In The Name of God The Specialized Quarterly of Islamic Sects and Schools The Nine Year, No. 33, Autumn 2010 Under Supervision of: (affiliated to the Jame'at al-mustafa al-alamiyyah) Imam Khomeini College for Advanced Studies Executive Manager: Dr. Ahmad Moradkhani Editorial: Dr. Mohammad Mahdi Gorjiyan Board of Writers (Sort By Name): Dr. Ali Reza A'rafi (associate professor at Jame'at al-mustafa al-alamiyyah; Educational sciences Dept). Dr. Ya'qoub Ali Borji (associate professor at Jame'at al-mustafa al-alamiyyah; Islamic Jurisprudence and Principles Dept). Dr. Einollah Khademi (assistant professor at Shahid Raja'i University, Philosophy and Islami Wisdom). Dr. Nasser Rafee'ee Muhammadi (associate professor at Jame'at al-mustafa al-alamiyyah; Traditions and Quranic sciences Dept). Dr. Ne'matollah Safari (assistant professor at Jame'at al-mustafa al-alamiyyah; History and Civilization of Islamic Nations Dept). Dr. Abulfazl Kiashemshaki (assistant professor at Amir Kabir University Tehran; Philosophy and Islami Wisdom). Dr. Mohammad Mahdi Gorjian (associate professor at Jame'at al-mustafa al-alamiyyah; Islamic philosophy and Mysticism Dept). Dr. Ahmad Moradkhani (assistant professor at Islamic Azad University Qom; Islamic Jurisprudence and Basiclow; Traditions and Quranic Sciences). Dr. Seyyed Ahmad Mir-khalili (assistant professor at Yazd University; Islamic Jurisprudence and Basiclow Dept). Dr. Ali Abbasi (Assisstant Professor at Jame'at-al-mustafa al-alamiyyah, Comparative Philosophy Dept). Printed articles merely indicates the writers' viewpoints. Quoting materials from quarterly will be permissible only if the quarterly is referred to as the reference. The quartery is fully authorized to edit or summerize the articles. Address: Imam Khomeini College For Advanced Studies, Jihad Square, Qom, Iran. Tel: 98251 7110604 7110638 Fax: 7720911 P-box: 37145-143 www.miu.ac.ir www.hawzah.net Email: Toluenoor@miu.ac.ir
5 \ The Sect of Aba Salt Heravi in the Views of both the Shiite and Sunnite Muhammad Hasan Tabasi Najmu al-din Tabasi 35 \ The Prohibition of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Light of Sects Muhammad Rahmani 61 \ Ahlulbeit and the Sunnites on the Intellectual Reasoning for the Right of Rebellion Mustafa Ja far Pisheh 87 \ Mutahhari and St. Paul on Faith and Reason Muhammad Husein Fasihi Qasem Ja'fari 107 \ Islam and Christianity on the Incarnation of Jesus Christ Muhammad Ishaq Zakeri Muhammad Baqir Qayyumi 133 \ Ibn Arabi and Mulla Sadra on the Unity of Actions Ahmad Zaki Ifshagar Hasan Mo'alemi 153 \ The Mu tazilites on Miracle Sayyid Muhammad 'Alemi Muhammad Taqi Subhani 177 \ The Deliverer s Global Government (A comparative study on Surah al-saff; 8-9) Shubeir Fasihi Hossein Alavi Mehr
Imam Khomeini Higher Education School, under the supervision of the Jame'at al-mustafa al-alamiyyah, started its activity in 1375 (Solar Hijrah) with the purpose of training non-iranian celergies, scholars and 'elites of religious fields, so that they can be prepared for some defined and assigned tasks such as propagating, teaching and researching about the Human Sciences and Islamic Sciences, as well as disseminating The Prophet and Ahl-e Bait's practice and tradition,on the basis of today's needs of the world's Muslims. To the present day, thousands of divine sciences and metaphysics seekers are taught and trained in various fileds such as Quranic, Feghi (jurisprudential) philosophical, discourse, tradition (hadith) and history courses, at the level of b.a. and m.a. Starting the doctrate level, Imam Khomeini Higher Education School has increased the variety of courses and also the depth of the existing knowledge. For the time being hundreds of graduates of this school are doing their divine duties all over the world. One of the unique characteristics of the school is the variety of nationalities who are experiencing different religions and sects before embracing Islam and Ahl-e Bait's school. This has caused great development and growth of researches among students and it has also resulted in creating religious knowledge and science based on the today's world's facts, providing a good atmosphere for exchanging ideas and approximation among different sects as well as different Islamic sciences. To this end, Imam Khomeini Higher Education School, published "Tolue-e Noor Quraterly" in 1381 as a specialized scientific periodical in the field of Islamic religions and sects for the purpose of comparing and evaluating the ideas of Islamic religions and sects. A more detailed goals of the quraterly are as follow: A. Clarifying the theoretical bases of Muslims' Unity, stressing the common views of Islamic religions and sects of the world. B. Recognizing the various status of Islamic sects and religions toward the problematic and controversial novelties of the world and showing the power of religion in answering such questions and issues. C. Introducing Islamic sects and religions and making Muslims acquainted with the diversity and dispersion of these sects and religions in the world.
D. Clarifying and emphasizing the vital role of Islamic sects and religions in the world today. E. Clarifying different methods of confrontation of Islamic sects and religions with atheist schools and ideas. F. Removing baseless doubts and defending the territory of Islam, stressing the Ahl-e Bait's school. G. Paving the ground for the professors and clergies, espcially non-iranian students, to do and present their researches. H. Clarifying viewpoints of Islamic religions and sects in the domain of Islamic social systems and human sciences.
English Abstracts The Sect of Aba Salt Heravi in the Views of both the Shiite and Sunnite Najmu al-din Tabasi * Muhammad Hasan Tabasi ** There as regard to the sect of Aba Salt Heravi are dissimilar points of view among scholars. The majority of Shiite scholars embraced him as a Shi'a. Some others have added the fact that he was one companion of Imam Rida, as well. Some others such as Sheikh Tusi and all Sunnites, however, have claimed that he was a Sunni but pretended Shiism. Relying on both Shiite and Sunnite s references and books of rijal examining their reasons, the author has tried to vindicate that Aba Salt was a Shi a but pretended Sunnism as a prudent dissimulation. Having reported the words of Shahid Thani (Martyr the Second, the second Shiite great jurist who was martyred) and those of his followers about Sheikh Tusi, the author has tried to reconcile between the two views. Keywords: Aba Salt Heravi, sect, Imamist Shiite, a pretentious Shi a, imamism, the Sunnite. The Prohibition of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Light of Sects Muhammad Rahmani *** Major violence is caused by those weapons which not only disrespect for human dignity and justice, but also are condemned by the common sense and all authorities * Seminary Teacher. ** An M. A. student in history of Shi ism, Adyan wa Madahib University, Qum. *** A faculty member of and assistant professor al-mustafa International University, Qum.
at least in their slogans. Using unusual weapons such as biological chemical and nuclear ones are banned according to the Islamic doctrines for many reasons. This Islamic strong principle can be established through various accounts. In what proposed, the author has tried to compare and examine the legal bases of the issue in the light of the Qur an traditions intellect consensus and the fatwas of both Shiite and Sunnite jurists. Keywords: weapons of mass destruction, sects, verses of the Qur an, traditions. Ahlulbeit and the Sunnites on the Intellectual Reasoning for the Right of Rebellion Mustafa Ja'far Pisheh * Right of rebellion as a legal question goes to answer the question: In what circumstances one has the right to rebel against the ruling government? In his previous works, the author had tried to survey the issue in the light of the political theory of the Sunnite jurists referring to traditional documents partially narrated from holy Prophet and partially from the practice of both companions and successors. In this paper, however, he has tried to follow up the same procedure in the light of both intellectual and legal reasoning. The conclusion drawn by the author is that viewing the theological and legal principles of Shiite, not only one ought not to totally deny the right of rebellion, but also one is obliged to rebel against an unjust and illegal regime occasionally. This right may, nonetheless, be suspended for another more important discretion such as the maintaining of the very Islamic regime or defending Muslims against the foes. NO. 33 2 Keywords: right of rebellion, political jurisprudence, Ahlulbeit, the Sunnites, obligation of maintaining the regime. * A faculty member of and assistant professor al-mustafa International University, Qum.
English Abstracts Mutahhari and St. Paul on Faith and Reason Muhammad Husein Fasihi * Qasem Ja'fari ** The issue of faith and reason has had a very long history both in Islam and Christianity. Since the very beginning of Christian centuries up to now, Christian theologians were engaged in the issue because many Christian doctrines such as Incarnation, Trinity, Jesus death as ransom and so on go contrary to the intellect, thus many intellectuals failed to believe in them. In the meantime, St. Paul appeared as the second founder of Christianity claiming that faith and reason are by no means reconcilable, i.e. there is but hostility and mutual denial between the two. In the world of Islam, many great figures have various statements so as to invite Muslims to practice reason and intellect in all issues including matters of faith. Mention can be made to Shahid Mutahhari who firmly believes in profound transactions between faith and reason, considering them in the same line. It is not the case that man is either to have faith without sharing his intellect or suffices with his intellect denying faith as something useless. He holds that without intellectual contemplations faith will not be viable, for faith is conditioned to knowing God which is one matter of faith and thus faith can be confirmed by the intellect. Keywords: reason, faith, Shahid Mutahhari, St. Paul, the Faith and reason relation. 3 Islam and Christianity on the Incarnation of Jesus Christ Muhammad Ishaq Zakeri *** Muhammad Baqir Qayyumi **** Jesus has a significant character in the three Abrahamic religions of Judaism Christianity and Islam; however, Jesus is very differently illustrated by these three religions, particularly Christianity. Since the very beginning, Christian scholars and * An MA graduate of al - Mustafa International university, Qom. ** A Faeulty member and assistant Professor of al - mustata International university, Qom. *** A Ph. D. student on Islamic theology in Imam Khomeini Complex of Education, Qum. **** A faculty member of and assistant professor al-mustafa International University, Qum.
sects have disagreed on the character of Jesus, beginning from St. Paul's disagreement with the Disciples to later long-term deep discords, until the canonical picture of Jesus as the Second Person of Trinity in whom God s Word was embodied. There was no serious discord on the character of Jesus during the middle age, though since the Reformation movement of 17th century discrepancies on the character of Jesus began anew; some objections were raised against the very presence of historical Jesus some others insisted that Jesus was simply a myth. This paper goes to revise such issues comparatively in the light of Muslim scholars views. Keywords: Jesus, Christianity, Islam, myth, Incarnation, trinity. Ibn Arabi and Mulla Sadra on the Unity of Actions Ahmad Zaki Ifshagar * Hasan Mo'alemi ** Unity of acts is one of the grades of tawhid (monotheism) and religious sound doctrines whose theoretical and practical dimensions leave impressive effects on the perfection of man and his spiritual elevation to the lofty peaks of mysticism and knowledge. In the light of two Muslim scholars, the great mystic Ibn Arabi and the great metaphysician Mulla Sadra, this paper goes to examine the unity of acts shedding light on different angles of the issue. Ibn Arabi believes in the unity of acts considering man as the manifestation of divine actions. Mulla Sadra s view on the personal unity of being is tied up with Ibn Arabi s view, mostly inspired by his manifestation theory. Furthermore, Mulla Sadra is attracted to Amr-un Bain-a al-amrain (the intermediate realm theory) ascribing all actions to the divine encompassing subsistence. NO. 33 4 Keywords: tawhid (monotheism), divine act, unity of actions, Ibn Arabi, Mulla Sadra. * A Ph. D. student on Islamic philosophy in Imam Khomeini Complex of Education, Qum. ** A Faculty member and asistamt professor of Baqirm al - ulum university, Qom.
Sayyid Muhammad 'Alemi * Muhammad Taqi Subhani ** The Mu tazilites on Miracle Prophethood and miracle have an inseparable relation. Muslim theologians hold that the authenticity of a prophet depends on performing a miracle. Critics, however, have challenged prophetic miracles from different angles. Some objections concern the very possibility of miracle intellectually regarding it impracticable. Another objection focuses on the inconsistency of miracles with the law of causation which is directed to all who believe in both Prophethood and miracles. In what presented here, the author has proposed and examined the latter objection according to the Mu tazilite principles. This paper goes to show how the Mu tazilites can solve the miracle-causation inconsistency according to their principles. Keywords: the Mu tazilites, miracle, prophethood, causing and being caused, extraordinary. English Abstracts The Deliverer s Global Government (A comparative study on Surah al-saff; 8-9) Shubeir Fasihi *** Hossein Alavi Mehr **** 5 The Glorious Qur an is a universal and eternal book inviting man to intellectual thinking so as to distinguish the truth and right from the false and wrong. This holy book has applied a part to some reports of the past and future we would not know otherwise. * A Ph. D. student on Islamic theology in Imam Khomeini Complex of Education, Qum. ** An. assiatamt professor of al - Hadith university, Qom. *** A PH. D. student in comparative exegeses, al-mustafa international University, Imam Khomeini Complex of Education, Qum. **** An. assistant professor al-mustafa International University, Qum.
One of such future reports is the dominance of Islam over other religions and governments, however the time and cultural circumstances of such government have not been made real, yet. There in history, the instance of such global government has not come into being, yet. In what presented, the author has surveyed the verses of perfecting the light and dominance of Islam according to both the Shiite and Sunnite exegeses. The result achieved is that Qur an has confirmed that the Islamic government will become dominant and victorious by the authority of the only would-be deliverer. Keywords: global government, the dominance of religion, both the Shiite and Sunnite, perfecting of religion, the appearance of Imam Mahdi. NO. 33 6