Class 3 LUKE ACTS Tonight s Goals ü define Q and identify Q passages ü analyze Luke s redaction of Mark ü identify features of Luke Acts ú literary characteristics of the gospel ú pastoral context and resulting theological themes ú Luke s Christology ú links between Luke and Acts ú the journey motif in both books DEFINING Q 1
Q Features From Quelle, German for source A list of Jesus sayings that was used by Matthew and Luke ú very few stories ú almost no narrative context for sayings Emphasis on wisdom of Jesus ú no passion narrative ú very little reference to healings, exorcisms Luke s version thought to be closer to original ú ú Luke s redaction of Mark is closer to the source than Matthew s redaction Luke s version of Q sayings is more awkward Q Luke Preserves a Tougher Version of Many Sayings Synopsis 5 (Workbook p. 36) Matthew 10:37-38 Mark Luke 14:25-26 He who loves father or mother more than me is not worthy of me; and he who loves son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me; and he who does not take his cross and follow after me is not worthy of me. Great crowds accompanied him; and turning around he said to them, If any one comes to me and does not hate his own father and mother and wife and children and brothers and sisters, yes, and even his own life, he is unable to be my disciple. Whoever does not bear his own cross and come after me, is not able to be my disciple. ª The greater the difficulty or awkwardness, the earlier the saying ª This is why, when Q passages are referenced, chapter:verse follow Luke s chapter:verse. LUKE S REDACTION OF HIS SOURCES 2
Luke s Redaction of Sources Synopsis 3 John the Baptist Workbook pp. 33-34 What do all three accounts have in common? What do Luke and Matthew share that is not in Mark? What does Luke add that is unique to him? THE GOSPEL OF LUKE The Gospel of Luke An Outline Prologue 1:1-4 Infancy & Childhood Narrative 1:5 2:52 Preparation for Public Ministry 3:1 4:13 Ministry in Galilee 4:14 9:50 Journey to Jerusalem 9:51 19:27 Ministry in Jerusalem 19:28 21:38 Passion Narrative 22:1 23:56 Resurrection & Ascension 24:1-53 Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament, Anchor Bible Reference Library. New York: Doubleday, 1997. 3
The Gospel of Luke Literary Characteristics: Your Observations The Gospel of Luke Literary Characteristics: Prologue Since many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the events that have been fulfilled among us, just as those who were eyewitnesses from the beginning and ministers of the word have handed them down to us, I too have decided, after investigating everything accurately anew, to write it down in an orderly sequence for you, most excellent Theophilus, so that you may realize the certainty of the teachings you have received. Self- consciously historiographic The Gospel of Luke Literary Characteristics: Infancy Narrative John Jesus John the Baptist Jesus Before births Birth John s birth announced 1:5-25 John is born 1:57-58 Jesus birth announced 1:26-38 Mary visits cousin Elizabeth 1:39-56 John is circumcised and presented 1:59-79 Jesus is born 2:1-20 Jesus is circumcised and presented 2:21-38 Childhood The child grew 1:80 The child grew 2:39-40 and taught in Temple 2:41-52 4
The Gospel of Luke Pastoral Context & Resulting Themes relation to Judaism embrace of the Baptist s followers great openness to the Gentiles issues negotiating the Roman Empire an affluent audience THEMES A reverence for Israel & its traditions Jesus as fulfillment of Jewish hopes Pietas (speeches, prayer, Temple, action of Spirit) Relationship of John & Jesus the Way Christology: Jesus as savior of all Concern for history, order Year of favor (redemption, shared goods, justice for lowly) The Gospel of Luke Christology: Savior of All God s eschatological prophet announces liberation does the liberating a new Moses, a new Elijah savior of all language echoes imperial claims Jesus name means God saves noble (and innocent) servant Salvation Luke s imagery is shaped by the prophet Isaiah He stood up to read, and the scroll of the prophet Isaiah was given to him. He unrolled the scroll and found the place where it was written, The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me to bring good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim release to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to let the oppressed go free, to proclaim the year of the Lord s favor. Luke 4:17-19 (NRSV) The Gospel of Luke Christology: Savior of All God s eschatological prophet announces liberation does the liberating a new Moses, a new Elijah savior of all language echoes imperial claims Jesus name means God saves Salvation Luke s imagery is shaped by the prophet Isaiah I have set you to be light for the Gentiles, so that you may bring salvation to the ends of the earth Isa 49:6 / Acts 13:46-47 noble (and innocent) servant Davidic messiah God s son 5
Links between Luke and Acts Our Only Two- Volume Work LUKE ACTS Prologue (1:1-4) Theophilus Recap of Gospel, reference to Theophilus (1:1-3) Infancy Narrative (1:5 2:52) Preparation for Public Ministry (3:1 4:13) Arrival/Departure of Jesus Descent of Spirit Preparing for the Spirit (1:4-26) Pentecost and Communal Life in Jerusalem (2:1-45) Ministry in Galilee (4:14 9:50) Journey to Jerusalem (9:51 19:27) Ministry in Jerusalem (19:28 21:38) Passion Narrative (22:1 23:56) Resurrection & Ascension (24:1-53) Teaching, Healing, Communal Life The Way Arrest, Trial Ministry in Jerusalem (3:1 8:1a) Missions in Samaria and Judea (81b 12:25) Gentile Mission (Barnabas and Saul; Jerusalem Approves (13:1 15:35) Mission of Paul to the ends of the earth (15:36 28:31) Links between Luke and Acts Our Only Two- Volume Work LUKE ACTS Prologue (1:1-4) Infancy Narrative (1:5 2:52) Preparation for Public Ministry (3:1 4:13) Ministry in Galilee (4:14 9:50) Journey to Jerusalem (9:51 19:27) Ministry in Jerusalem (19:28 21:38) Passion Narrative (22:1 23:56) Resurrection & Ascension (24:1-53) Arrest, Trial Recap of Gospel, reference to Theophilus (1:1-3) Preparing for the Spirit (1:4-26) Pentecost and Communal Life in Jerusalem (2:1-45) Ministry in Jerusalem (3:1 8:1a) Missions in Samaria and Judea (81b 12:25) Gentile Mission (Barnabas and Saul; Jerusalem Approves (13:1 15:35) Mission of Paul to the ends of the earth (15:36 28:31) The Journey Motif The Acts emphasis on Paul s journeys influences the presentation of Jesus journey to Jerusalem Mark s brief references to Jesus journey (10:1, 32; 11:1) become The framework for ten chapters in Luke (9:51 19:27) The journey in the gospel thus becomes the setting for most of Jesus teaching The narrator appears to join Paul for parts of his journeys in Acts (16:10-17; 20:5-15; 21:1-18; and 27:1 28:16). The first name for the early followers is The Way (Acts 9:2; 19:9, 23; 22:4; 24:14, 22). 6
Themes from the Gospel Themes Revealed in the Gospel Are they present in Acts? Concern for history, order The relationship of John and Jesus Fulfillment of Jewish hopes Prayer (and temple as place of prayer) Action of the Holy Spirit Year of favor - redemption, sharing of goods, justice for the poor - offer of salvation Acts 1:1-3; 3:12-26; 7:2-53 Acts 1:5 Acts 2:16-21, 24-28, 31, 34 (cf. Lk 24:44) Acts 1:24-26; 3:1 4:3; 5:12-26, 42 Acts 2; 4:8, 25, 31; 6:3-5, 10 Acts 2:45; 4:32, 35 5:11 Acts 10 11; 13:46ff Gospel of Luke Manuscript Evidence There are 1,756 manuscripts of Luke; 9 of these date to the first 600 years of Christian history Luke 6:4-16 P4 Century Manuscript Extent 100 200s P4/64/67 Parts of Matthew and Luke 1 5 200s 5 papyri parts of chapters 3 18, 22 (P45 has other gospels & Acts) 300s 01 all 03 all 0171 17 verses in chapter 22 (+ Matthew) 300 400s 1 papyrus 5 verses from chapter 7 0181 parts of chapters 9 10 400s 026 parts of 11 chapters 029 parts of 7 chapters 032 all 2 other uncial mss preserving parts of chapters 8 10 500s 10 uncial mss 2 preserve most of the gospel; others fragmentary D. C. Parker, An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and Their Texts (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008) 320-23. 7
Gospel of Luke Lectionary Coverage, Sundays & Feasts The Great Omission 35% of Luke is drawn from Mark Luke follows Markan order and incorporates large chunks of Mark at a time However, he omits two Markan sections ü Mark 6:45 8:26 (after the first multiplication of the loaves to the second) ü Mark 9:41 10:12 (temptations to sin, teachings on divorce) the great omission the little omission Acts of the Apostles Manuscript Evidence 30 of the extant manuscripts of Acts date to the first 600 years of Christian history Acts 26:7-8, 20 P29/pOxy 1597 Century Manuscript Extent 200s 5 papyri various parts, in two cases collated with gospels c.300 P38 Acts 18 19 300s P8 Acts 4 6 01 all 03 all 0189 Acts 5 300 400s 2 papyri, 1 uncial parts of chapters 3 5, 8, 10 c.400 05 all (+ four gospels, 3 John; diglot Greek and Latin) 400s P112 Acts 26 27 02 all 04 all 7 uncial mss 1 is complete; others preserve 1 2 chapters 400 500s P58 and 1 uncial Acts 1, 2 500s P33 and 3 uncials 1 is complete, others preserve 1 2 chapters D. C. Parker, An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and Their Texts (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008) 283-6. 8
Acts of the Apostles Lectionary Coverage, Sundays & Feasts TWO FAMILIES OF LUKE- ACTS TRADITIONS The Manuscript Evidence There are two families of manuscripts for Luke- Acts: Codex Bezae 400s CE fragmentary Sinaiticus early papyrus fragments papyri 300s Vaticanus 300s marginal notes in Syriac mss African Old Latin Alexandrinus 400s Citations in Cyprian and Augustine Ephraemi Rescriptus 400s 9
The & Versions In the Gospel of Luke, the version is longer than the version 22:19b Then he took the bread, said the blessing, broke it, and gave it to them, saying, This is my body, which will be given for you; do this in memory of me. 20 And likewise the cup after they had eaten, saying, This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which will be shed for you. 22:19b Then he took the bread, said the blessing, broke it, and gave it to them, saying, This is my body. The & Versions In the Gospel of Luke, the version is longer than the version 24:12 But Peter got up and ran to the tomb, bent down, and saw the burial cloths alone; then he went home amazed at what had happened. {missing} The & Versions In the Gospel of Luke, the version is longer than the version 24:40 And as he said this, he showed them his hands and his feet. {missing} 10
The & Versions In the Gospel of Luke, the version is longer than the version 24:51 As he blessed them he parted from them and was taken up to heaven. 24:51 As he blessed them he parted from them. The & Versions Often you suspect that an addition is later But in these Lukan cases, the majority of text critics believe the longer form is earlier, and the version cut things out This is determined on a case- by- case basis, but an important factor in all cases is that our earliest and best witnesses are The & Versions In Acts of the Apostles, the opposite is the case: the version is longer However in these cases, the additions are judged to be later rather than earlier because they exaggerate or amplify what is already in the text in four typical ways 11
The & Versions Emphasis is exaggerated 6:10 But they could not withstand the wisdom and the spirit with which he spoke. 6:10 But they could not withstand the wisdom that was in him and the holy spirit with which he spoke, because they were confuted by him with all boldness. Being unable therefore to confront the truth, The & Versions Religious formulae are introduced 9:40 Peter sent them all out and knelt down and prayed. Then he turned to her body and said, Tabitha, rise up. She opened her eyes, saw Peter, and sat up. 9:40 Peter sent them all out and knelt down and prayed. Then he turned to her body and said, Tabitha, rise up, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. She immediately opened her eyes, saw Peter, and sat up. The & Versions A simpler title for Jesus is replaced with a more theological title Ps 2:7 13:32 We ourselves are proclaiming this good news to you that what God promised our ancestors 33 he has brought to fulfillment for us, [their] children, by raising up Jesus, as it is written in the second psalm You are my son; this day I have begotten you. {adds Ps 2:8 as well as titles} 13:32 We ourselves are proclaiming this good news to you that what God promised our ancestors 33 he has brought to fulfillment for us, [their] children, by raising up the Lord Jesus Christ, as it is written in the second psalm You are my son; this day I have begotten you. Ask of me and I will give you Gentiles for your inheritance, and for your possession the ends of the earth. 12
The & Versions Emphasis increased on inspiration of words and actions 19:1 While Apollos was in Corinth, having traveled through the interior of the country Paul came to Ephesus where he found some disciples. 19:1 And although Paul wished, according to his own plan, to go to Jerusalem, the Spirit told him to return to Asia. And having traveled through the interior of the country he comes to Ephesus where he found some disciples. 13