LECTURE: COMING TO AMERICA L E A R N I N G T A R G E T : I C A N D E S C R I B E W H O C A M E T O A M E R I C A A S S E T T L E R S A N D T H E R E A S O N S T H E Y C H O S E T O T R A V E L A N D L I V E I N A M E R I C A.
FIRST PERMANENT SETTLEMENT A-St. Augustine, Florida (Also called Fort Mose) 1-Settled by Spanish
A-Why build settlement/colonies? 1-Religious freedom 2-system of mercantilism A) Policy of careful government regulation of the economy in order to fill the nation s treasury with money (generally gold and silver) B) Achieved through a favorable balance of trade 1) Sell more than buy (export more than import) 2) Selling to colonies was considered exporting, however bring items from the colonies to the main country was not considered importing
3- Hope of getting rich A) gold B) crops such as tobacco & cotton C) timber D) fish 4-Natural Resources A) Would not have to buy them from other countries 5-Free land
B-Walter Raleigh 1-1585: Takes 100 men & boys to form a colony in what is today Virginia A) Settles on Roanoke Island B) Had rough winter C) Settlers left in the Spring when Sir Francis Drake arrived with supplies 1) Problem: most men were rich and did not know how to do work for themselves
2-1587: Returns with second group of men, women & children A) Raliegh returns to England to get supplies B) did not return until 1590 C) When he returned, there was no sign of any human life except the word CROATOAN written on a post and CRO written on a tree D) This is still a mystery today of what happened to the people 1) In 2015, some archeologists have claimed to find some remains of the Roanoke Colony
C-1606: Jamestown founded 1-Named after King James I of England 2-built as a fort 3-location was easy to defend 4-Malaria led to many deaths 5-Soldiers were part of high society and not used to hard manual labor 6-poorly set for first winter-only 400 of 2000 settlers survived 7-chief crops: tobacco & potatoes
C-1606: Jamestown founded 8- Starving Time A) Period when Jamestown settlers ran our of food and could not trade with Natives because of conflicts B) Many tried to run away but supply ships saved them but many did die 9-John Rolfe A) Soldier/Leader at Jamestown B) Marries Pocahontas C) Creates process for curing tobacco, thus making Jamestown profitable
D-Religious groups 1-1620: Pilgrims (a.k.a separationists) A) Established Plymouth Colony (in modern-day Massachusetts) B) Mayflower Compact 1) Not a government 2) an agreement to discuss matters that affect the community C) Leader: William Bradford D) Native Americans helped Pilgrims survive by showing them how to grow new crops 1) Squanto: Leader of Native Americans who help Pilgrims E) 1691: Becomes part of Massachusetts Bay Colony
2-1630: Puritans A) Formed Massachusetts Bay Colony B) 11 ships, 900 colonists 1) by 1640, 20,000 colonists C) Anne Hutchinson 1) claimed to have revelations from God which superseded the Bible 2) Arrested and tried for Antinomian teaching (salvation achieved through faith, not following rules) 3) Banished from Mass. Bay Colony 4) Helped found Providence (Rhode Island)
2-1630: Puritans D) Half-Way Covenant (1690 s) 1) Allowed grandchildren of those who did not have personal conversion to participate in some church affairs 2) Prior: only those who experienced conversion could participate 3) demonstrated decline of zealous piety E-Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693) 1) Accusations of people accused of being witches 2) 26 convicted (5 were pardoned; 1 escaped, 20 executed)
3-Quakers A) 1681: Founded Pennsylvania under the direction of William Penn
4-Roger Williams A) Did not agree with Puritan views B) Kicked out of Massachusetts C) Bought land in 1636 and founded Rhode Island D) Accepted all religions including Quakers and Jews 1) Catholics were allowed to settle but not allowed to vote
5-Catholics A) 1632: Maryland formed by Rich Catholics B) 1649: Toleration Act 6-Connecticut 1) first colony to give religious freedom to Catholics and Protestants A) Founded by John Winthrop, migrated from Mass. Bay 7-New Hampshire: Settled in 1623 8-Carolinas: Settled by people who migrated from Virginia 9-Georgia: Set up as a penal colony, with strong agriculture and NO SLAVES (called the Oglethorpe Plan)
E-Non-British 1-France A) 1608: Quebec established 2-Netherlands A) 1624: New Netherlands established B) 1664: New Netherlands surrendered to the British and renamed New York, then split into what becomes New York, New Jersey and Delaware
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES A-Dutch West India Company 1-Joint-Stock Company that ran the colonies which became New Netherlands ((Later New York) A) Joint-Stock Company 1) Business system used by some explorers to raise money 2) People Invested with the hopes of profits 3) Much like modern stocks of corporations 2-Successful due to fur trade with Iroquois B-Headright System 1-System used by Virginia Company to attract settlers 2-Promised 50 acres of land to each person AND 50 acres for each servant brought to America A) Encouraged Indentured Servatude
GOVERNING THE COLONIES: VIRGINIA A-House of Burgesses 1-Representative Assembly in Virginia A) Voting began with all free men (Later changed to all free men who owned land B-Bacon s Rebellion (1676) 1- Led by Francis Bacon (Lived in Western Virginia) 2- Royal Governor, William Berkeley, enforced Royal Laws but was accused of not protecting those living in Western Virginia from Native American attacks 3-Bacon let two raids on Native tribes and Berkeley had him arrested 4-Bacon s forces attacked Jamestown, Berkeley barely escapes 5-British Troops put down revolt
RELIGIOUS CHANGES IN THE COLONIES A-The Enlightenment (Late 1600 s-early 1700 s) 1-consists of the beliefs of Deism, where God created world and left it to be explained by reason (no supernatural oversight of world) 2-Began in Europe and spread to Colonies and helped develop culture, society and intellectualism 3-Included writings from: A) Isaac Newton: Principia Mathematica B) John Locke: Essay Concerning Human Understanding C) Rene DesCartes: I Think, Therefore I Am concept
RELIGIOUS CHANGES IN THE COLONIES B-The First Great Awakening (1720-1750) 1-Series of Religious Revivals (In New England mostly) 2-Personal Repentance and faith to avoid Hell 3-Created Conflict among various religions, but helped bring them together to discuss similarities 4-Helped create early colleges (Princeton, Brown, Rutgers) 5-Main Preachers: George Whitefield & Jonathan Edwards A) Jonathan Edwards 1) Promoted Personal religions experience, predestination and reliance on God and divine Grace 2) One of his widely read sermons: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
JOHN PETER ZENGER A-Journalist who printed New York Daily Weekly Journal 1-1733: Zenger Arrested for Libel A) Zenger published articles critical of the Royal Governor, William Cosby B) Spent 8 months in jail waiting trial C) When trial ended, jury took 10 minutes to determine verdict: Not Guilty D) Basis of Freedom of the Press in Constitution