Name:... CE HISTORY EXAM REVISION PACK 2018
1 Amira Mekaouar 2018
2 CE History Exam Format The CE History exam is 60 minutes, 50 marks in total and is divided into two sections: Section 1 Evidence question, 20 marks, 40% 25 minutes (5 mins quick plan, 20 mins write up) On Mary I ( Bloody Mary ) OR The causes of the English Civil War, 1625-1649 either could be examined so must know both. Section 2 Essay question. 30 marks, 60% 35 minutes (5 mins quick plan, 30 mins write up) You must answer ONE ESSAY question from a selection of ten essay questions based on five study themes. Focus on the following three essay themes: Theme 1: WAR & REBELLION including war leaders, battles, revolts, plots Theme 2: RELIGION including religious figures/the Church Theme 3: GOVERNMENT & PARLIAMENT including monarchs Handwriting and presentation are important NOTE: You MUST NOT repeat a topic in the essay section e.g. If the evidence question is on Mary I YOU MUST NOT write a whole essay focused on her. if the evidence question is on the causes of the English Civil War YOU MUST NOT write a whole essay focused on this. Revision of key facts and exam technique practice top tips Mind-maps/spider diagrams Make notes of your notes from your workbook keep reducing your notes to bitesize chunks & key words to memorise Revision cards with summary bullet-point notes and sketches You must practise writing evidence and essay answers with a timer and without notes in exam style conditions. The more you do this, the better and more confident you will become at exam technique Use past evidence source papers in your workbook and collect past CE papers from me (due to copyright restrictions I cannot email them) Reflect on all your feedback in your workbook success points/targets Find lots of primary/secondary sources by googling Spartacus Educational with the topics: 1) Mary I and 2) English Civil War. Scroll down the webpage and there are lots of sources Write a key fact quiz to test yourself/partner Voice recordings, videos, songs, raps, poems, posters, living timelines (on wallpaper rolls, toilet paper?!), laminate notes and put them in the shower - or other creative techniques to help you understand/remember/revise
3 Evidence question Section 1 Evidence question is divided into three time periods. You must answer ONE evidence question on the time period: 2) The Making of the United Kingdom: 1485-1750 You must ignore the two other time periods in the exam, as shown below: 1) Medieval Realms: Britain 1066-1485 2) The Making of the United Kingdom: 1485-1750 3) Britain and Empire: 1750-1914 We know the evidence question for the time period, 2) The Making of the United Kingdom: 1485-1750 will DEFINITELY be on: Mary I ( Bloody Mary ) OR The causes of the English Civil War You must learn BOTH topics for the evidence section as either could be on the exam
4 Evidence question preparation Key facts on Mary I (Bloody Mary) and the causes of the English Civil War of 1625-1649 How to use evidence/sources - VKT V (view of source & include key quotes/details) K (knowledge) What are the key messages of the source/what does it tell us? Extract key quotations/details from the source and explain what it means using your own knowledge (what you know). T (trustworthy?/purpose) How far can we trust the source? CONSIDER: 5Ws who, where, when, what, why/purpose? How useful is it? What are the strengths/problems with it? E.g. Historian academic integrity, used range of sources from the time and from other historians, checked by other historians, more likely to be balanced, purpose of the source is to portray the event/individual in a positive/negative light
5 Memorise key points about how credible/trustworthy/useful a source is. E.g. Historian we expect most historians to tell the truth through careful research to show academic integrity/truth BUT a minority may deliberately make fake history for various reasons -e.g. Historian David Irving is a Nazi supporter Historian has used range of sources from the time and from other historians, checked by other historians, more likely to be balanced Extract from a book is problematic as taken out of context the rest of the book may have a different message. We need to have the whole source/picture Message may be exaggerated for either good/bad reasons. E.g. a Chelsea supporter may inflate how good their team is! A political cartoon aims to emphasise a point/satire/mock Memory may be remembered differently after a long period of time/shock may distort memory
6 Section 1: Evidence question example question QUESTION: Using ALL the sources and your own knowledge, how far do you agree that Mary I was completely evil and cruel? (20 marks) INTRODUCTION: Mary Tudor was a devout Roman Catholic. On coming to the throne in July 1553, her main mission was to make England a Roman Catholic country again and to undo all the religious changes of Edward VI and Henry VIII. SOURCE A: Extract from John Foxe s Book of Martyrs, published in 1563 (5 years after Mary I s death in 1558 during Protestant Elizabeth I s reign) to glorify Protestant martyrs (people willing to die for their beliefs). This piece describes the death of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer who finally decided to oppose Mary and remain a Protestant. Then was an iron chain tied about Cranmer and when the wood was kindled and the fire began to burn near him, he put his right hand into the flame His eyes were lifted up to heaven. He repeated the words Lord Jesus, receive my spirit. SOURCE B: Extract from a modern historian. Mary believed that there was only one way to Heaven and that was through strictly following the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. No other way would do. There could be no deviation from the Roman Catholic beliefs without risking the dangers of Hell. Enforcing her wishes on her people led Mary to be cruel. But the queen must be given credit for courageously sticking to her religious beliefs. SOURCE C: Painting of the execution of Lady Jane Grey (12 th February 1554) produced by French artist, Paul Delaroche in 1833.
7 Section 1: Evidence question example answer Using ALL the sources and your own knowledge, how far do you agree that Mary I was completely evil and cruel? (20 marks) PLAN: AGREE cruel & evil Sources A and C Roman Catholic - Source B DISAGREE fanatical Sources A and C agree that Mary I was a completely cruel and (1) monarch. Source A describes Cranmer being tortured to death on the orders of Mary as he refused to convert to (2). The quotation, an iron chain tied shows how this godly Archbishop is being treated in a brutal and merciless way. Mary particularly hated Cranmer as he helped her father Henry VIII divorce her mother, Catherine of Aragon. He is being glorified as a Protestant (3), dying for the Protestant cause, as Source A states, his eyes were lifted up to heaven. Source A is an extract from John Foxe s Book of Martyrs and is unbalanced because its purpose was to portray Protestants in a positive light and denigrate (put down) Catholics including Mary I. It was published after Mary s death, during the reign of Elizabeth where Protestants had more freedom of expression. Source A is also less trustworthy as it is not clear if the author was an eyewitness of this scene and (4) the story or if he heard or read about it from another source. Similarly, Source C portrays Mary as cruel and evil for ordering the execution of Lady Jane Grey at the start of her reign. Source C portrays Jane as a Protestant martyr as she is painted with an innocent light glow, as she like Cranmer, refused to convert to Catholicism. Source C was painted by a nineteenth-century French artist, Delaroche, and contains (5). For example, the execution occurred outdoors not inside. However, Delaroche tried to use sources from the time and it does accurately represent Jane stumbling to find the execution block. On the other hand, Source B disagrees that Mary was completely evil and cruel as it argues that she believed there was only one way to Heaven and that was through following the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. Mary believed that Protestants were heretics (against God) and would be punished in Hell. Source B suggests that Mary was a (6) Catholic and would not give up on trying to stamp out Protestantism. She was stubborn and did it her way, no other way would do. Source B is an extract from a modern historian whose purpose is to have academic integrity (honesty) in telling us their argument of what happened. They have used various sources across time and their work has been checked by other historians to make it more accurate and trustworthy. Overall, I disagree that Mary I was completely evil and cruel. She truly believed that she was stopping Protestant heresy (people against God). Although she was responsible for persecuting (7) Protestants through public burnings across her five-year reign, she does not deserve her title of bloody as her father was responsible for far more deaths. Arguably, her reign would never have been secure with Lady Jane alive making her execution a necessary evil. 300 martyr evil Catholicism exaggerated inaccuracies fanatical
Key facts/content on Mary I Bloody Mary 8
9 Queen I will be your queen! Princess Mary s motives and actions in making herself queen in Oct 1553 KEY WORDS: Protestant King Edward VI, Northumberland/John Dudley plan, Protestant Lady Jane Grey 9-Day Queen, Determined, Roman Catholic, fanatic, heretic
10 MARY I - I will be your QUEEN! I want that crown on my head! 1. Dying King Edward VI (age 15) was persuaded by his advisor, the scheming Northumberland (age 49) to make to make the innocent Protestant Lady Jane Grey (age 17) the next Queen rather than his two half-sisters, determined Princess Mary (age 37) & loyal Elizabeth (age 20) 2. Northumberland planned to capture Mary and imprison her on 6 July 1553 when Mary was travelling from her home in Norfolk (Kenninghall) to London to visit her dying halfbrother Edward (he had TB lung issues) 3. Maybe Mary scented danger and knew of Northumberland s plan or perhaps she was tipped off that Edward was already dead - when Mary was near London she suddenly turned round and raced as fast as possible back to safety in Norfolk. Northumberland had failed to use this golden opportunity to capture Mary 4. Mary was no pushover and was determined to become queen. Mary believed she had everything on her side she was her father s chosen heir and believed she was the legitimate heir in the sight of God as a Catholic and child from her father s first marriage. She acted to write to powerful people to tell them this and won a range of supporters. 5. Four days later Northumberland continued with his plan - Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed Queen Jane in London and he left London with some soldiers to try to arrest Mary and sent a fleet of ships to Norfolk to try and stop any escape 6. Mary s half-sister, Elizabeth remained loyal and wrote Lady Jane Grey a letter asking her what on earth she thought she was doing 7. BUT Northumberland s plan backfired as his fleet and troops deserted him and he did not have the support of people in Norfolk Lady Jane Grey stepped down and Mary was proclaimed to be Queen of England 8. Mary s supporters rejoiced and people celebrated all night as most people still saw themselves as Catholic. Mary believed they wanted her to restore the true Catholic faith and were happy a Tudor was back on the throne she was her father s daughter it was her birth right! 9.Northumberland heard this news and declared his support for Mary to save his own life but he was beheaded a month later in the Tower of London, August 1553. Lady Jane Grey was also executed in 1554
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12 PROGRESS CHECK What do we know so far? 1. Unjumble and define key words: a) venanproce Provenance = b) natfaic c) etheric d) tyrmar e) teaggedexra f) holicatcism g) rotepstansmti 2. Mary I did things her way. Write as many synonyms for determined as you can. 3. What was Northumberland s first failed plan to capture Princess Mary? 4. Why did Mary believe that crown must be on her head? Give reasons. 5. Who did Northumberland make queen for nine days? 6. Why did Princess Elizabeth remain loyal to Princess Mary? Give reasons. 7. What was Northumberland s second failed capture plan? 8. Why was there a Catholic party at first under Queen Mary I in July 1553? 9. How successful do you think Mary was in making herself queen? (E.g. achieved against the odds?)
13 ANSWERS: PROGRESS CHECK What do we know so far? 1.Unjumble and define key words: venanproce Provenance = 5Ws where a source comes from natfaic Fanatic = Obsessed, extreme etheric Heretic = Somebody who is against God tyrmar Martyr = Somebody willing to die for their beliefs teaggedexra Exaggerated = Inflated truth holicatcism Catholicism = Christian faith Pope head rotepstansmti Protestantism = Christian faith monarch head 2.Mary I did things her way. Write as many synonyms for determined as you can. Stubborn; Strong-willed; Obstinate; Wilful; Difficult; Persistent; Tenacious 3.What was Northumberland s first failed plan to capture Princess Mary? Aimed to capture and imprison Princess Mary en route from Norfolk to London whilst she was visiting her dying half-brother, King Edward VI (July 1553) 4.Why did Mary believe that crown must be on her head? Give reasons. Henry VIII s chosen heir and believed she was the legitimate heir in the sight of God as a Catholic and child from her father s first marriage. She acted to write to powerful people to tell them this and won a range of supporters. 5.Who did Northumberland make queen for nine days? Protestant Lady Jane Grey (10-19 th July 1553) 6.Why did Princess Elizabeth remain loyal to Princess Mary? Give reasons. Continue Tudor dynasty 7.What was Northumberland s second failed capture plan? Northumberland left London with some soldiers to try to arrest Mary and sent a fleet of ships to Norfolk to try and stop any escape. Plan backfired as they deserted him. 8.Why was there a Catholic party at first under Queen Mary I in July 1553? As most people still saw themselves as Catholic. Mary believed they wanted her to restore the true Catholic faith and were happy a Tudor was back on the throne she was her father s daughter it was her birth right! 9.How successful do you think Mary was in making herself queen? (E.g. achieved against the odds?) ARGUMENT/JUDGEMENT: She was no pushover and overcame the bully and schemer Northumerland s plans to eliminate her. This was arguably remarkable as a female in a patriarchal (male-dominated) society. She easily gained support as people still wanted the Tudor dynasty to continue and most did not support Edward s Protestant Reformation and welcomed the restoration of the Catholic true faith.
SOURCE A: Extract from an academic history book, The Early Tudors 1485-1558, written by historians Rogerson, Ellsmore and Hudson, published in 2001. Mary was successful because she acted without hesitation and she had the legitimate claim. This attracted impressive support. Northumberland failed because he did not act decisively. Had he responded forcefully to the threat that Mary posed, by rallying his forces, distributing propaganda and gaining the support of the Council, he could relatively easily have succeeded. But the Tudors survived and Mary was about to stamp the country with her own distinctive rule. How close did the Tudors come to being toppled? Too close. VKT View, Knowledge, Trust 1. VIEW - Extract key quotes and explain the meaning -Mary acted without hesitation suggests... 14 2. VIEW - Does Source A agree that Mary I was successful in making herself queen in 1553? 3. KNOWLEDGE - Using your own knowledge, do you agree that Mary I was successful in making herself queen? 4. TRUST - How far can we trust Source A? (5W test who, where, when, what, why/purpose?/ Provenance)
15 Source A exemplar paragraphs Source A mainly agrees with the view that Mary was successful in making herself queen in 1553. The quotation, she acted without hesitation suggests that Mary was quick-thinking, decisive and confident. She was motivated by the belief of her legitimate claim as Henry VIII s chosen heir. She had gained impressive support because people wanted the Tudor dynasty to continue and most wanted a restoration of the Catholic faith. Furthermore, Mary had advertised herself by writing letters/propaganda to many people justifying her strong claim to the throne which gained her a range of supporters. Source A, also recognises that Northumberland s weaknesses helped Mary to win the crown as Northumberland failed because he did not act decisively. This highlights how he was weak and did not have an effective plan of action, which helped Mary avoid capture and imprisonment. Source A recognises that Mary s success was not guaranteed and she could have also lost the crown as the historians state, How close did the Tudors come to being toppled? Too close. Source A is an extract from a modern academic history book, written by three historians and is expected to have academic integrity (trust). The book is focused on The Early Tudors and was researched by Tudor experts using a range of sources from the Tudor period and historians views thereafter. It has been checked by other historians to improve its accuracy. However, it is just an extract and may be taken out of context as the rest of the book may show a different viewpoint about Mary s success. The purpose of this history book is to present the historians arguments on the Early Tudors and inform an academic audience about the past. Overall, I agree that Mary I was successful in making herself queen because she was no pushover and overcame Northumerland s plans to eliminate her. This was arguably remarkable as a female in a patriarchal (male-dominated) society. She easily gained support as people still wanted the Tudor dynasty to continue and most did not support Edward s Protestant Reformation and welcomed the restoration of the Catholic true faith.
16 Catholic I will restore the true faith! Religious policy - Queen Mary s motives, actions and consequences KEY WORDS: Heresy laws, Protestants, fanatic, religious policy, restore Roman Catholic faith, Bloody Mary interpretation, Latimer & Ridley, Archbishop Cranmer
1. Heresy laws = Made it legal to burn heretics, i.e. Protestants at the stake in 1554 2. Duty = Mary may have believed by burning heretics she was saving their immortal souls from hell 3. Revenge = She wanted personal revenge towards anyone who had challenged her power and also religious revenge against Protestants 4. True faith= She believed Catholicism was the true faith 5. Reverse= She reversed her half-brother Edward VI - Protestant religious changes back to Catholicism 6. Pope= She reunited with the Pope in Rome England Roman Catholic again 7. Statues/Mass/Latin services = She brought these back! 8. Papal legate - Reginald Pole = Pope s official - Officially forgave England for its sin of becoming Protestant 9. Archbishop Cranmer = Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury and he was burnt 10. Bishops Latimer, Ridley = Protestant bishops burnt martyrs 17
18 Husband I will marry who I want & have heirs! Marriage to Philip of Spain July 1554- Queen Mary s motives, actions and consequences KEY WORDS: Philip of Spain, marriage treaty, Wyatt s rebellion (early 1554), Lady Jane Grey executed (Feb 1554), phantom pregnancies, heir, Protestant half-sister Elizabeth
19 Progress check questions 1. Why was Mary desperate to get married? (CLUE religion, power, her age 38, nationality) 2. What was Mary looking for in a husband? (CLUE alliance, etc.) 3. Why did Parliament oppose Mary s husband choice? 4. Name three terms of the Marriage Treaty (agreement). 5. What were the key aims of the Marriage Treaty? (Power, please ) 6. What event followed because the people were not satisfied with the Marriage Treaty in Jan 1554? 7. Name the wealthy Kent landowner who led the rebellion alongside Lady Jane Grey s father Duke of Suffolk. 8. What was the key aim of Wyatt s Rebellion in London? 9. Why was Lady Jane executed after the rebellion? 10. Why was her half-sister, Elizabeth, imprisoned in the Tower? 11. Give reasons why the marriage was a failure/success ANSWERS: PROGRESS CHECK 1. Make England Catholic; powerful alliance Spain/England; she was 38 and her child-bearing years nearly over; wanted a Catholic heir(s) 2. Wanted a Catholic man from a powerful ally country who would not interfere with her being Queen of England and give her Catholic babies! 3. Parliament feared that Philip of Spain would interfere would England and even take over! 4. Marriage Treaty Called King but no power, no claim to English throne, could not fill English court with Spanish 5. Aim limit Philip and Spain s power over England 6. Wyatt s Rebellion after Marriage Treaty in Jan 1554 7. Thomas Wyatt led rebellion 8. Aim replace Mary with Protestant Elizabeth 9.Lady Jane executed after rebellion as her father helped lead it and she was a threat to Mary s power 10. Elizabeth imprisoned threat to Mary s power 11.Childless (no heirs phantom pregnancies), loveless, lack of support/wyatt s Rebellion also age difference (26/38) & language barrier BUT powerful Catholic alliance)
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21 Key facts on the causes of the English Civil War, 1625-1649 1. What is a civil war? 2. What is the Divine Right belief? 3. What did Parliament believe about its power? 4. What did Parliament believe the king should consult/check with Parliament about? 5. What does it mean to be an Anglican? 6. What does it mean to be a Puritan? 7. What religion were most Members of Parliament (MPs)? 8. Why did it concern Parliament that King Charles I was an Anglican and married a Catholic wife? EXTENSION: Why was it inevitable (unavoidable) that King Charles I and Parliament would be in conflict (1625-49)?
22 CIVIL WAR - Why was there a CONFLICT between King & Parliament? POWER Divine Right God-given power (dictatorship/absolute/total/authoritarian) Sharing power - (democracy) - Parliament s belief that it must be consulted about money/religion Personal rule/11 year tyranny King dissolved/closed Parliament as they would not give him money Petition of Right 1628 Parliament forced King to sign that he had to obey Parliament and not raise money without Parliament s permission Grand Remonstrance 1641 Parliament now led army not the King! King tried to arrest 5 MPs in Parliament in 1642 which triggered/sparked the outbreak of Civil War RELIGION Anglican King and Archbishop Laud are Anglicans - moderate Protestants ceremony & grand churches to celebrate God s glory Catholic wife Puritan Parliament feared an Anglican king and Catholic restoration Laud s reforms King made William Laud the new Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury. His religious reforms/changes unpopular - e.g. ceremony, grand churches, new Prayer Book which Scots rebelled against. Cut ears off Puritan opponents! Irish Rebellion 1641 Catholic Irish massacre of Protestant Irish. English Protestants feared this would spread to England and that the King may use the army against Protestants! Puritan MPs strict Protestants want a pure simple Church MONEY Ship money King taxed all people (not just coastal) illegally raised money Monopolies (power over one product, e.g. soap no competition) CIVIL WAR KING S ROYALISTS (Cavaliers) vs. PARLIAMENTARIANS (Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell) 1642-1649 Battle of Edge Hill 1642 (Warwickshire) indecisive no clear winner Battle of Marston Moor 1644 (Yorkshire) Royalist win Battle of Naseby 1645 (Northamptonshire) - Parliament win Execution of King Charles I Jan 1649 REVOLUTIONARY! Citizens not subjects! Republic (no monarch) 11 years Oliver Cromwell Restoration 1660 of monarchy under party king Charles II (Charles I s son)
23 1. Married a Catholic (Henrietta Maria). Charles was an Anglican (moderate Protestant). Most MPs were Puritans (strict Protestants) who wanted the King to purify the Protestant Church of England. 3. Parliament made Charles sign (reluctantly) the Petition of Right (1628) to prove he would promise to the obey Parliament and not raise money without asking them first. 5. Laud s church reforms (changes) unpopular- Charles made Scotland and Ireland have Laud s churches. The Scottish rebelled against Laud s new Prayer Book and the King was forced to first expensive two wars against the Scots. 7. Parliament strengthened its position and reduced royal power in 1641, e.g. Triennial Act (Parliament had to be called every 3 years). Then Parliament passed the Grand Remonstrance in 1641 to win control of the army from Charles. A step too far for the king. 9. Charles attempted to arrest five MPs in January 1642 by storming Parliament with 300 soldiers but someone had tipped them off and they had fled. 2. Charles ruled without Parliament for 11 years his personal rule or so-called 11-year tyranny. He found illegal ways to raise money, e.g. Ship money & Monopolies. 4. In 1633, Charles made the Anglican Protestant, William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury. 6. Parliament targets the king s advisors in 1640 Archbishop Laud and the Earl of Stafford. King forced to sign the Act of Attainder (1640-41) to execute Stafford. 8. The Irish Rebellion 1641 (Nov) Catholic Irish massacred thousands of Protestant settlers caused panic that this would spread to England. Many people thought Charles was on the Catholic Irish side and could not be trusted to send his army there. 10. Charles raised his Standard (flag) In August 1642 after Parliament continued to assert their power by issuing a law without the King s approval. The war had begun between the King (Cavaliers) versus Parliament (Roundheads).
24 Section 1: Evidence question example Charles I was a strong defender of the Protestant Church of England. Using the sources and your own knowledge, how far do you agree with this interpretation? 20 marks (25 minutes) Source A: A cartoon from c1635, showing the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, choosing a meal made from the ears of Puritans. Source B: Drawing c.1637 of rioting at a church service in Scotland, as worshippers reacted angrily to the king s proposed changes to worship in Scotland Source C: Transcribed (spoken put into written words) eyewitness report by Eleanor Price, a Protestant Irish mother, a victim of the Catholic Irish Rebellion, October 1641. "Then and there instantly and most barbarously [the Catholic rebels] drowned the most of them [my five children in the River]: And those that could swim and come to the shore they either knocked them in the hands and so after drowned them, or else shot them to death in the water."
Charles I was a strong defender of the Protestant Church of England. Using the sources and your own knowledge, how far do you agree with this interpretation? 20 marks (25 minutes) Source A View Archbishop Laud is evil/barbaric pictured eating Puritans ears with his supporters Knowledge Laudian s Anglican reforms supported by Charles I, e.g. decorated Churches with paintings, candles - unpopular with Puritans who wanted simple churches. Used the Star Chamber (King s Court) to punish anyone who opposed him and Laud s reforms. Trustworthy/purpose? Cartoon - exaggerated view, - produced at the time which captured the feeling of hatred from Laud s enemies. Cartoon was based on some truth as Laud did persecute Puritan opponents by chopping off their ears, but it is unlikely he ate their ears! Purpose is to show Laud in a negative light. Indirectly links to Charles I. Source B View Angry Scots pictured rioting in response to Laud s/charles I s New Prayer Book in Scotland Knowledge The Scots rebelled as Laud s reforms in 1637 were too Catholic. They made a covenant (promise) in 1638 to protect the Protestant faith. Charles led an army in Scotland to enforce Laud s reforms First Bishops War but Charles army was defeated. Trustworthy/purpose? - We need to find out more information about the cartoonist. Was he an eye-witness or did he find out about the riot from other sources? It is unclear if the cartoonist was supporting the Scots who feel their faith is threatened; or if the cartoonist supported Laud/Charles by portraying the rebels as a mob who were disrespecting the King s Divine Right. Like Source A indirectly referred to Charles I s religious policy. Source C View Atrocities committed by Irish Catholic rebels towards an Irish Protestant mother s children. The quote, barbarously reveals the inhumanity shown. Knowledge Irish Catholic Rebellion and massacre of 12,000 Irish Protestants in 1641 due to Parliament s anti-catholic laws. Charles asked Parliament for money to raise an army to stop this but they refused due to the fear that Charles would use it against Protestants in England. Trustworthy/purpose? - Indirectly referred to Charles I s religious policy. Transcribed spoken words put into written words could be changed deliberately or by mistake. Eyewitness report mother had a traumatic experience and her emotions could have changed her memory, as a victim of atrocities to her children she may exaggerate information to portray the rebels in a negative light. Only an extract need more of the report to get a full picture of her views. 25
26 [ ] Arguments why the King was a victim (Pro-monarchy Tory historians view/interpretation) [ ] Arguments why the King was not a victim and was not a defender of the Church Divine Right appointed by God, power should not be challenged Tory historian view pro-monarchy King victim as Parliament wanted to make Charles a puppet king Charles again needed Parliament s approval for money to raise an army to stop the Irish Catholic Rebellion. King should not have dissolved it for 11 years in 1629 Eleven Years Tyranny (unfair) and should have shared his power with Parliament in a developing democracy (Whig historian view) King raised illegal money without Parliament s consent e.g. Ship Money 1637 Used the Star Chamber (King s Court) to punish anyone who opposed him e.g. Puritans persecuted for writing pamphlets against Laudian reforms ears chopped off, faces branded! The Scots rebelled against Laud s reforms as this was seen as too Catholic and made a covenant (promise) in 1638 to protect the Protestant faith. King right to dissolve Parliament for 11 years his personal rule Irish Catholic Rebellion/Massacre not the king s fault! In 1641, Irish Catholics rebelled against Parliament s anti-catholic laws which they believed targeted them. Irish Catholic rebels killed 12,000 Protestants in Ireland. The MP, John Pym, agreed to give Charles the money to fight the Catholic Irish rebels only if he allowed Parliament to choose the army s commander! Parliament feared that the King would use the army against Protestants in England! Church of England Protestant but Charles married Catholic, Henrietta Maria Accepted Archbishop Laud s Church Anglican Laudian reform e.g. decorated churches paintings, candles, statues Charles and Laud introduced the New Prayer Book to the Presbyterians (Scottish Protestants) in 1637 (and to respect the powers of bishops). Charles led an army in Scotland trying to force Laud s reforms this was called the First Bishops War. But Charles army were defeated, and Archbishop Laud was imprisoned & later beheaded by Parliament for treason.
27 QUESTION: Charles I was a defender of the Church of England, wrongly attacked by an aggressive Parliament (Tory historians interpretation). Using the sources and your own knowledge, how far do you agree with this interpretation? 20 marks Simplify the question view/interpretation in a few words: What is the source view? Extract key quotes/details What knowledge can you add to agree/disagree with the source view? How trustworthy is the source? 5Ws/purpose A B C My overall judgement is that I agree/disagree with the question view/interpretation because.
28 Self-reflection on VKT evidence answer V (view of source & include key quotes/details); K (knowledge); T (trustworthy?/purpose) In my last evidence answer, I achieved [highlight/circle] WT Some VKT; WA Good VKT; WA* - Developed VKT Did I explain the view of all three Sources A, B and C? If not, what do you need to do next time? Did I include key details/quotes from all three Sources A, B and C? If not, what do you need to do next time? Did I include knowledge to explain all three Sources A, B and C? If not, what do you need to do next time? Did I explain how trustworthy/what the purpose of all three Sources A, B and C? If not, what do you need to do next time? Did I include my overall judgement about the Sources? Success points: Targets - to improve, I next time I need to: (e.g. Exam technique timing/focus on all three sources/include key quotes/develop explanation/proof read)
29 EVIDENCE ANSWER - suggested starter sentences Sources A, B and C largely disagree with the interpretation that Charles was a strong defender of the Protestant Church of England. Source A has the view that It depicts.i know that. Source A s purpose is to.. Similarly, Source B has the view that It pictures. I know that Like Source A, Source B s is a cartoon which has an exaggerated view Likewise, Source C has the view that The quote suggests...i know that. Source C s purpose is to. Overall, the three sources are unbalanced because they show the unpopularity of Charles support of Archbishop Laud s reforms to the Church. Perhaps the Puritans and Scots overreacted to these reforms as they were minor and were not too Catholic. Although Charles married a Catholic, brought back bishops and Church decorations, he still maintained the Protestant Church of England and tried to defend the Church from extreme Puritans by making it more moderate with the Laud s Anglian reforms.
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32 Exam Section 2: Essay question 30 marks, 60% (5 minutes planning, 30 minutes writing) You must answer ONE ESSAY question from a selection of ten essay questions based on five study themes. Focus on the following three essay themes: Theme 1: WAR & REBELLION including war leaders, battles, revolts, plots Theme 2: RELIGION including religious figures/the Church Theme 3: GOVERNMENT & PARLIAMENT including monarchs Handwriting and presentation are important NOTE: You MUST NOT repeat a topic in the essay section e.g. If the evidence question is on Mary I YOU MUST NOT write a whole essay focused on her. if the evidence question is on the causes of the English Civil War YOU MUST NOT write a whole essay focused on this. Section 2: Essay paper preparation Quick plan of three key ARGUMENT POINTS Introduction introduce three key argument points Main three developed/strong PEEL paragraphs: Key argument POINT, EVIDENCE (facts/figures), EXPLAIN (using because and other connectives), LINK BACK TO QUESTION Conclusion - overall strong judgement
33 PAST ESSAY QUESTION EXAMPLES Theme 1: WAR & REBELLION including war leaders, battles, revolts, plots Explain the causes and consequences of a war rebellion? (E.g. English Civil War) Explain the causes OR consequences of a religious/political rebellion? (E.g. Martin Luther 1517, Henry VIII s break from Rome 1534; Gunpowder Plot 1605) Theme 2: RELIGION including religious figures/the Church How did religion unite or divide people in the period you have studied? Explain your answer (religious changes and their impacts under reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I) Choose an important figure involved with religion in the period you have studied and explain why he or she is remembered. Theme 3: GOVERNMENT & PARLIAMENT including monarchs How successfully did one monarch of your choice deal with power and religion? (E.g. Henry VI, Henry VIII, Edward VI/Mary I, Elizabeth I, James I, Charles I) Choose one monarch who clashed with Parliament and assess his or her success or failures. (E.g. Charles I clashed from 1625-1649)
34 EXAM QUESTION HISTORY ESSAY - 30 marks QUICK PLAN OF KEY ARGUMENT POINTS PEEL 1 (Argument point, Evidence, Explain because /connectives & reasons, Link to question) PEEL 2 PEEL 3 CONCLUSION JUDGEMENT
35 How successful was Henry VIII? INTRODUCTION KEY POINTS OF ARGUMENT: 1. Empowered monarchy 2. Caused religious turmoil 3. Legacy today MAIN PEEL (Point, Evidence, Explain, Link to question) paragraphs 1. Empowered monarchy broke from Rome, Act of Supremacy 1535, Divine Right of Kings, challenged Pope s power, created Church of England took wealth of Church by dissolving the wealthy monasteries 1536-40, crushed Pilgrimage of Grace rebellion 1536 2. Caused religious turmoil Devout Catholic BUT longer Roman Catholic, although Defender of Faith title given to him 1521 by Pope for denouncing Martin Luther s 95 theses separated from Pope now monarch head of the Church of England. Extreme Catholics angry as big change. Protestants growing in power even though Henry VIII persecuted Protestants e-g. Henry passed the Six Articles (1539) which made it illegal to have Protestant beliefs anyone who did not have Catholic belief of transubstantiation burned to death. He would not have wanted the extreme religious switchovers from Edward VI, Mary I to Elizabeth I 3. Legacy today (lasting effects) not remembered as Blood Henry despite 70,000 executions during his reign! Church of England still exists today. Troubles in Ireland 1960s and still today between Catholics and Protestants OVERALL JUDGEMENT How successful? E.g. Created more of a united national identity in England separate from Rome He did not intend for monarchs since 1688 Glorious Revolution to HAVE TO BY LAW BE PROTESTANT- EVEN TODAY THIS STILL STANDS?!
36 How successful was Charles I? INTRODUCTION KEY POINTS OF ARGUMENT: 1. Belief in Divine Right/God-given power 2. Money issues 3. Religious issues MAIN PEEL (Point, Evidence, Explain, Link to question) paragraphs 1. Belief in Divine Right did not respect Parliament s power ignored and dismissed them e.g. 11-year tyranny vs. Personal Rule, tried to arrest 5 MPs 2. Money issues parliament refused; ship tax; monopolies/titles 3. Religious issues Anglican Protestant believed in ceremony and married a Catholic and made Anglican Laud Archbishop Laud s reforms angered Scottish rebellion of New English Prayer Book. Puritan Parliament threatened OVERALL JUDGEMENT growing sense of people power unlucky to be king at this time. 1649 King put on trial, accused of treason and executed big turning point/revolutionary world turned upside down. England a Republic for 11 years under Oliver Cromwell. Monarchy restored with Charles I s son Charles II Explain the causes of a war rebellion. E.g. English Civil War. INTRODUCTION KEY POINTS OF ARGUMENT: 1. Charles I s belief in Divine Right/God-given power 2. Money issues 3. Religious issues MAIN PEEL (Point, Evidence, Explain, Link to question) paragraphs 1. Belief in Divine Right did not respect Parliament s power ignored and dismissed them e.g. 11-year tyranny vs. Personal Rule, tried to arrest 5 MPs, did not want to be a puppet king controlled by parliament 2. Money issues parliament refused; ship tax; monopolies/titles 3. Religious issues Anglican Protestant believed in ceremony and married a Catholic and made Anglican Laud Archbishop Laud s reforms angered Scottish rebellion of New English Prayer Book. Puritan Parliament threatened OVERALL JUDGEMENT LONG-TERM/SHORT-TERM/TRIGGER CAUSES - The Nineteen Propositions 1641 PARLIAMENT wanted to control the army led king s attempt to arrest 5 MPs Jan 1642 TRIGGER of CIVIL WAR AUG 1642
37 Explain religious turning points in the period you have studied. INTRODUCTION KEY POINTS OF ARGUMENT: 1. Henry VIII break from Rome 2. Caused religious divisions switchovers 3. Elizabeth s Middle Way MAIN PEEL (Point, Evidence, Explain, Link to question) paragraphs 1. Henry VIII break from Rome TURNING POINT 2. Caused religious divisions from Edward VI (Protestant) to Mary I (Roman Catholic) 3. Elizabeth s Middle Way tried to compromise pleased moderates, did not please extreme Catholics or Puritans OVERALL JUDGEMENT unite/divide? Fear, turmoil, instability in short amount of time still exists today e.g. Troubles in Ireland Explain the causes and consequences of a political/religious rebellion. E.g. German monk, Martin Luther s protest against the Roman Catholic Church, 1517 INTRODUCTION KEY POINTS OF ARGUMENT: 1. Politics (power)/religion connected at this time 2. Causes of Martin Luther s Protest against the Catholic Church 3. Results of his protest MAIN PEEL (Point, Evidence, Explain, Link to question) paragraphs 1. Politics (power)/religion connected at this time in 1517 during Henry VIII s early reign before he broke from Rome (in 1534), Roman Catholic England strongly connected to Rome 2. Causes of Martin Luther s Protest against the Catholic Church criticisms of exploitative Indulgences/Purgatory, closer and more simple relationship with God (e.g. Bible in English, simple church services, faith alone not money to get into Heaven) 3. Results of his protest Henry VIII 1521 named Defender of the Faith for supporting Pope and denouncing Martin Luther, printing press helps spread Martin Luther s idea awareness, more Protestant followers RELIGION DIVIDED CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS PROTESTING AGAINST CORRUPT CATHOLIC CHURCH OVERALL JUDGEMENT
38 Explain the causes and consequences of a political/religious rebellion. E.g. Gunpowder Plot, 1605 INTRODUCTION KEY POINTS OF ARGUMENT: 1. Politics (power)/religion connected at this time 2. Causes of the Gunpowder Plot 3. Impact/results of the Plot MAIN PEEL (Point, Evidence, Explain, Link to question) paragraphs 1. Politics/religion connected at this time James I Protestant, influenced by Puritan dominate Parliament 2. Causes of the Gunpowder Plot anti-catholic laws, Catholic minority persecuted 3. Impact/results of the Plot even more anti-catholic laws passed OVERALL JUDGEMENT
39 ESSAY: Why did King Charles I clash with Parliament, 1625-49? 30 marks, 35 minutes In the years leading up to the outbreak of the English Civil War, between 1625 and 1649 Charles I clashed with parliament over three key interconnected issues: religion, power and money. First, in terms of RELIGION Charles I was a Protestant Anglican which meant that he favoured, for example, worship which involved ceremony and lavish ornamentation. This was a failure because Charles version of Protestantism clashed with Parliament. MPs were mostly extreme Protestants, known as Puritans who wanted to purify the Church. They believed in simple worship and the need for a personal relationship with God with less importance on the involvement of priests and bishops. Therefore, whilst Charles was a Protestant, they detested his support of Catholic tendencies which in their minds distracted believers from their worship. Furthermore, Charles exacerbated tensions with Parliament by appointing a Protestant Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud who made changes to Churches and the prayer book. Laud s reforms included, for example, This was a failure because. Moreover, Charles further clashed with and aggravated Parliament by marrying the Catholic French princess, Henrietta Maria. This was a failure because Parliament feared that Charles was leaning more towards Catholicism, and may even switch the religion back to when it was Catholic under Mary I s bloody reign (1553-58) about 70 years before. Charles, like his father James I, was a passionate believer in the Divine Right of Kings. This was the concept that.. This clashed with Parliament because. Furthermore, when Puritans challenged him. Second, in terms of POWER. For example, This clashed with parliament as.this was a success/failure because.. Third, MONEY (illegally raising taxes without Parliament s permission - ship money, monopolies ) Overall, Charles I was unfortunate to have been king at a time when Parliament s belief in people power or democracy was naturally growing (Whig interpretation). This contradicted his, and previous kings, firm belief in the Divine Right of Kings, where kings did not believe the king had to share power. The King was perhaps a victim of an aggressive parliament (Tory view). Charles I s dealings with Parliament was an utter failure as Parliament overpowered him with the revolutionary actions of fighting against the King during the Civil War from 1642-49, putting him on trial for treason and executing him in January 1649. For eleven years, there was no monarchy and England was a republic.
Essay general feedback points on essay question: Explain the causes of the clash between the King and Parliament. 30 marks Always use the words of the question and because : e.g. This caused a clash between the King and Parliament because Must mention and explain key ideas/words relevant to question: Divine Right; Personal Rule/11-year tyranny; Anglican Laud s reforms; Catholic wife; Puritan MPs; 1637 Scottish Rebellion against New Prayer Book; 1641 Irish massacre and Grand Remonstrance; 1642 Charles attempt to arrest 5 MPs in the House of Commons; Ship Tax and monopolies Charles dissolved Parliament for eleven years from 1629 because they would not raise money for him. He called this his Personal Rule because he believed no one should challenge his Divine Right. Whereas Parliament called it the 11-year tyranny because they believed he was corrupt and should share power Link the 1641 Irish Massacre to the Grand Remonstrance. The 1641 Irish massacre of Irish Protestants led to Parliament taking control of the army through the Grand Remonstrance. This was because Parliament feared Charles may use the army against English Protestants Must mention Laud s reforms supported by Charles Anglicans believed they should celebrate God s glory whereas Puritans believed this was a distraction during worship 40
How did religion unite or divide people in the period you have studied? Explain your answer (5 mins plan, 30 mins write). PEEL paragraphs. 41 INTRODUCTION: This essay will focus on how religion Link to question divided people from 1534 to 1603 under the Tudor monarchs: Catholic Henry VIII; Protestant Edward VI; Roman Catholic Mary I and moderate Protestant Elizabeth I. Catholic Henry VIII Began the official religious divide Divorce/male heir/power/love for Anne Boleyn Broke from Pope in Rome Act of Supremacy 1534 Supreme Head of new Church of England Catholic not Roman Catholic Closed 800 monasteries disloyal monks/land/money 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace - Roman Catholics protest Henry s religious changes 1539 - Six Articles Henry made it illegal to be a Protestant, e.g. must have Catholic transubstantiation belief Protestant Edward VI PEEL paragraphs Point Evidence (facts/figures) Explain (because/connectives) Increased the religious divide with swing to Protestant faith Mother was Jane Seymour, Henry s third wife Act of Succession Henry made Edward his successor 1547 9-year old Boy King short 6-year reign First Protestant King Regents First, uncle Edward Seymour (Duke of Somerset) then John Dudley (Duke of Northumberland) both influential Protestants Protestant religious revolution Made churches simple e.g. smashed statues, stained glass windows Remove distractions from God Catholic protests e.g. 1549 Devon and Cornwall against the new prayer book in English Dudley had persuaded the dying King Edward VI in 1553 that Jane (who had married his son, Guildford Dudley power couple!) should be his successor, rather than Catholic Mary Edward agreed to continue his Protestant Reformation Succession problems when Edward died from TB (lung disease) Protestant Lady Jane Grey Nine Day Queen July 1553 Mary took power as most believed she was the rightful Tudor heir & wanted the true Catholic faith back
42 Roman Catholic Mary I Increased the religious divide with extreme swing back to the Roman Catholic faith Mother was Roman Catholic Catherine of Aragon, Henry s first wife Brought back the Pope as head Brought back Roman Catholic Latin church services and luxurious colourful stainedglass windows/paintings etc. Roman Catholic marriage & alliance with Spain - marries son of the King of Spain, Prince Philip Turn or burn religious policy burnt 300 Protestants Unpopular as brutal made people hate her religious changes nicknamed Bloody Mary (even though Henry VIII executed 70,000) Victims seen as heroes & martyrs dying for their beliefs Moderate Protestant Elizabeth I Improved religious divide by trying to please both moderate Catholics & Protestants Began to heal religious divisions caused by 25 years of swings to and from the Catholic and Protestant faiths Mother was Protestant Anne Boleyn (executed when Elizabeth was only 2 years old in 1536) She favoured Protestants but tried to make a religious compromise to bring more unity & stability this was known as the Religious Settlement or Middle Way But people who did not follow it were punished Act of Supremacy (1559) Elizabeth called herself governor instead of head to please Catholics Act of Uniformity (1559) Catholic transubstantiation belief open to interpretation to please Protestants Got rid of extreme bishops to please Protestants Catholics had to attend Protestant church services or would be fined (recusants) Extreme Catholics and Puritans would not accept Elizabeth s compromise Became more brutal towards Catholic opponents due to fear of Catholic plots against her life Stamped down more on extreme Catholics e.g. Thirty-Nine Articles (1571) made England more Protestant abolished Catholic transubstantiation belief and supported Protestant idea of clerical marriage. Babington Plot in 1586 led to her Roman Catholic cousin, Mary Stuart s execution (1587) CONCLUSION: My overall judgement is that across the Tudor period from 1534 to the end of Elizabeth s reign in 1603 religion divided people because. e.g. religious instability caused by religious switchovers caused chaos and confusion for everyday Catholics and Protestants as they lived in fear over who would be the next monarch and what religious changes they may make.
43 How did religion unite or divide people in the period you have studied? 6-year rebels statues revolution Succession 1547 Jane Protestant regent Seymour Reformation simple Dudley Edward VI Paragraph When Henry VIII passed away in (1), under the Act of (2) the 9-year old Boy King, Henry s beloved male heir Edward VI was next in line. However, unlike his father, Edward was a (3) and completely broke away from the Catholic faith, starting a religious (4) as England s first Protestant King. As he was too young to rule on his own, a (5) ruled for him. Edward s first regent was his Protestant uncle, Edward (6) (Duke of Somerset) who influenced the Protestant religious revolution in England. The religious changes included making (7) Churches by smashing stained-glass windows and (8) of saints, removing paintings and gold candles, and white-washing church walls to remove all distractions from God. The Latin Mass was abolished, and a new prayer book was published in English to help people understand their religion without a priest. These religious changes were divisive, with many people hating them. For example, in 1549 the people of Devon and Cornwall rebelled against the new prayer book change. Edward dealt with the (9) ruthlessly by hanging the priest leaders from their own steeples. Seymour was replaced by John (10) (Duke of Northumberland) who was even more fiercely Protestant and he sent Catholic bishops sent to Tower. Dudley had persuaded the dying King Edward VI in 1553 that Lady (11) Grey (who had married his son, Guildford Dudley power couple!) should be his successor, rather than Roman Catholic Mary. Edward agreed to Dudley s plan and changed his father s will to continue his Protestant (12). This caused succession problems when Edward died from TB (tuberculosis lung disease) after a short (13) reign. Most people saw Mary as the rightful Tudor Queen and wanted a return to the true Catholic faith which is why Protestant Lady Jane Grey only ruled for nine days. EXTENSION: King Edward VI and the Pope painting. How trustworthy is it? CONSIDER: Painted during Elizabeth s reign. Does the painter show Edward s Protestant changes in a good or bad light? Does the painter support the fallen Pope?