Grade-7 History Civic Chapter-9 THE FALL OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE Short question answer. 1. Who followed Farrukhsiyar? Ans: Farrukhsiyar was followed by Muhammad Shah. 2. When did Ahmad shah Abdali invaded Indian? Ans: 1761. 3. Which ruler was controlled by sayyid brothers? Ans: Farrukhsiyar. 4. Who were known as king makers? Ans: Sayyid Brothers Abdullah khan Baraha and Husain Ali khan Baraha. 5. What do you mean by succession? Ans: The process by which one person comes after another as a king, queen or leader. 6. Who invaded India in 1739? Ans: Nadir Shah. Long questions. 1. Who was the later Mughals emperor? List Dows the events of their reign. Ans: The Mughal Empire had begun to show signs of decay during the reign of Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb died in 1707. His three sons fought for the throne. In this struggle, Mauazzam emerged victorious. He ascended the throne and took the little of Bahadur shah. His reign marked the beginning of the rule of the later Mughals. 1)Bahadur Shah I (1707 1712): Ruled for five year. Tried to win over Rajputs by recognizing Ajit singh as ruler of Jodhpur. Tried to appease Maratha realizing Shahu. Also extended a hand of friendship to Sikhs. 2)Jahandur Shah(1712 1713): Succeeded Bahadur Shah I after his death, over thrown by nephew, Farrukhsiyar. 3)Farrukhsiyar(1713 1719): Ruler only in name. Controlled by sayyid brothers. Were known as king maker removed Farrukhsiyar from throne in 1719 and 2 more rulers. At end made Muhammad Shah the emperor. 4)Muhammad Shah (1720 1748): Did not try to strengthen the empire. Independent kingdoms established. Many people revolted like Rajput Maratha against Mughals. 5)Bahadur Shah zafar (1748 1858): After Muhammad shah Mughal Empire was existed only in name. 1858 British removed his from throne and brought end of Mughal empire. 2. How did the Jagirdari and Mansabdari of the Mughal empire? Ans: The Jagirdari and Mansabdar crisis hasten the downfall of Mughal Empire in following ways: Jagirdari Crisis: Mughal emperor paid their officer with Jagirs.
End of 17 th centaury there were not enough jagirs so crown land was converted into jagirs. Less revenue generated due to crisis. Hence power declined. Mansabdari Crisis: Mansabdari had to maintain a fixed troops, faced crisis. Number of Mansabdars increased. Difficulties arised due to uncontrolled situation. Absence of control controls to not proper maintenance of troops by Mansabdars. Affected the military strength of empire. 3. Write short notes on the following. a) Rivalry among nobles. Ans: The nobility under the Mughals was composed of three groups Iranis, Turanis and Hindustanis. There was a constant struggle for power among them. As a result jealousies and rivalries were common. Nobles were interested in increasing their own power and influence. They did little to save empire from collapse. b) Policies of Aurangzeb. Ans: Aurangzeb failed to solve the problems that the empire was facing. He continued his fight with the Sikhs and the Marathas, resulting in a huge loss of manpower and money. His prolonged campaigns in Deccan also depleted the resources. Chapter-10 DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE Short question answers. 1. What is Renaissance? Ans: Renaissance means Rebirth. 2. From where Renaissance began? Ans: Italy. 3. Who invented printing press? Ans: Johannes Gutenberg. 4. When did Vasco Da Gama reached India? Ans: In 1498. 5. Who painted Mona Lisa? Ans: Leonardo da Vinci. Long question answer. 1. What was the Renaissance? Write any two factors that caused the Renaissance. Ans: The period of European history during 14 th and 17 th countries when there was revival of interest in the study of ancient European civilizations, the development of a spirit of scientific enquiry and a regard for the welfare of man is termed as Renaissance. Following are the factors that caused the Renaissance. 1. Fall of Constantinople: In 1453, the ottoman Turks attacked and conquered Constantinople capital of Byzantine Empire which was important centre of following. 2. Invention of printing press: Invented by Johannes Gutenberg helped in spreading education and ideas to different parts of Europe. 3. Write any three features of Renaissance. Ans: Following are important features of Renaissance. a) Revival of interest in ancient culture: History, philosophy, literature and artistic achievements of the Greeks and Romans were studied keenly. b) Rationalism: Thinkers of Renaissance time were rationalists.
Asked people not to blindly accept whatever the church told them. Questioned beliefs founded on blind faith and superstitious. Asked people to judge things of accept things in the light of reasons. c) Spirit of scientific enquiry: Promoted scientific approach. People began to observes, experiment and use their reasoning to arrive at conclusions. d) Humanism: Human were at the centre of study during Renaissance period. Francesco Petrarch father of humanity. Attempts were made to find solutions to human problems. e) Realism: Secular themes and depiction of the human form became the focus of paintings and sculpture. 4. What led to the Age of Discovery? Ans: During the early 15 th century the most important trade route between Europe and Asia was an overland route that passed through western Asia. After Constantinople was conquered by the ottoman Turks this route was no longer available for trade. A new route to Asia had to be discovered and this led to a race among European countries to find new sea routes. 5. Write short notes on following. a) William Shakespeare: Ans: William was an English poet and playwright. He wrote many comedies and tragedies. Much Ado About Nothing, The Comedy of Errors, Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth are some of his famous works. b) Nicolas Copernicus: Ans: Nicolas Copernicus was a polish astronomer. He questioned the long held belief propagated by the church that the earth was the centre of the universe. He mathematically proved that the sun was at the centre of the universe and the earth and planets revolved around it. Chapter-15 THE EXECUTIVE UNION AND STATE Short question answer 1. Who heads the executive body of the Indian Union? Ans: President. 2. Which is the official residence of the President of India? Ans: Rashtrapati Bhavan. 3. From where is the advance for an unforeseen expenditure can be taken? Ans: Contingency Fund of India. 4. Which commission is used for selection for the civil services is usually made? Ans: UPSC Union Public Service Commission. 5. Who is the nominal head of the state Executive? Ans: Governor. Long Question answers. 1. The president can declare war on conclude peace give reason. Ans: Because the president is the supreme commander of the armed forces. 2. If a vote of no-confidence passed, all the ministers have to resign. Give reason. Ans: Because the Prime Minister is the head of the council of minister and they work together as a team and hold collective responsiblity. This means that all of them together are answerable to the parliament for any decision taken by PM. 3. What are the eligibility conditions to be elected as the president of India? Ans: Eligibility: Be a citizen of India. Be 35 years of age or more. Qualify to be a member of the Lok sabha.
Not hold any office of profit under central state or local governments. Not be a member of the parliament or a state legislature. 4. Briefly describe the administrative and legislative powers of the president. Ans: Administrative Power: President appoints PM. President appoints other ministers on the advice of the PM. All senior officials of union government appointed by him and can also be removed by him/her. He/she appoints the judges of the supreme and high court. Also controls the administration of union territories directly. Legislative power: President can summon or dissolve the house of parliament. Also dissolve the Lok sabha. Address a joint session in both houses of parliament at the beginning of each year and first session after each general election to the Lok sabha. Bill passed by parliament cannot become a law without president s approval. Also can issue ordinances when parliament is not in session. Valid till 6 weeks. 5. When can the president declare a state of emergency? Ans: He/she can declare emergency when: The nation threatened by external aggression or armed rebellion. The government machinery in a state breaks down. In such situations, the president takes control of the working of the state. This is known as President s Rule. There is a threat to the financial stability of the country. 6. How can the vice president be removed from office? Ans: The vice president may be removed by a resolution passed by a majority of the members of the Rajya Sabha and agreed to by the Lok sabha by a majority. 7. Write a short note on the similarities in the legislative powers of the president and the governor? Ans: Following are the similarities power of the president and the government. Both address the legislature at the beginning of the first session of a newly elected legislature. Both has to approve and sign the bills passed by the state legislature. Both can dissolve the legislature assemble and house of parliament respectively. Both can issue ordinance. 8. What are the powers of the Chief Ministers? Ans: The Chief Minister is the real head of state. She/he advises the governor on the selection of the Council of Minister and the size of her/him Cabinet. Also distributes portfolios to the ministers. Holds the responsibility for governance at the state level. Can ask a minister to resign. CM and councils of Ministers hold collective responsibility at state level. If a vote of no-confidence is passed the entire ministry has to resign. Chapter-16 THE JUDICIARY Short question answer. 1. Who appoints the chief Justice of the Supreme Court? Ans: President. 2. What is the retirement age of Supreme Court judge? Ans: 65 Years. 3. What do you mean by jurisdiction? Ans: The power to interpret and apply the law. 4. What do you mean by advocate?
Ans: A person who argues for the cause of another in a court of law. Long question answer. 1. Cases concerning the violation of the constitution can be put up only in the Supreme Court. Give reason. Ans: There are certain cases that can only be decided by the supreme court. They have to originate in the Supreme Court and are thus known as original cases. Hence Cases concerning the violation of the constitution is one of them that can be put only in the Supreme court. 2. The legal aid scheme has been started. Give reason. Ans: Because our constitution tries to ensure that no citizen should be deprived of opportunities Of securing justice due to economic or other factors. Free legal services are made available to the weaker sections of the society. 3. Who appoints the judges of the Supreme Court? Ans: The chief justice is appointed by the president in consultation with the other judges of the supreme court and the high court. The senior most judge of the supreme court is generally appointed to the office of the chief justice of India. The other judges are appointed by the president after consulting the chief justice. 4. Describe briefly the meaning of the original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions of the Supreme Court. Ans: Original jurisdiction: There are certain cases that can only be decided by Supreme Court. They have to originate in Supreme Court and thus known as original cases. Disputes between two states, disputes between the union government and one or more state government, cases concerning the violation of the constitution. In this way the Supreme Court functions as the protector of our fundamental rights. Advisory Jurisdiction: In this the Supreme Court can give advice to the president on constitutional matters when asked for. However the president is not bound to follow this advice. 5. Describe the composition and power of the high court. Ans: Composition High court. Consist of chief justice and other judges. No. of judges are decided according to the population of the state. President appointed chief justice of high court in consultation with chief justice of Supreme Court and the governor of that state. Power of High court: High court can hear original cases. Passes judgments on election petitions and other election related disputes. Hear appeals in both civil and criminal cases, against the decision of district court and can review judgments. Lower courts can refer to these records. 6. Why are Lok Adalats important in our country? Ans: Lok Adalats are important in our country because: It helps in resolving disputes in a simple, quick and inexpensive manner. As our country is over populated and it s not easy for each and every people to reach courts and get judgment, so Lok Adalats provide an easy and fast decisive platform for resolving disputes and getting judgments. Chapter-3 THE DELHI SULTANATE Short question answer. 1. Who was the most trusted general of Ala-ud-din Khalji?
Ans: Malik Kafur. 2. Who made Agra as his Capital? Ans: Sikandar Lodi. 3. What is meant by baoli? Ans: A stepped well used to store water. 4. Who successes Kikandar Lodi? Ans: Ibrahim Lodi. Long question answer. 1. Who succeeded Qutb-ud-Din Aibak? Why is that person called the real founder of the sultanate? Ans: Qutb-ud-din was succeeded by Iltutmish. He is considered the real founder of the sultanate because he undertook the following steps. He shifted the capital from Lahore to Delhi. Consolidated his position by suppressing the rebellioush nobles and Rajput chiefs. Protected the north- west frontiers of sultanate. Expanded the empire up to Bengal in the east. Completed construction of Qutb Minar. 2. How did Balban make the sultanate powerful? Ans: After Nasir-ud-din s death Balban re-organized and strengthend the army. He fought against the local rulers and defeated many of them. The crushed the power of the nobles to prevent them from routing again. He fortified the north-western boarders against mongo raids the built many new forts and repaired the old ones in the sultanate. 3. What were the difficulties faced by the rulers of the slave Dynasty? Ans: The slave rulers did not belong to royal families, thence there were many contenders to the throne. The Rajput and other Indian rulers had not been completely suppressed and they frequently revolted against the Turkish rule. The Mongols who had grown. Powerful under Chenghiz khan were a constant threat to the Sultanate. 4. Discuss the military reforms of Ala-ud-din Khalji. Ans: The revenue reforms of Ala-ud-din made more money available to him with that money, he was able to maintain a large standing army. He paled his soldiers in cash. He started branding horses(dagh) to prevent the substitution of good horses with inferior ones. A full description(chehra) for each soldiers was also kept spices were posted in different parts of the empire to keep the Sultan informed of all developments. 5. List the welfare work done by Firoz Shah Tughluq. Ans: Firoz Shah is often called a reformer king. He did much for his people he built many canals, tanks, wells, hospitals and rest houses. He established new town such as Jaunpur, Firozpur, Firozabad and Hissar Firoza. He also built many educational institutions. Many Sanskrit texts were translated into Persian and Arabic during his reign. 6. Write a short note on the Sayyid Dynasty. Ans: The Sayyid sultans ruled for a brief period. There were four Sayyid kings. a) Khizr Khan Sayyid (1414 1421): He was the governor of Multan under Firoz shah Tughluq. He Conquered Delhi in 1414 and started the rule. b) Mubarak shah Sayyid (1421 1434): He was man of vision and could have revived the old glory of the Sultanate. c) Muhammad shah Sayyid (1434 1443): Was Mubarak Shah s nephew. d) Ala-ud-din shah sayyid (1443 1451): Alam shah was the next ruler. He lost Delhi to Bahlul Lodi in 1451 with this, the brief rule of the Sayyid Sultans came to an end. 7. The nobles were oppsed to Razia Sultan. Give reason. Ans: Because the nobles opposed her they hated taking orders from a woman. 8. Firoz shah Tughluq tried to please the nobles and the Ulema. Give reason.
Ans: Firoz Shah Tughluq was Muhammad-bin Tughluq s Cousin. He felt that Muhammad bin Tughluq had failed to consolidate. His hold over the empire because he did not have the support of the nobles and ulema. He therefore decided to win them over.