CHAPTER 7 American Indian and Pioneers (Clash of Cultures)
Essential Question 14 One week after the Mormons moved, the Mormons watched a bad fight, Shoshones against the Utes. Why didn t they help stop the fight?
Introduction oin 1848, a year after the Pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, the U.S. defeated Mexico in the war which resulted in Utah becoming part of the U.S. owhen the Pioneers moved to Utah, the American Indians had been living here for centuries.
Most Pioneers and Indian interacted and cooperated with each other. Walkara, a Ute leader, welcomed the Pioneers and wanted the Pioneers to be his allies. Before the Pioneers arrived, different Indian tribes fought against each other. After the Pioneers arrived, they continued to fight against each other and against the Pioneers as well.
Conflicts between the Pioneers and Indians occurred at this time because (1) the Pioneers were taking over Indian hunting grounds (2) the Indians did not get food and money they were promised by the government (3) frightened travelers on the Oregon Trail sometimes shot and killed friendly Indians.
The longest conflict between the Pioneers and Indians was the Black Hawk War. Black Hawk, a brave Indian leader, was against the Pioneers in settling Utah. This resulted in the start of the Black Hawk War. (NOT the Pioneers killing all the hawks in the area!)
Black Hawk and his people fought hard, but in the end, Black Hawk signed a peace treaty to end the war. Black Hawk was buried in an unknown area. Years later, his burial site was moved to his homeland in what is now Utah County.
During this time, Brigham Young thought the best policy was to try to get along with the Indian people. Brigham Young played the Pacifist role. That means he wanted to solve problems without fighting. Conflicts continued in 1860 with the Goshute War. The Goshutes and Shoshone attacked many Stagecoach stations in Utah and Nevada.
In 1862-63, wagon trains were being attacked by Shoshone warriors while trying to pass through Cache Valley. Colonel Patrick Connor was in charge of federal troops in Salt Lake City. He marched his soldiers up to the Cache Valley region and massacred 250 Shoshone men, women, and children. This was one of the worst Indian massacres in the history of the United States.
In 1923, Posey, an Indian from San Juan County, was wounded in what was considered the last Utah Indian battle.
The region where most conflicts occurred was in the Utah Valley. In 1861, U. S. President Abraham Lincoln created the Uintah Valley Indian reservation. The Utah Indians were forced to follow the displacement policy: Moving a group of people from their homeland.
As this was occurring out West, the rest of the nation was facing the Civil War. To take care of Indian affairs, the U.S. government appointed Indian agents. Eventually, 7 Indian reservations were created in Utah such as the Navajo, Skull Valley and the Uintah-Ouray.
Indian farms were started by the Pioneers and Indian agents. Indian farms were created all over Utah. All Indian reservations were NOT farms.
This time period brought about the following changes: (1) Interaction between settlers and Indians changed the lives of both groups (2) Many Indians began to move to other regions in the West (3) Gold discoveries in California brought more and more settlers to the West.
With the Book of Mormon in hand and the influence of Joseph Smith (founder), the Mormons always tried to convert the Indians to their religion. The Indians are the descendants of the people in the Book of Mormon so the Mormons felt they had a closer connection to the Indians than other Christian churches
Jacob Hamblin, a Mormon missionary, was called to serve in Southern Utah. While living there, he established a close relationship with the Indians. When Hamblin learned and spoke their language, he became a trusted friend of the Indians.
Describe ways in which the Pioneers and Indians did and did not cooperate. DID COOPERATE: (1) Sometimes they brought food to each other in hard times (2) Indians showed settlers what foods they could (sego & thistle bulbs) and could not eat (3) Both groups traded and taught each other skills (4) Some pioneer women made clothing for Indian women and children.
DID NOT COOPERATE: (1) Settlers moved onto Indian lands (2) Some Indians stole cattle, horses, guns, and other goods from the settlers (3) Pioneers brought new diseases to which the Indians had no resistance (4) Both groups sought revenge when one of their people were killed (5) Indians were often short changed in deals they made.
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