Bullae

Akkadian Empire

2350-2160 BC Spoke Semitic Akkadian Akkadian Empire: Rise of Sargon of Agade Migrated from the west, north, and east Rise of Sargon the Great Many legendary stories Probably a cupbearer to the King of Kish and usurped his throne Consolidated power and unified Mesopotamia Tore down walls Replaced Sumerian kings with his governors Trade influence to Africa, India, and Egypt with ethical weights Culture stayed the same-only language changed

Fall of Akkad After Sargon s grandson failed to unifiy the area, invaders came. Gutians and Syrian Semites Elam and Sumer revolted

The Third Dynasty of Ur: The Sumerians Rule Once Again 2100-2000 Reign of Ur-Nammu Governor of Ur Usurped the throne of Uruk Last Sumerian Revival Cultural Flowering Great Ziggurat of Ur Better government and record keeping Communication system in Sumerian Official calendar and weights The Code of Ur-Nammu

2000-1800 BC Fall of Ur: Chaos The Semitic Amorites had gained influence during the Akkadian Empire and the 3 rd Dynasty of Ur Came from Northern Syria Ruled Northern Mesopotamia Elamites: Major enemies of the Sumerian people from the east Came from Susa to the east of Ur Ruled Mesopotamia in the South Assyria makes an appearance Amorites take them over and rule from Assyria and make Babylon a vassal

Early Assyria 2300-911 BC City of Assur existed by 2,300 BC (2350 BC-2000 BC) Ruled by Akkad and 3 rd Dynasty of Ur By 2,000 Assyria fairly independent Established major trade posts in Asia Minor. (1760-1365 BC) Taken over by the Amorites and then by the Old Babylonians, Kassites, and Mitanni Empires (1365-1200)King Assur-uballit I: freed Assyria from Kassites for a few years and Collapsed with Mesopotamia in 1200

OLD BABYLONIAN EMPIRE

Old Babylonian Empire 1792-1595 BC Amorites: began ruling in Assyrian cities Vassal king of Babylon, Hammurabi, takes control. FIRST king of Old Babylonian Empire 1792-1750 BC Reunification of Mesopotamia Extended his control from the Persian Gulf to the southern border of Assyria Sumerian fairly dead. Akkadian only used.

The Code of Hammurabi Collection of legal decisions Most comprehensive collection Not comprehensive; covers only personal exceptions Divine Sanction The code was authorized by the gods see picture The Text Three hundred laws Prologue: celebrates the great justice of the king Epilogue: which gives blessing and curses

The Code of Hammurabi The subjects of the Code and the use of the death penalty Crimes arranged by subject Most guilty crimes were punished by death if the crime was against the state Judged or suffered an ordeal Punishment: hanging, burning, drowning, impalement Penalties of bodily injuries differed. Nobles harming a noble: Lex Talionis: Eye for an eye Nobles harming a slave/dependent Noble paid money to the slave Slave harming a noble: Body harm to the slave Slave harming another slave: Pay the other slave money

The End of Babylonian Rule After Hammurabi, the Empire weakened and lost control over its territories. Hittites: Indo-European speaking people swept down from Anatolia and destroyed Babylon around 1595 Babylon was too weak to defend itself and fell to the Kassites next Kassites People from the Zagros mountains Ruled from 1595-1160

Who were the Hittites? Indo-Europeans who settle in the Anatolia region possibly during 2200 BC (end of Akkad and Old Kingdom). Nesites who conquered Hatti

Early Beginnings of Anatolian History Old Hittite Empire 1800-1600 BC Old Babylonia and Second Intermediate Period Pithana and Anitta: kings who began Hittite expansion Hattusili and Mursili: first major kings Attacked Old Babylon and brought it to an end around 1595 BC Attempt to put the Kassites in power to weaken the Hurrians and Babylon Hittites weaken and Babylon falls. Kassites rule in Mesopotamia 1600-1200 BC 1595-1500 BC internal strife and Mittani invasions

Kassites Pages 112-114 Rule in Mesopotamia from 1600-1200 BC after the Hittites ally with them to weaken the Mitanni and Babylonian powers Assume Babylonian custom and unify the lower half of Babylon. Mesopotamia is unified for the fist time. Assyria in the north and Babylon in the south. Literature: Enuma Elish and the Epic of Gilgamesh are created into their final forms Years were counted Innovations in architecture: molded bricks used for façade enhancement Light War Chariot: development and enhancement

Food Overhunting certain animals Sheep, goats, pigs Pastoralism (Milk products) Method: Domestication of animals and plants Use animals to hunt

Nobles: Priests, Kings, and royal family. Clients farmed for them Commoners: Government officials, wealthy merchants, farmers, and artisans Farmed for themselves; about 50% of the population Clients: (Serfs) Those who farmed for the wealthy.

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