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Glossary The following terms have been adapted from the glossary of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Fourth Assessment Report (2007),1 unless otherwise indicated. Adaptation Initiatives and measures to reduce the vulnerability of natural and human systems against actual or expected climate change effects. Various types of adaptation exist; e.g., anticipatory and reactive, private and public, and autonomous and planned. Examples are raising river or coastal dikes, the substitution of more temperature shock resistant plants for sensitive ones, etc. Adaptive capacity The whole of capabilities, resources and institutions of a country or region to implement effective adaptation measures. Climate change A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/ or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. Climate change impact The effects of climate change on natural and human systems. Depending on the consideration of adaptation, one can distinguish between potential impacts and residual impacts: Potential impacts are all impacts that may occur given a projected change in climate, without considering adaptation. Residual impacts are those impacts of climate change that would occur after adaptation. Climate prediction The result of an attempt to produce an estimate of the actual evolution of the climate in the future, for example, at seasonal, interannual or longterm time scales. Ecohealth approach An approach to human health that identifies the web of ecologically- based factors affecting human health as well as the links between them. 1 Accessed via: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/annex1.html K. Otto-Zimmermann (ed.), Resilient Cities: Cities and Adaptation to Climate Change Proceedings of the Global Forum 2010, Local Sustainability 1, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0785-6, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 565

566 Glossary Equipped with this knowledge, local communities can better manage ecosystems to improve people s well-being and the health of the ecosystem.2 Ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) The adaptation policies and measures that take into account the role of ecosystem services in reducing the vulnerability of society to climate change.3 Food security Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs, as well as to culturally acceptable food preferences for an active and healthy life. The multi- dimensional nature of food security includes food availability, access, stability and utilization.4 Local government An administrative body or system in which political direction and control is exercised over the community of a city, town or small district.5 Mainstreaming The process of integrating policies that seek to address climate change concerns in regular development planning and ongoing sectoral decision making. Mainstreaming specifically means that development policies that otherwise would not have taken climate mitigation and adaptation into consideration, would explicitly include these concerns in the formulation and implementation processes.6 Mitigation Technological change and substitution that reduce resource inputs and emissions per unit of output. Although several social, economic and technological policies would produce an emission reduction, with respect to climate change, mitigation means implementing policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance sinks. Resilience The ability of a social or ecological system to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for selforganisation, and the capacity to adapt to stress and change. Resilient city A city that supports the development of greater resilience in its institutions, infrastructure, and social and economic life. Resilient cities reduce vulnerability to extreme events and respond creatively to economic, social and environmental change in order to increase their long-term sustainability. Resilient city Gopalon H.N.B., UNEP Division of Policy Development and Law http://www.unep.org/ ourplanet/imgversn/images/gopalan_ecohealthv3.pdf 3 Vignola R, Locatelli B, Martinez C, Imbach P (2009) Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change: What role for policy-makers, society and scientists? Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 14:691 696 4 FAO: http://km.fao.org/fsn/resources/glossary0/en/ 5 European Environment Agency: http://glossary.eea.europa.eu 6 Chuku (2010) Pursuing an integrated development and climate policy, framework in Africa: options for mainstreaming. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 15:41 52 2

Glossary 567 activities are sensitive to distinctive unique local conditions and origins. Efforts undertaken to prevent crisis or disaster in one area should be designed in such a way as to advance the community s resilience and sustainable development in a number of areas. As such, resilient cities define a comprehensive urban resilience concept and policy agenda with implications in the fields of urban governance, infrastructure, finance, design, social and economic development, and environmental/ resource management.7 Risk The expected losses (of lives, persons injured, property damaged and economic activity disrupted) due to a particular hazard for a given area and reference period. Based on mathematical calculations, risk is the product of hazard and vulnerability Risk in environmental context means likelihood, or probability, of injury, disease, or death resulting from exposure to a potential environmental hazard.8 Sea level rise An increase in the mean level of the ocean. Eustatic sea-level rise is a change in global average sea level brought about by an increase in the volume of the world ocean. Relative sea-level rise occurs where there is a local increase in the level of the ocean relative to the land, which might be due to ocean rise and/or land level subsidence. In areas subject to rapid land-level uplift, relative sea level can fall. Storm surge The temporary increase, at a particular locality, in the height of the sea due to extreme meteorological conditions (low atmospheric pressure and/or strong winds). The storm surge is defined as being the excess above the level expected from the tidal variation alone at that time and place. Sustainable development A form of development that meets present-day needs without compromising the ability of future generations to satisfy their own requirements. It aims to improve individuals living conditions whilst preserving their environment in the short, medium and above all long term. The objective of sustainable development is threefold: development that is economically efficient, socially fair and environmentally sustainable.9 Urban heat island (UHI) The relative warmth of a city compared with surrounding rural areas, associated with changes in runoff, the concrete jungle effects on heat retention, changes in surface albedo, changes in pollution and aerosols, and so on. Urban greening The planned, integrated and systematic approach to managing urban and peri-urban vegetation. Urban greening aims to contribute to the environmental, psychological, sociological, and economic well-being of urban society.10 Resilient Communities Program Concept 2002 European Environment Agency: http://glossary.eea.europa.eu 9 European Commission: http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/sustainable_development_en.htm 10 European Tropical Forest Research Network (ETFRN): http://www.etfrn.org/etfrn/newsletter/ nl22_disc.html 7 8

568 Glossary Urbanization The conversion of land from a natural state or managed natural state (such as agriculture) to cities; a process driven by net rural-to-urban migration through which an increasing percentage of the population in any nation or region come to live in settlements that are defined as urban centres. Vulnerability The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity. Water stress The available freshwater supply relative to water withdrawals acts as an important constraint on development. Withdrawals exceeding 20% of renewable water supply have been used as an indicator of water stress. A crop is water-stressed if soil- available water, and thus actual evapotranspiration, is less than potential evapotranspiration demands.

A Adaptation, 3, 13, 15, 35, 45, 55, 69, 79, 91, 109, 111, 123, 131, 141, 143, 149, 157, 167, 177, 189, 193, 205, 213, 223, 231, 253, 265, 273, 283, 291, 299, 311, 319, 329, 339, 350, 366, 379, 390, 400, 401, 411, 429, 442, 452, 480, 487, 500, 503, 515, 517, 518, 544 Adaptive capacity, 14, 16, 56, 59 63, 69 77, 112, 115, 119, 126, 206, 209, 214, 235, 249, 256, 262, 329, 334 337, 341, 345, 352, 367, 379 387, 407, 412 416, 421, 422, 424, 425, 475 476, 490, 493 Adaptive management, 116, 257, 372, 374, 375, 377, 444 Adaptive urban governance, 111 Arborisation, 391, 392, 394 Architecture, 5, 149 154, 207, 346, 474, 508 B Balance, 47, 64, 83, 101, 128, 152, 243 252, 260, 294, 301, 303, 305, 311 319, 362, 458, 476, 495, 512, 519, 560 Basque Country, 253 262 Best practices, 124 126, 150, 154, 178, 181 184, 256, 260, 345 346, 461, 462, 501 C Cape Town, 311 318, 432 444, 448 Cities, 6, 16, 37, 48, 57, 69, 79, 91, 109, 111, 123, 135, 143, 145, 149, 159, 168, 178, 188, 193, 201, 211, 224, 231, 253, 265, 273, 281, 289, 298, 311, 319, 328, 339, 350, 366, 377, 388, 400, 401, 411, 430, 442, 452, 479, 487, 499, 501, 513, 514, 517, 544 City climate plan analysis, 194, 199, 201 Climate adaptation strategies, 51, 103, 109, 127, 133, 137, 138, 157, 158, 161 164, 171, 173, 178, 179, 200, 201, 206, 218, 223 229, 236, 244, 254, 260 262, 266, 268, 270, 298, 301, 309, 311 318, 324, 330, 334, 335, 356, 359, 380 383, 412, 413, 425, 436, 480, 484, 527 governance, 6, 128 prediction, 425 proof cities, 487 495 proofing, 102 103, 194 196, 198 199, 201, 488, 489 Climate change adaptation, 124 126, 128, 170, 190, 201, 223 229, 267, 268, 270, 291 298, 381, 453, 489, 493, 511, 527, 545 impact, 15 34, 143, 163, 169, 173, 184, 201, 205, 219, 225 226, 234, 267, 268, 270, 300, 320, 340, 347, 352 353, 362, 366, 373, 374, 377, 380, 382, 383, 386, 399, 414, 422, 424, 425, 465 476, 488, 489, 510, 511, 519, 539, 540, 544, 547, 561 Coastal cities, 318, 320, 321, 431 436 Coastal erosion, 60, 142, 320, 324, 326, 500, 547 Co-benefits, 172, 205 211, 383, 544 Collaboration, 7, 63, 110, 150, 153, 178, 214, 215, 220, 274, 371, 480, 494, 500, 501, 509, 510, 512 Communal, 240, 308, 309, 325, 394, 471, 526 Communication, 50, 114, 117, 144 145, 154, 160, 163, 164, 170, 173 175, 179, 260, 271, 371 372, 406, 425, 431, 435, 442, 470, 494, 511, 520, 562 Compartmentalisation, 274, 277 282 569

570 Controversial aims, 288 Cooperative governance, 178 Councillors, 141 147, 370 D Decentralisation, 133 135, 137, 347 Decision-making, 102, 114, 117, 127, 159, 170, 172, 178, 181 184, 341, 359, 372, 377, 384, 386, 400, 462, 509, 510 Deliberative participation, 177 185 Delta dikes, 274, 276 278, 282 Developing cities, 91 104 Dresden, 291 345, 480 Drought, 13, 14, 56, 60, 64, 92, 199, 207, 219, 236, 294 296, 380, 415, 422, 442, 444, 445, 484, 488, 507, 516 Durban, 500, 543 562 E Ecohealth approach, 56, 58 Ecosystem-based adaptation, 429 432, 434 436, 440 England, 142, 235, 244, 245, 250 Environmental learning, 149 154 F Flooding, 13, 14, 21, 27, 33, 34, 36, 42, 49, 50, 56, 61, 64, 70, 93, 109, 124, 142, 145, 158, 196, 199, 207, 236, 238, 245, 246, 248, 249, 265 271, 274, 276, 278 281, 287, 291, 292, 294, 319 326, 330, 332, 342, 345, 350, 352, 354 356, 361, 382, 406, 422, 431, 432, 434, 442, 469, 475, 476, 493, 500, 503, 507, 508, 526, 536, 537, 539, 546 Flood modelling, 278 Flood prevention, 145, 190, 191, 291 298 Food security, 16, 18, 21, 432, 435, 441 449, 516, 544, 545 Fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM), 16, 33 G Governance, 5, 6, 47, 56, 62, 66, 109, 112 114, 117, 119, 123 128, 133 134, 151, 160, 167 175, 178, 180, 181, 184, 224, 229, 233, 235, 237, 244, 255, 359, 371, 377, 416, 489 490, 504 Government, 3, 15, 35, 45, 56, 68, 79, 91, 109, 110, 122, 135, 143, 144, 149, 159, 168, 179, 188, 192, 201, 212, 223, 232, 253, 264, 272, 281, 288, 298, 311, 319, 328, 339, 350, 363, 376, 386, 400, 401, 409, 430, 441, 451, 479, 487, 499, 513, 516, 543 Green infrastructure, 143, 147, 152, 236, 308, 441, 451, 454, 470 472, 476, 480 Green space, 104, 191, 225, 236, 238, 240, 288, 298, 306 309, 446, 448, 470 472, 476, 479 484 Guide, 58, 88, 125, 206, 211, 215 216, 219, 238, 361, 370 372, 399, 490, 509, 510 H Health, 3, 13, 16, 18, 21, 27, 33, 50, 56 58, 63, 64, 70, 85, 116, 132, 137, 146, 174, 179, 197, 199, 206, 208 211, 215, 227, 232, 236, 245, 246, 250, 257, 268, 269, 274, 287, 298, 302, 305, 330, 335, 341, 345, 350, 359, 367, 390, 394, 406, 431, 443, 446, 448, 488, 516, 534, 535, 538, 540, 544 546, 562 Heat stress, 79 88, 232, 286 288, 359, 500 Heat wave, 462, 467, 475, 535 Ho Chi Minh City, 135, 339 347, 349 362 I Improve (3.5), 33, 34, 48, 77, 101, 124, 145 147, 172, 178, 190, 206, 214, 235, 236, 238, 247, 255, 270, 274, 292, 295 296, 315, 332, 342, 352, 358, 362, 370, 377, 391, 454, 494, 509, 520, 525, 544, 561 India, 15, 16, 35 43, 402 Indonesian cities, 329 Informal settlements, 38, 39 Infrastructure, 3 5, 13, 21, 36, 38, 43, 48, 50, 58, 70, 71, 77, 92, 102 104, 110, 124, 128, 133, 135, 136, 138, 143, 147, 152, 183, 191, 197 199, 209, 215, 219, 224, 232, 236 240, 244, 247 250, 260, 266, 279, 285, 297, 306, 308, 312 314, 317, 323, 330, 331, 350, 355, 356, 367, 379 386, 390, 405, 412, 415, 416, 432, 434, 448, 454, 469 472, 475, 476, 480, 490, 499, 500, 506, 507, 521, 527, 536, 544 547, 560, 561 Integrated flood risk management, 293, 319 326

Integrated management, 319 326, 525 Interdisciplinarity, 216 Interdisciplinary approach, 216 J Jakarta, 45 52 K Kelurahans, 334, 336 Knowledge brokerage, 490, 491 brokerage instrument, 487 systems, 111 L Lacunarity, 36, 39 41 Lagos, 319 326 Leadership, 4 6, 110, 119, 141 147, 194, 235, 240, 247, 255, 332, 335, 416, 421, 499, 501, 505, 508, 512, 560, 562 Local adaptation, 7, 63, 135, 189, 224, 260 261, 266, 400 Local government, 3 6, 35, 62, 109, 112, 119, 138, 142, 145, 189, 190, 194, 227, 234, 243 250, 266 268, 332, 334, 336, 365 377, 383, 384, 412, 436 440, 505, 511, 512, 527, 543, 544 Local policy, 183, 249, 284, 359 M Mainstream/Mainstreaming, 13, 109, 124, 127, 150, 179, 184, 232, 236 238, 341 347, 471, 488, 503, 545 Megacity, 15 36, 45 49, 51, 52, 319 326, 537, 538 Miami-Dade County, 500, 503 512 Mitigation, 4, 5, 46, 50 52, 63, 103, 104, 114, 124, 153, 161, 173, 181, 205 211, 214, 224 226, 235, 247, 255 257, 262, 265, 305, 320, 324, 341, 345, 350, 374, 380, 381, 412, 425, 434, 435, 443, 444, 462, 465 476, 480, 484, 488, 489, 495, 505, 508, 510, 511, 519, 520, 524, 527, 544 Multi-institutional approach, 213 220 Municipality, 50, 51, 62, 152, 154, 215, 219, 220, 227 229, 246, 248, 249, 256, 257, 268 269, 298, 312, 367, 372, 392, 393, 448, 489, 516, 519, 520, 522, 523, 526 528, 543, 546 554, 560, 561 571 N New Delhi, 16, 19, 20, 22 27, 33, 34 Nigeria, 69 77, 321 324 P Participatory knowledge management, 116 119 Physiological equivalent temperature (PET), 80, 83 85, 87, 88, 359 Planning, 5, 13, 16, 36, 47, 63, 80, 91, 109, 112, 123, 133, 144, 150, 157, 170, 179, 189, 194, 207, 215, 225, 234, 244, 253, 268, 275, 284, 293, 306, 312, 320, 337, 341, 349, 366, 380, 390, 399, 400, 431, 446, 452, 468, 490, 505, 519, 543 Population, 34, 35, 38, 45 46, 50, 51, 57, 60, 61, 71, 92, 132, 134, 181 183, 190, 195, 197, 200, 201, 216, 217, 224, 226, 244, 249, 254, 260, 267, 269, 271, 276, 286, 288, 305, 312, 314, 320, 323, 330, 337, 340, 345, 354, 360, 366, 368, 381, 382, 391, 393, 394, 401, 404, 414, 415, 417, 418, 431, 442, 446, 467, 468, 500, 504, 511, 516, 519, 523, 534, 537, 538, 543, 554, 558 Poverty, 46, 49, 51, 61, 70, 72, 74, 75, 77, 113, 232, 315, 320, 323, 332, 333, 395, 402, 417, 442, 444, 516, 522, 523, 535, 537, 540, 544 Poverty alleviation, 395 Price elasticity of demand, 469 Q Quito, 500, 515 528 R Regional economics, 205 Resilience, 5, 13, 45, 56, 101, 109, 111, 124, 132, 150, 158, 181, 191, 199, 205, 214, 232, 254, 280, 283, 309, 318, 320, 329, 349, 369, 379, 389, 401, 432, 444, 454, 470, 526, 539 Resilience theory, 380, 385, 386 Resilience thinking, 115, 119, 158, 161 164

572 Resilient, 6, 7, 14, 51, 92, 93, 98, 104, 109, 112 114, 119, 127, 142, 154, 177 185, 208, 231, 232, 235, 237 241, 266, 273 282, 284, 286 289, 306, 318, 368 369, 376, 377, 380, 399, 400, 404 406, 408, 425, 436, 443 448, 451 462, 470, 471, 479 481, 484, 505, 512, 539, 551, 556 Resilient city, 6, 7, 14, 109, 113, 154, 177 185, 237 241, 289, 399, 400, 405, 406, 436, 443 445, 451, 462, 479 481, 484, 499 Resilient city strategy, 283 Risk appraisal, 193 management, 97, 98, 100, 104, 109, 136, 146, 235, 256, 257, 273 282, 293, 356, 365 377, 383, 384, 386, 521, 522, 524 perception, 110, 265 271 S Santiago de Chile, 224 228 Sao Paulo, 224, 226 229 Scale, 35, 39, 43, 58, 84, 87, 113, 115, 117, 119, 125 127, 132, 181, 183, 184, 201, 217, 226 229, 234, 236, 244, 247 249, 261, 271, 275, 281, 301 303, 309, 312, 316, 345, 349, 350, 352 355, 359, 361, 384, 409, 421, 431, 454, 457, 458, 460, 465 467, 483, 490, 500, 510 511, 517 520 Sea level rise, 8, 9, 13, 92, 95, 97, 124, 161, 170, 196, 197, 219, 232, 234, 238, 255 257, 267, 278, 281, 314, 315, 317, 319 326, 330, 332, 340, 350, 356, 366, 373, 375, 376, 382, 400, 415, 417, 432 434, 437 439, 442, 470, 500, 501, 506 508, 510, 536 539, 547, 554 559, 562 Slum, 36, 39, 41 43, 46 49, 113, 144, 324, 442, 447, 448, 537 Social ecological research, 17, 158 Social-ecological systems, 158, 162 163, 315 318, 381, 385 Social learning, 163, 172, 422 Socio-economic groups, 197 Spatial planning, 49, 147, 160, 161, 225, 268, 271, 316, 355, 356, 359, 490 Stakeholder, 16 19, 21, 27, 33, 113, 150, 153, 164, 169, 173, 178, 181, 184, 190, 370 372, 383, 402, 449, 489, 490, 495, 509, 512, 562 Stormwater flooding, 543 Sustainability, 9, 16, 112, 113, 151, 153, 173, 180 184, 194, 245, 284, 296, 326, 368, 371, 379, 381, 395, 436, 438, 453 454, 462, 490, 500, 503 512 System approach, 487 495 T Temperature, 3, 4, 8, 9, 16, 27 29, 31, 33, 59, 61, 79, 80, 83, 88, 89, 92, 94, 99, 195, 196, 199, 210, 219, 226, 234, 285 287, 289, 295, 302 305, 352, 359, 366, 382, 390, 415, 417, 443, 455, 462, 467, 469, 470, 476, 481, 483, 507, 508, 516 519, 531, 534, 535, 539, 540, 562 Thermal comfort, 9, 80, 83 86, 358, 457 461 Thermal sensation, 80, 85, 87, 457 Transdisciplinary, 58, 158 161, 163 164, 355 Transformation, 113, 131 138, 162, 237 238, 241, 279 281 Transport, 13, 16, 18, 28, 29, 31, 91 104, 113, 142, 146, 147, 149, 229, 232, 235, 238 240, 260, 305, 307, 308, 326, 345, 346, 354 356, 433, 438, 439, 443, 445, 465 476, 534, 538, 555, 559 U Uncertainty, 46, 102, 125, 127, 132, 158, 162 164, 179, 217, 315, 361, 377, 380, 384 386, 399, 404, 406, 413, 519, 544, 510 Urban adaptation, 5, 6, 123 128, 132 134, 138, 162, 168, 170, 175, 224, 228, 232, 236, 238, 257, 260, 444, 479 484, 500, 501, 540 agriculture, 61, 62, 240, 394, 429, 441 449 areas, 4, 36, 41, 46, 57, 58, 70, 83, 92, 93, 103, 119, 125, 127, 132, 134 136, 157 158, 195, 201, 209, 226, 231, 232, 234, 236, 254, 257, 262, 301, 308, 331 334, 354, 358, 381 383, 394, 401, 431, 442, 443, 446, 448, 465 476, 479, 480, 484, 488, 521, 527, 538, 553, 554 climate, 79 88, 128, 131 138, 190, 193 201, 224, 256, 257, 300 302, 343, 354 359, 361, 399, 404, 406, 407, 480, 482 484, 487 495

design, 80, 85, 101, 104, 316, 347, 400, 431, 451 462, 471 forestry, 9, 190, 390, 394 395 governance, 9, 112 116, 119, 126 127, 133 134, 359 greening, 236, 395 heat island, 8, 79, 80, 191, 236, 255 257, 259, 341, 358, 443, 454, 458, 459, 467, 469, 479, 518 planning, 5, 42, 47, 49, 51, 87 88, 98, 114, 115, 117, 135, 137, 151, 152, 189, 194, 199, 207, 253 262, 306, 320, 341 344, 347, 350, 352, 355, 356, 359, 360, 382, 384 386, 391 394, 431, 432, 468, 480, 484, 494, 495, 527 resilience, 5 7, 111 119, 124, 255, 355, 379 386, 406 408, 479 transport, 91 104, 354, 356, 534 vulnerability analysis, 193 V Vietnam, 131 138, 339 347, 349 377, 402, 432, 456 573 Vulnerability, 6, 14, 16, 35 43, 46, 59, 92, 109, 119, 124, 161, 168, 189, 194, 207, 217, 224, 232, 243, 254, 265, 285, 291, 299, 313, 319, 329 337, 341, 350, 373, 380, 400, 403, 411 425, 431, 444, 476, 490, 520, 531 540, 545 Vulnerability analysis, 119, 190, 197, 200, 286, 528 Vulnerability indicators, 415 417, 421, 425 W Water, 3, 13, 18, 36, 49, 56, 69 77, 92, 113, 124, 136, 142, 158, 168, 196, 210, 214, 225, 232, 249, 257, 266, 274, 286, 291, 303, 312, 320, 330, 340, 355, 367, 380, 392, 405, 414, 429, 442, 451, 470, 488, 500, 505, 516, 534, 544 Water resources, 3, 56, 59, 63, 71, 168, 199, 200, 288, 414, 510, 516, 519, 524, 553 Water stress, 69 77, 519 West Africa, 55 64, 323 Women, 9, 14, 69 77, 287, 333 334