Directions: Examine the flow charts below. Each one shows a trigger event that resulted in significant cultural diffusion. Then, from the choices below, select the diffusion category that best matches the trigger event. Diffusion Categories: Technology Trade Conquest Study Abroad Migration European merchants travel to Asia and bring back tea to Europe. Spanish invaders conquer parts of South America and introduce Catholicism to local people. Tea becomes a very popular drink in Great Britain. Most South Americans today are Catholic Cultural diffusion was sparked by Cultural diffusion was sparked by
Directions: Examine the flow charts below. Each one shows a trigger event that resulted in significant cultural diffusion. Then, from the choices below, select the diffusion category that best matches the trigger event. Diffusion Categories: Technology Trade Conquest Study Abroad Migration The musical style of the blues is developed by African Americans in the South. New animation techniques are created in Japan. African Americans move to the North for greater economic mobility. Japanese cartoons are shown on American television and on the internet. Blues becomes very popular in northern cities such as Chicago, New York, and Detroit. Popularity of Japanese animation soars in the United States. Cultural diffusion was sparked by Cultural diffusion was sparked by
Bedouins ( desert dwellers ) Mostly nomadic, tribal, and polytheistic Supreme deity: Allah Each tribe had a sacred stone, the most revered of all was the stone in Mecca Earned income by herding, transporting goods in caravans, and taxing non- Bedouin settlements in Arabia.
1. When and where did Muhammad first receive words from Allah? 2. What were the two main ideas expressed by these words? 3. What were the three religious practices one could find in Mecca before Muhammad s revelations? 4. Why did Muhammad leave Mecca for Medina? 5. Can you explain why Muhammad's turning from Jerusalem and facing Mecca is called a symbolic break with the past? (A symbolic break would be a change with special meaning. Why was this act significant?) 6. What are the Five Pillars of Islam? 7. Define these terms: a. Allah b. pagan c. Ka'ba d. Islam e. Qur'an f. Pilgrimage g. Ramadan
Islam is founded at a cultural crossroads on the Arabian Peninsula. As a result, different cultural traditions are incorporated into Islam as it is codified and spreads across Afro-Eurasia. : Monotheistic Inherits the Abrahamic tradition Proximity to Byzantine Empire and Jerusalem : Zoroastrian monotheism Art, architecture, urban lifestyle Women in veils : Supreme deity: Allah Sacred stone (Ka ba) and site in Mecca
: Mohammad : 7 th Century CE : Allah (monotheistic) and Mohammad is his prophet. : Qur an : Mosque : Northern Africa, Middle East, Asia-Pacific : 1.6 billion
= Submission to the Will of Allah Muhammad received - There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet. - five times a day toward Mecca. - Giving to the needy. - no eating from sunrise to sunset during holy month of Ramadan. - must make hajj, journey to Mecca, if able.
After Muhammad s death, the lack of a successor created problems of succession. A title for Muhammad s successor. (majority sect) believe the caliph should be chosen by community leaders. (minority sect) believe that only Muhammad s relatives can become caliph
Between 622 and 750 CE, Islam spread rapidly across Afro- Eurasia. Examine the five document in pages 8-9 of your packet. What do these sources tell us about Islam during the Post-Classical Era? What explanations do they give for why Islam spread so rapidly during this time?
Document A Sources: Text: Desmond Stewart and the Editors of Time-Life Books, Great Ages of Man: Early Islam, Time-Life Books, 1967. Map: Created from various sources. By the middle of the sixth century... Mecca was... prosperous and important. First, it was at the crossroads of the lucrative caravan trade. Vast camel trains, bearing spices, perfumes, precious metals, ivory and silk, filed through the town, headed north on the way from Yemen... to the markets of Syria, and headed east from the Reel Sea across the desert to Iraq. Adding to the profits from caravans was a brisk pilgrimage trade, for Mecca was the site of Arabia's holiest pagan shrine [the Ka'ba].
Document B Sources: Karen Armstrong, Islam: A Short History, Random House, 2000. For centuries... Arabs had [added to] their inadequate resources by means of the ghazu [raids against other tribes], but Islam had put a stop to this because the ummah [Muslim community] was not permitted to attack one another. What would replace the ghazu, which had enabled Muslims to scratch out a meager livelihood?... The obvious answer was a series of ghazu raids against the non-muslim communities in the neighboring countries. The unity of the ummah would be preserved by an outwardly directed offensive [attack]. There was nothing religious about these campaigns... The objective... was plunder and a common activity that would preserve the unity of the ummah. For centuries the Arabs had tried to raid the richer settled lands beyond the [Arabian] peninsula: the difference was that this time they encountered a power vacuum. Persia and Byzantium had both been engaged for decades in a long... series of wars with one another. Both were exhausted.
Document C Sources: The Treaty of Tudmir, 713 CE. This treaty was signed in 713 CE between Abd al- Aziz, the commander of the Muslim forces invading Spain, and Theodemir, the Christian King of a region in southern Spain. In the name of God, the merciful and compassionate. We [Abd al-aziz s forces] will not harass him [Theodmir], nor remove him from power. His followers will not be killed or taken prisoner, nor will they be separated from their women and children. They will not be coerced in matters of religion, their churches will not be burned, nor will sacred objects be taken from the realm, as long as he remains sincere and fulfills these conditions that we have set for him: He will not give shelter to fugitives, nor to our enemies, nor encourage any protected person to fear us, nor conceal news of our enemies. He and [each of] his men shall [also] pay one dinar every year, together with four measures of wheat, four measures of barley, four liquid measures of concentrated fruit juice, four liquid measures of vinegar, four of honey, and four of olive oil. Slaves must each pay half of this amount. coerced: forced sacred: religious fugitives: people running from the law dinar: Muslim coins made of gold or silver
Document D Sources: Excerpt from Fred Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests, 1981. Fred Donner is a historian at the University of Chicago who specializes in early Islam and early Islamic expansion. Below is an excerpt from his book where he challenges some of the common knowledge about early Islamic conquests. During the conquest period the granting of gifts, which had been practiced by Muhammad, became more regularized and eventually institutionalized. In the first place, there was established a system of stipends or direct salary payments ('ata-') to warriors serving in the Islamic armies.... Tribesmen in the Islamic armies who rebelled against the regime now did so at the cost of losing the stipends that the regime provided. Similarly, stipends were granted to some Persian or Aramean nobles (dihqans) who cooperated with the Muslims in Iraq. In most cases, it appears that these individuals were required to embrace Islam in order to receive their stipend. institutionalized: established as part of the government stipends: payment regime: government in power nobles: ruling class
Document E Sources: Map created from various sources. The Spread of Islam
Baghdad becomes the capital of the Dar al-islam and connects a vast network of interregional trade. As a result, Islam spreads to : Carried by caravans along trans- Saharan routes into West Africa As a result of Indian Ocean trade and Silk Road networks where it will later influence the Mughal Dynasty in the 16 th century and the separation of India in the 20 th century As a result of Indian Ocean trade (influenced by Monsoon winds) when traders establish long-term communities As a result of Indian Ocean trade and missionaries who incorporate syncretic Islam with existing traditions
Impacts of Islamic expansion: Diffusion of artistic, cultural, technological, and scientific knowledge across Afro-Eurasia Spread of crops such as cotton, sugar, and citrus
The decline of the Byzantine and Persian empires created an opportune time for a new empire to rise Arab armies were expert horsemen Arab warriors fought the ( struggle ). Internal jihad: to be good Muslims External jihad to spread the Islamic faith
CONVERSION: Unlike Byzantines and Persians, Muslims rarely practiced forced conversion Generally tolerant of other religions in the empire. Allowed people to practice their own customs and beliefs. PEOPLE OF THE BOOK : Muslims regarded both the Torah and the Bible as sacred books. Islam build off of the Abrahamic tradition Christians and Jews did not have the same legal status as Muslims, but were allowed to practice their own faiths and follow their own laws if they paid the jizya (a special tax) CONVERSION: Islam emphasized equality, not social classes. A good Muslim just had to follow the Five Pillars. So, many people converted to Islam.
Disagreements over the question of succession to the caliphate emerged following the assassination of the 3 rd caliph. A Civil War erupted and the Umayyad Caliphate was established in 661 This begins the formation of Islam s two sects (majority sect) believe the caliph should be chosen by community leaders. (minority sect) believe that only Muhammad s relatives can become caliph
Scholar in Islamic law who wrote about religion, government, the caliphate, and legal codes during a period of instability across the Islamic empire STUDY QUESTIONS 1. How would a Muslim distinguish between good and bad government? 2. What kind of enforcement for good government does this document suggest? 3. What should a Muslim do when a ruler did not live up to his obligations? 4. What was the power, in principle, of a Muslim ruler? What kind of bureaucratic system did Al-Mawārdī suggest? 5. What are some of the protocol problems that might emerge from this definition of the imam and the selection process? 6. Why do scholars disagree about the political implications and flexibility of Islam? Are there potential tensions about appropriate political behavior, in cases of a less than ideal government, embedded in this document?
Examine the documents with your elbow-buddy and, in your notebook, record some of the cultural achievements of the Islamic Golden Age under the Abbasid Caliphate. Art Architecture Science
Figurative art of Muhammad is NOT acceptable, considered offensive. Muhammad instructed his followers NOT to draw his likeness for fear that they would worship him instead of Allah.
Shahada in calligraphic silhouette
Central Asian nomadic conquerors who pushed westward through the Abbasid Empire in 1258 Seljuk Turks cut off European access to holy sites in the Middle East. European Christians seek to reopen access to Jerusalem through a series of wars beginning in 1095 Central Asian Muslims who seized sections of the Middle East (including Baghdad) in 1055 Turkish group of former slaves that attack Egypt and take over Northern Africa