع م ع م ي ع م This verb is Muta ad so it is of Chapter One This is not ع م that we read in the verse [78:1]: ع م ي ت س اء ل ون. In the verse ع م is م ا mergedع ن together. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 4
The Maadh ع م م Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 5
ع م مت Here the Laam is silent so we have to Unmerge the Meem, we can t merge it because the first has a harakah and the second is silent. We do the same to whenever the Laam is silent by unmerging the two identical letters. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 6
ع م Here we want to make the first identical letter silent to be able to merge those two letters together. There are two ways to do it, either we Move it to a preceding letter or Remove it. We can t Move it to the letter before so we Remove it. Now that the first identical letter is silent and the second has a harakah we are able to merge them together. ع م ت Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 7
Here the Laam has a harakah so we merge the two identical letters. We can t Move the fathah of the first identical letter to the letter before it so we Remove it. Now that the first identical letter is silent and the second has a fathah we are able to merge those two letters together. We do the same to whenever the Laam has a harakah by merging the two identical letters. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 8
The Mudaari We apply the same principle to the Mudaari. Here we have a verb were the ayn is a dhammah and a verb were the ayn is a kasrah. When the ayn has a dhammah, that dhammah is eventually going to be moved to the Faa and when it has a kasrah, that kasrah it is eventually going to be moved to the Faa. If you analyze this and you see a dhammah on the faa you will know that it is a transitive verb and if you see a kasrah on the faa then it is a intransitive verb. And this because we end up moving the harakah on the ayn to the Faa (the letter before it.) ع م م ع م ي ع م Here the ayn is given a dhammah, because it is transitive (muta ad), and the Muda af which is transitive belongs to Chapter One ض ل ل ض ل ي ض ل ي فع ل ف ع ل Here the ayn is given a kasrah, because it is intransitive (laazim), and the Muda af which is ي فع ل intransitive belongs to Chapter Two ف ع ل Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 9
Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 10
أ ع م We have a final objective and an initial objective. The final objective is to reach to merging, and the initial objective is to get the first meem silent. In the initial objective there are two ways of doing it, we either Move or Remove the harakah of the first identical letter. Here we are able to Move the dhammah of the first identical letter (i.e. the meem) to the letter before it which is the Faa (i.e. the ayn). Now we reached to our final objective and we are able to merge the two identical letters, because the first letter is silent and the second has harakah which is a dhammah. When we merge the two identical letters we give it a shaddah to indicate the merging. أض ل The same we do with Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 11
Notice that here we give the Faa a kasrah and not a dhammah. Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: ق ل إ ن ض ل ل ت ف إ ن ا أ ض ل ع ل ى ن ف س ي و إ ن اه ت د ي ت ف ب م ا ي وح ي إ ل ر ب إ ن ه س يع ق ر يب Say: If (even) I go astray, I shall stray only to my own loss. But if I remain guided, it is because of the Inspiration of my Lord to me. Truly, He is AllHearer, Ever Near (to all things). [34:50] We do the same to the rest of the conjugation in the Mudaari. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 12
Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 13
Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 14
Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: إ ن ر ب ك ه و أ ع ل م م ن ي ض ل ع ن س ب يل ه و ه و أ ع ل م ب ال م ه ت د ين Verily, your Lord! It is He Who knows best who strays from His Way, and He knows best the rightly guided ones. [6:117] ي ا أ ي ه ا ال ذ ين آم ن وا إ ذ ا ت د اي نت م ب د ي ن إ ل أ ج ل م س م ى ف اك ت ب وه و ل ي ك ت ب ب ي ن ك م ك ات ب ب ال ع د ل و ل ي أ ب ك ات ب أ ن ي ك ت ب ك م ا ع ل م ه الل ه ف ل ي ك ت ب و ل ي م ل ل ال ذ ي ع ل ي ه احل ق و ل ي ت ق الل ه ر ب ه و ل ي ب خ س م ن ه ش ي ئ ا ف إ ن ك ان ال ذ ي ع ل ي ه احل ق س ف يه ا أ و ض ع يف ا أ و ل ي س ت ط يع أ ن ي ل ه و ف ل ي م ل ل و ل ي ه ب ال ع د ل و اس ت ش ه د وا ش ه يد ي ن م ن ر ج ال ك م ف إ ن ل ي ك ون ا ر ج ل ني ف ر ج ل و ام ر أ ت ان م ن ت ر ض و ن م ن الش ه د اء أ ن ت ض ل إ ح د ا ه ا ف ت ذ ك ر إ ح د ا ه ا ا ل خ ر ى و ل ي أ ب الش ه د اء إ ذ ا م ا د ع وا و ل ت س أ م وا أ ن ت ك ت ب وه ص غ ري ا أ و ك ب ري ا إ ل أ ج ل ه ذ ل ك م أ ق س ط ع ند الل ه و أ ق و م ل لش ه اد ة و أ د ن أ ل ت ر ت اب وا إ ل أ ن ت ك ون ت ار ة ح اض ر ة ت د ير ون ه ا ب ي ن ك م ف ل ي س ع ل ي ك م ج ن اح أ ل ت ك ت ب وه ا و أ ش ه د وا إ ذ ا ت ب اي ع ت م و ل ي ض ار ك ات ب و ل ش ه يد و إ ن ت ف ع ل وا ف إ ن ه ف س وق ب ك م و ات ق وا الل ه و ي ع ل م ك م الل ه و الل ه ب ك ل ش ي ء ع ل يم O you who believe! When you contract a debt for a fixed period, write it down. Let a scribe write it down in justice between you. Let not the scribe refuse to write as Allah has taught him, so let him write. Let him (the debtor) who incurs the liability dictate, and he must fear Allah, his Lord, and diminish not anything of what he owes. But if the debtor is of poor understanding, or weak, or is unable himself to dictate, then let his guardian dictate in justice. And get two witnesses out of your own men. And if there are not two men (available), then a man and two women, such as you agree for witnesses, so that if one of them (two Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 15
women) errs, the other can remind her. And the witnesses should not refuse when they are called on (for evidence). You should not become weary to write it (your contract), whether it be small or big, for its fixed term, that is more just with Allah; more solid as evidence, and more convenient to prevent doubts among yourselves, save when it is a present trade which you carry out on the spot among yourselves, then there is no sin on you if you do not write it down. But take witnesses whenever you make a commercial contract. Let neither scribe nor witness suffer any harm, but if you do (such harm), it would be wickedness in you. So be afraid of Allah; and Allah teaches you. And Allah is the All-Knower of each and everything. [2:282] ه ي here in the verse points out to ت ض ل This is the longest verse in the Quraan. إ نا أ نز ل ن ا ع ل ي ك ال ك ت اب ل لن اس ب احل ق ف م ن اه ت د ى ف ل ن ف س ه و م ن ض ل ف إ ن ا ي ض ل ع ل ي ه ا و م ا أ نت ع ل ي ه م ب و ك يل Verily, We have sent down to you (O Muhammad SAW) the Book (this Quran) for mankind in truth. So whosoever accepts the guidance, it is only for his ownself, and whosoever goes astray, he goes astray only for his (own) loss. And you (O Muhammad SAW) are not a Wakil (trustee or disposer of affairs, or keeper) over them. [39:41] ~~~END OF SARF LEVEL ONE~~~ ال ح م د ل ل ه ال ذ ي ب ن ع م ت ه ت ت م الص ال ح ات Notes Transcribed by: Umm Sufyaan Al Maghribiyyah Message from the teacher: You have passed Phase 1 of Arabic Sarf, and what is ahead is very easy if you master and revise much what you have taken so far. In Phase 2 you shall study the 3 verbs and matters related to verbs in general All the best. **CONGRATULATIONS** Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 16