The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat, J. Todd Reed, Diana Raschke, ABC-CLIO, 2010, 0313365407, 9780313365409, 244 pages. To effectively engage China on counterterrorism issues, we must understand the capabilities and intentions of the East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM), the most significant Muslim militant group in China. "The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat" is the first book to focus specifically on the ETIM, a terrorist group that demands an independent Muslim state for the Uyghur ethnic minority in northwest China. This fascinating study offers a comprehensive account of the group's origins, objectives, ideology, leadership, and tactics. It details the historical and contemporary contexts of the Uyghur separatist movement, the ETIM's alleged ties to international terrorist networks, and the Chinese government's interest in promoting the ETIM as a significant international problem. In addition, the book addresses conflicting claims about the membership and viability of the organization, noting where the Chinese government has apparently manipulated information about the ETIM to suit its own goals. A final chapter explores how various countries define ETIM activities and what that means for relations with China.. DOWNLOAD http://bit.ly/igzfml Congressional-Executive Commission on China annual report, United States. Congressional-Executive Commission on China, Jan 1, 2004, History,.. Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia, 1949-2009, Michael E. Clarke, Mar 8, 2011,, 224 pages. The recent conflict between indigenous Uyghurs and Han Chinese demonstrates that Xinjiang is a major trouble spot for China, with Uyghur demands for increased autonomy, and... The Uighurs A History of Persecution : Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, June 10, 2009, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight, 2009, Uighur (Turkic people), 61 pages.. Terrorism in America, Kevin Borgeson, Robin Valeri, Jul 9, 2009, Law, 166 pages. Law Enforcement, Policing, & Security. Under the Heel of the Dragon Islam, Racism, Crime, and the Uighur in China, Blaine Kaltman, 2007, History, 150 pages. The Turkic Muslims from Central Asia known as the Uighur have long faced social and economic disadvantages in China due to their minority status. Under the Heel of the Dragon... Peaceful fallout the conversion of China's military-nuclear complex to civilian use, Yitzhak Shichor, Bonn International Center for Conversion, 1997, Political Science, 51 pages.. Profiles in Terror The Guide to Middle East Terrorist Organizations, Aaron Mannes, 2004, History, 372 pages. Presents information on terrorist organizations in the Middle East, with descriptions of their ideology, financial resources, areas of operation, targets, and a chronology of... What Makes a Terrorist? Economics and the Roots of Terrorism : Lionel Robbins Lectures, Alan B. Krueger, 2007, Business & Economics, 180 pages. Many popular ideas about terrorists and why they seek to harm the West are fueled by falsehoods and misinformation. Krueger puts the terrorist threat squarely into perspective... Blood and rage the story of the Japanese Red Army, William Regis Farrell, 1990, Political Science, 265 pages. This terrorist group has a grisly string of bombings and murders to its credit. Born during the violent student protests in 1960s Japan, the story of the Japanese Red Army (JRA... Falun Gong and China's continuing war on human rights: joint..., Volumes 8-16 joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations and the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on International Relations, House
of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, July 21, 2005, United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations, United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Jan 1, 2005, Political Science, 84 pages.. China's Minorities Ethnic-religious Separatism in Xinjiang, Mahesh Ranjan Debata, Jan 1, 2007, China, 283 pages. 'Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) on the North Western Border of China is one of the most important regions of China. In terms of area, XUAR is the largest province of... Terror Threat International and Homegrown Terrorists and Their Threat to Canada, Dwight Hamilton, Kostas Rimsa, 2007, Political Science, 247 pages. Terror Threat examines every facet of terrorist operations affecting this country today and it does so in a way that shows how serious the danger really is.. Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China, Arabinda Acharya, Rohan Gunaratna, Wang Pengxin, May 15, 2010,, 258 pages. With links to the global jihad, the indigenous insurgency and terrorism in Xinjiang challenges the security and stability of China. This book examines the prevailing... 7/7 the London bombings, Islam and the Iraq War, Milan Rai, 2006, History, 196 pages. 'This book inspired me and other survivors of July 7th. Understanding what happened and why is essential for healing and allows us to move forward. I urge all those committed... To effectively engage China on counterterrorism issues, we must understand the capabilities and intentions of the East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM), the most significant Muslim militant group in China. The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat is the first book to focus specifically on the ETIM, a terrorist group that demands an independent Muslim state for the Uyghur ethnic minority in northwest China. This fascinating study offers a comprehensive account of the group's origins, objectives, ideology, leadership, and tactics. It details the historical and contemporary contexts of the Uyghur separatist movement, the ETIM&Apos;s alleged ties to international terrorist networks, and the Chinese government's interest in promoting the ETIM as a significant international problem. In addition, the book addresses conflicting claims about the membership and viability of the organization, noting where the Chinese government has apparently manipulated information about the ETIM to suit its own goals. A final chapter explores how various countries define ETIM activities and what that means for relations with China. "Aiming their work primarily at members of the US defense and intelligence communities interested in engaging China on counterterrorism issues, Reed (BAE Systems) and Raschke (Global Defense Technology and Systems) profile the East Turkistan Islamic Movement, a small separatist group arising out of the Uyghur population of Xinjiang. They first provide a sketch of the contemporary and historical contexts of Uyghur separatism. They then reconstruct the ETIM's origins, evolution, ideology, rhetoric, and activities based on information gathered from ETIM's website and public statements, media reports, Chinese news releases, human rights reports, US Defense Department documentation on the Uyghur prisoners at Guantanamo, and other sources and conduct an assessment of the group's transnational presence. They also discuss China's approach to ETIM within the context of China's wider political agenda and describe current US policy towards the group. Appendices include a Uyghur separatism timeline, Chinese government news releases about ETIM, and some ETIM member biographies." A state called East Turkistan existed briefly from 1931 to 1934 and again from 1944 to 1949. Today, the separatist East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) has declared "war" on China, is designated a terrorist organization by the United Nations, and is on the Terrorist Exclusion List of the United States.
In 2009, a Congressional hearing before the Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights and Oversight of the Committee on Foreign Affairs spent a good deal of time debating whether or not the ETIM even exists, let alone poses a threat to global security. The other point debated was that the primary source of material supporting claims of ETIM's threat came from the government of China. The confusing and contradictory reports, often laced with political motivation, that do emerge from Xinjiang mean that a high degree of skepticism need be applied. The unrest that took place in Urumqi on July 5, 2009 is a case in point. Contending political perspectives have all offered versions of the events that day, but the only definitive conclusion is that the world will never know what happened. So it is with the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM). Scholars, activists and government officials working with limited or subjective evidence have all pondered questions on the organization that range from questioning its very existence to its capacity to conduct acts of terror. For academics such as George Washington University's Sean Roberts, available evidence to answer those questions is "murky"1. Roberts' counterpart at Georgetown University, James Millward, writing in 2004, states "the notion of an imminent terrorist threat in Xinjiang or from Uyghur groups is exaggerated"2. In The ETIM, Reed and Raschke have compiled a comprehensive account of the known information on the ETIM from Chinese and American government sources, as well as from non-chinese and Chinese media reports. The book also includes details gleaned from the ETIM's, predominately online, material, but Reed and Raschke only briefly touch on the existence debate in the book's introduction. The brevity with which the authors deal with the existence question may be representative of the dearth of credible information surrounding alleged Uyghur terror organizations; however, the existence question also contains the kernel of the geopolitical interests of the various actors that promote the notion of an organized Uyghur terror threat in China. Despite the authors' clarity in acknowledging the sources of their information, these geopolitical interests should make the authors ask more questions than they do of the available evidence from interested parties. In essence, the authors' could have explored their assertion that "the ETIM is a viable organization" with a more analytical and critical eye. The authors' chronological list of incidents to chart the frequency and timing of violence in the region is a good example. The authors readily acknowledge the listing's reliance on Chinese reporting. However, and in one case particularly, further or contrary evidence is absent. In the 2008 Beijing Olympics period a series of attacks occurred in Xinjiang. One of these was a serious incident in Kashgar on August 4, 2008, which killed 16 people. The authors attribute this attack to the ETIM, but do not mention evidence4 presented by New York Times reporter, Edward Wong, that is at odds with the Chinese government version. While the veracity of the New York Times' evidence should be thoroughly questioned too, it is important to present to give a fuller picture. Reed and Raschke concisely, but prominently, document the issues of cultural and economic marginalization facing the Uyghur that provide a context to the contentious politics in the region, and examine how the Chinese government has exploited the "war on terror" to justify the general repression of the Uyghur populace. These are key points to outline in understanding the patterns of dissent and political control in Xinjiang. The ETIM clearly illustrates how China conflates Uyghur opposition to state policy with terrorism when expedient, as well as China's struggles in handling genuine concern over internal security issues. Fieldwork by overseas scholars on even the most benign of issues affecting the Uyghur is difficult to undertake in Xinjiang, and on security issues it is virtually impossible. Limited to secondary sources, Reed and Raschke are restricted in offering a perspective from the Uyghur people in Xinjiang on alleged Uyghur terror groups, such as grassroots depth of awareness of such organizations to
concerns over Chinese counterterrorism measures. The absence of Uyghur perspectives is troubling; however, evidence from the Uyghur Diaspora organizations may have opened up a deeper understanding on these issues. What emerges from The ETIM is that essentially not much is known about the organization. If it exists, its operational strength is unclear. If it existed at one time, its self-alleged attacks, contrary to Chinese reports, seem unsophisticated. If it never existed, the plausibility that it forms part of an elaborate fiction to repress Uyghurs is untested. All of these questions remain unanswered. Among the many Uighur organizations that the Chinese government labels as terrorist is one that the U.S. government placed on its own terrorist blacklist after 9/11: the East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM). Some analysts viewed that listing as a grant of U.S. support for Chinese repression in exchange for help in the war on terrorism. The counterterrorism analysts Reed and Raschke review the open-source evidence (much of it from China) that they believe shows ETIM to be a true terrorist force, with an ideology that is both separatist and fundamentalist. They track its changing names, logos, and leaders and locate it in the context of other Uighur militant groups. They make a strong case that although it is small and has not accomplished much, the organization practices terror. Reed and Raschke's findings do not contradict Bovingdon's broader study of Uighur-Han relations. Based on extensive fieldwork in Xinjiang, it shows how widespread Uighur resentment is rooted in the failure of China's institutions of national autonomy to provide any real self-rule. Most Uighurs practice a moderate form of Islam, are politically unorganized, and have not made any clear political demands. They resent the Hans' colonial-style disrespect of their culture and religion. Bovingdon observed many instances of "everyday resistance" in language, music, and street behavior. The violent incidents in the 1990s, he contends, were mostly small scale and often had local or personal motives. The authorities responded with arrests, imprisonments, and executions. Moscow had already ceased supporting Uighur unrest before the end of the Sino-Soviet dispute, and the Soviet successor states in Central Asia lined up with China as well, since Uighurs are a minority for each of them, as they are for China. When Beijing intensified its repression of the Uighurs after Washington began its antiterrorism campaign, open resistance declined even further. But as the violent protests of July 2009 revealed, the Uighur community is still angry. This book was excellent! Reed and Raschke were objective and concise in their explanation of what the ETIM is. I would recommend to anyone who is at all curious about the goings-on of this organization in Xinjiang, the impact of the war on terrorism of those unaffiliated with this organization, or those just longing to expand their knowledge about the Uyghur population. Abdul Haq accessed April accessed August 23 accessed September Afghanistan Agence France-Presse Al-Qaida August 23 blacklist bombings Chinese government Chinese police Combatant Status Review County Department of Defense Detainee Unsworn Statement East Turkistan East Turkistan Islamic East Turkistan terrorist Eastern Turkistan Eastern Turkistan Islamic ETIM ETIM members ETIMâ s ETLO explosives Falun Gong February ï rst Gender GTMO Uyghurs Hasan Mahsum http://www.lexisnexis.com Human Rights Ibid identiï ed International Islam in Xinjiang Islamic Party Islam Jihad Lands Kashgar Kazakhstan killed Kyrgyzstan leader Muhanmetemin Hazret Muslim October Osama bin Laden Pakistan Party Islam Awazi Peopleâ s Republic political PRC claimed PRCâ s Prefecture religious Republic of China Shichor speciï c Status Review Board STRATFOR Summarized Detainee Unsworn Taliban target terrorism terrorist activities Terrorist Forces terrorist group terrorist organization Tora Bora Turkistan Islamic Movement Turkistan Islamic Party Turkistan Liberation Organization U.S. Department Urumqi Uyghur separatism Uyghur separatists Uyghuristan Uzbekistan violence WUYC Xinhua Xinjiang J. Todd Reed is a program manager for Advanced Analytics at BAE Systems in the Washington, D.C. area. His education includes two years studying at Xi'an Foreign Language Institute in China and he received an M.A. in political science (Chinese politics and international relations) from the University of Missouri-Columbia. Diana Raschke is a deputy project manager at The Analysis Corporation (TAC) in the Washington, D.C. area. She holds an M.S. in intelligence analysis from
Johns Hopkins University, currently teaches in the University's Division of Public Safety Leadership, and has published articles in several intelligence journals. You can earn a 5% commission by selling The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat (Praeger Security International Guides to Terrorists, Insurgents, and Armed Groups) hardcover book on your website. It's easy to get started - we will give you example code. After you're set-up, your website can earn you money while you work, play or even sleep! The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) (also known as the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP), Turkistan Islamic Movement (TIM), and other names[a]; is a Waziri based group. Its stated goals are the independence of East Turkestan. China calls it a violent separatist movement and often blames it for incidents in Xinjiang. After the 9/11 attacks, ETIM was placed on the United States' Terrorist Exclusion List, which includes organizations conducting terrorist activities.[2] For instance, in 2005, NBC News said that between 1990 to 2001 ETIM had reportedly committed over 200 acts of terrorism, resulting in at least 162 deaths and over 440 injuries.[3] The area known as East Turkestan had been a protectorate of China as early as 60 BC[citation needed], though there are numerous periods of independence from China. In the 18th century the Qing Dynasty reorganized the territory as a province, Xinjiang.[4] Yet, Russian influence was strong. Old Believers emigrated from Russia to Xinjiang in the early 19th century, and the Russian Civil War accelerated this immigration by adding white à migrã s.[5] During China's warlord era, the Soviet Union propped up the separatist Second East Turkestan Republic, and only accepted Chinese rule when the Chinese communists established the People's Republic of China after the Chinese Civil War.[6] Nevertheless, the Soviet Union distributed Soviet passports among the Central Asian ethnics in Xinjiang to facilitate emigration to Kazakh SSR.[5] After the Sino-Soviet split, the Soviet Union amassed troops on the Russian border with Xinjiang, and bolstered "East Turkestan" separatist movements, which received moral and material support from other regional militant groups.[7] China accused the Soviets of engineering riots, and improved the military infrastructure there to combat it.[5] The East Turkestan Islamic Movement was founded in 1993 by two natives of Hotan, but it failed to last to year's end. Hasan Mahsum and Abudukadir Yapuquan reorganized the movement in 1997, in the same form that it exists today.[8] Mahsum moved ETIM's headquarters to Kabul, taking shelter under Taliban-controlled Afghanistan. In Afghanistan, ETIM leaders met with Osama bin Ladin and other leaders of Al Qaeda, the Taliban, and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan to coordinate actions; there the East Turkestan Islamic Movement dropped the "East" from its name as it increased its domain.[9] The group's infrastructure was crippled after the United States invaded Afghanistan and bombed Al Qaeda bases in the mountainous regions along the border with Pakistan, during which the leader of ETIM, Hasan Mahsum, was killed.[10] However, ETIM resurged after the Iraq War inflamed mujahideen sentiment.[11] It expanded its portfolio to attacks on United States interests, such as the U.S. embassy in Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan). The United States Department of State responded by listing it as a terrorist organization. This greatly weakened ETIM, as it lost sympathy from many Western organizations who would otherwise support its struggle against China. Nonetheless, ETIM circulated a video in 2006 calling for a renewed jihad, and took advantage of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing to gain publicity for its attacks.[9] The ETIM is said to be allied with the Taliban,[12] who have received funding from rogue elements in Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI),[13] leading to a potential diplomatic confrontation between Pakistan and China.[14] The NEFA Foundation, an American terrorist analyst foundation, translated and released a jihad article from ETIM, whose membership it said consisted primarily of "Uyghur Muslims from Western China." The East Turkestan Islamic Movement's primary goal is the independence of East Turkestan.[15] ETIM continues this theme of contrasting "Muslims" and "Chinese", in a six minute video in 2008, where "Commander Seyfullah" warns Muslims not to bring their children to the 2008 Summer Olympics, and also saying "do not stay on the same bus, on the same train, on the same plane, in the same buildings, or any place the Chinese are".[16]
Terrorism expert Rohan Gunaratna has said that ETIM is closely associated with the World Uyghur Congress (WUC), and that there are "many sympathizers and supporters" of ETIM in the WUC. China has accused the WUC of orchestrating the 2009 ethnic violence in Urumqi; similarly, Gunaratna said that one of ETIM's aims is to "fuel hatred" and violence between the Han and the Uyghur ethnic groups, adding that it represented a threat to China and the Central Asia region as a whole.[17]