UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION BA PHILOSOPHY CORE COURSE II SEM PY II B 02 METHODOLOGY OF PHILOSOPHY QUESTION BANK Choose the correct answer 1. ------------------- is a vital instrument for the growth and development of knowledge. a) Superstition b) False belief c) Barren Hypothesis d) Methodology 2. Our beliefs may be substantiated by some objective standards and they should not be guided solely by subjective considerations. This shows the necessity of -------------------- a) Subjectivism b) Skepticism c) Methods d) Dogmatism 3. The study of methods is called a) Mysticism b) Monadology c) Methodology d) Mythology 4. Procedures and techniques by which the establishment of the validity of previous knowledge and the attainment of new knowledge is possible, is called a) Empiricism b) Rationalism c) Methodology d) Positivism 5. Procedures and techniques which have been devised to aid us in extending our knowledge is called a) Dogmatism b) Skepticism c) Agnosticism d) Methodology 6. ----------------is the author of the book An Essay on Philosophical Method a) Bertrand Russell b) Ludwig Wittgenstein c) Collingwood d) Montague 7. The source of the methodology of arts was a) Socrates b) Aristotle c) A.J.Ayer d) Descartes Methodology of Philosophy 1

8. The Problem of Knowledge was written by a) Aristotle b) Plato c) A.J.Ayer d) Collingwood 9. It is by it s methods rather than it s subject matter that philosophy is to be distinguished from other arts or sciences. This is a statement by a) Plato b) Aristotle c) Collingwood d) A.J.Ayer 10. With the help of method we come to a ---------------. a) Theory b) Belief c) Guess d) Conjencture 11. A theory is a conclusion, whereas a method is a------------------. a) Syllogism b) Procedure c) Style d) Manner 12. Style means a) A manner of expression characteristic of a particular philosopher or individual. b) A philosophical method c) A demonstrative method d) A procedure used for studying the phenomena of the objective world. 13. Philosophical method is a) Demonstrative b) Skeptical c) Contemplative d) Distructive 14. For idealists, method is a) Objectively established b) Established for the sake of convenience c) A set of principles which is arbitrarily established by human reason for convenience in knowing. d) A procedure used for studying phenomena of the objective world. 15. The Marxists present method as a) Arbitrarily established, everyone having his own method. b) A procedure used for studying the phenomena of the objective world. c) A purely subjective category d) A person s style of doing something 16. Philosophical methods are a) Methods of empirical sciences b) Methods of empirical psychology c) Methods of rational inquiry d) Methods of objective world 17. ------------------take philosophical method as the method of determining the meaning of ideas and of clarifying them. a) Rationalists b) Empiricists c) Idealists d) Pragmatists Methodology of Philosophy 2

18. According to pragmatists, the two ends of philosophical method are, a) First, verification of hypothesis and second, proof of hypothesis b) First, determination of meaning and second, verification of ideas c) First, formulation of hypothesis and second, deduction and verification of hypothesis d) None of the above 19. Philosophical method as a method of settling philosophical disputes is the view of a) Descartes b) William James c) Aristotle d) Socrates 20. Science is rational, philosophy is a) More rational, speculative also b) Irrational and skeptical c) Irrational and dogmatic d) Skeptical and dogmatic 21. Socrates and Plato took philosophical method as a method of a) Settling philosophical disputes b) Determination of meaning c) Clarification of language d) Knowing 22. According to Aristotle, the aim of philosophical method is a) To investigate meaning aspect of language b) To inquire into the of structure of language c) The attainment of truth d) To inquire into the a-priori aspect of knowledge 23. With the help of method we come to a a) Pattern b) Theory c) Style d) Syllogism 24. A theory is a -----------------, whereas a method is a procedure or way. a) Conclusion b) Premise c) Syllogism d) Style 25. Manner of thinking or procedure of thinking over some problem is called a) Syllogism b) Theory c) Style d) Art 26. Chintana prakriya means a) A manner of thinking or procedure of thinking over some problem b) A manner of expression characteristic of a particular philosopher or individual c) An account of a group of facts or phenomena d) An account of the procedures to be followed in a scientific investigation Methodology of Philosophy 3

27. Style means a) An account of the procedures to be followed in a scientific investigation. b) An account of a group of facts or phenomena c) A manner of thinking or procedure of thinking over some problem d) A manner of expression characteristic of a particular philosopher or individual 28. An argument expressed or claimed to be expressible in the form of two propositions called the premises, containing a common or middle term, with a third proposition called the conclusion resulting necessarily from the other two, is called a) Method b) Style c) Syllogism d) Theory 29. According to Wittgenstein, syllogism is a) A philosophical method b) A demonstrative method c) Style d) Theory 30. Art is concerned with practice, while method is a process of a) Skill b) Action c) Application d) Thinking 31. A person s style of doing is called a) Method b) Syllogism c) Pattern d) Manner 32. -----------------is a mode of action a) Philosophical method b) Procedure c) Syllogism d) Theory 33. Logico-mathematical method is called a) Demonstrative method b) Pure philosophical method c) Scientific method d) Hypothetical method 34. ---------------------is an example of pure philosophical method a) Mystical method b) Analogical method c) Etymological method d) Phenomenological 35. A philosophical system claims uniformity of method, but a truly philosophical spirit will rather aim at flexibility. This statement is by a) Descartes b) Socrates c) Collingwood d) Wittgenstein 36. --------------considered as the starting points of mathematical method. a) Propositions b) Axioms c) Theorems d) Laws 37. Spinoza s method is known as a) Axiomatic b) Mathematical c) Theoretical d) Geometrical Methodology of Philosophy 4

38. What is the name of book in which Descartes stated his four rules of method? a) Discourse on The Method b) The Method c) Ethics d) On Ideas 39. Descartes considered -----------and -----------as the two criteria of true knowledge. a) Purity and clearness b) Clearness and distinctiveness c) Clearness and truthfulness d) Distinctiveness and purity 40. Descartes himself refuted ------------- as a philosophical method. a) Induction b) Deduction c) Syllogism d) Intuition 41. Immanuel Kant s method is known as a) Transcendental b) Mathematical c) Geometrical d) Intuitive 42. The term a priori means a) Empirical b) A posteriori c) After experience d) Before experience 43. --------------------------------- constitutes a definite and self-evident starting point for the Cartesian philosophy. a) A priori b) Self-evident principles c) Cogito ergo sum d) Ergo cogito 44. Descartes says that when deduction is complex and involved it may be termed ------- a) Enumeration b) Complex deduction c) Association d) complex intuition 45. According to Kant dogmatism has two forms viz. rationalism and --------------. a) Intuitionalism b) Empiricism c) Scepticism d) Solipsism 46. To attain certainty and clarity in philosophy many philosophers recommended a) Mathematical method b) synthetic method c) Enumeration d) intuitive method 47. The method which employs a long series of definitions, postulates, axioms, theorems and problems. a) Mathematical method b) synthetic method c) Enumeration d) Intuitive method 48. In the mathematical method we deduce other principles and propositions from -------- a) Enumeration b) Complex deduction c) Association d) Axioms Methodology of Philosophy 5

49. Mathematics is a body of certain and-------------------------------- truths. a) Self-evident b) Mathematical c) Theoretical d) Geometrical 50. Who gave primacy to intuition? a) Hume b) Locke c) Russell d) Descartes 51. Who wrote The Rules for the Direction of Mind? a) Spinoza, b) Leibnitz c) Russell d) Descartes 52. The doubt of Descartes should not be confused with ---------------------------------. a) Intuitionalism b) Empiricism c) Scepticism d) Solipsism 53. Logical doubt of Descartes depends on a) Mind b) Intellect c) Will d) Consciousness 54. The thing which will resist the doubt will constitute an ------------------------------- certainty. a) Self-evident b) Indubitable c) Theoretical d) Geometrical 55. Hume says that all knowledge derived from a) Propositions b) Axioms c) Theorems d) Impressions 56. Berkeley argues that all knowledge derived from a) Impressions. B) Ideas c) Theorems d) Laws 57. Kant observed that, contradictory dogmatic philosophies inevitably lead to a) Intuitionalism b) Empiricism c) Scepticism d) Solipsism 58. Kant believed that Hume s -------------------------------undermined the sciences. a) Intuitionalism b) Empiricism c) Scepticism d) Solipsism 59. Hobbs and Descartes professed----------------------------------------method a) Transcendental b) Mathematical c) Geometrical d) Intuitive Methodology of Philosophy 6

60. Bacon accepted the ------------- method of natural sciences. a) Transcendental b) Mathematical c) Inductive d) Intuitive 61. Kant called his critical method by the name of ---------------------------method also a) Transcendental b) Mathematical c) Inductive d) Intuitive 62. Kant writes metaphorically--- ----------------------is a resting place for reason. a) Intuitionalism b) Empiricism c) Scepticism d) Solipsism 63. According to Kant scepticism cannot be a ---------------------------method of philosophy. a) Transcendental b) Rational c) Inductive d) Intuitive 64. With the help of his Transcendental method Kant distinguished between the matter and the -----------------------------------------------------------forms of knowledge. a) Empirical b) Rational c) A priori d) Inductive 65. Kant s method guided the reason to a) Realisation b) Knowledge c) Truth d) Self contemplation 66. Some thinkers observe that Kant s Transcendental method lacks intellectual dynamism and it holds only a) Psychological dynamism b) Conceptual dynamism c) Theoretical dynamism d) Intuitive dynamism 67. Many scholars observe ----------------------------------is a result of the application of Kant s critical method. a) Antagonism b) Agnosticism c) Scepticism d) Solipsism 68. Space and time, and the categories of understanding are treated as the-------------------- of knowledge by Kant a) Presuppositions b) Fundamentals c) Principles d) Impressions 69. For Kant the terms a priori and --------------------have one and the same meaning. a) Empirical b) Rational c) Non-empirical d) Inductive 70. Kant s claim to have devised a new technique of philosophical inquiry which is a) Direct b) Explicit c) Implicit d) Short Methodology of Philosophy 7

71. Who used dialectics as an instrument for winning disputes? a) Sophist b) Plato c) Socrates d) Hegel 72. The first to introduce the method of dialectics is: a) Socrates b) Plato c) Sophists d) Marx 73. The Greek word dialektos means: a) Conversation b) Argument c) Discussion d) None of the above 74. The conversational method of Socrates took the form of... a) Sceptic b) Doubt c) Dialectic d) None of the above 75. The two operative terms for the possibility and development of ideas under the method of dialogue. a) Consensus and Contradiction b) Conversation and Contradiction c) Dialogue and Dialectics d) None of the above. 76. Plato wrote the book: a) The Republic b) Meditations c) Ethics d) Metaphysics 77. The work Theatetus is attributed to: a) Protagoras b) Plato c) Descartes d) Socrates 78. The problem of universals was first introduced into philosophy by a) Aquinas b) Aristotle c) Plato d) Berkeley 79. In the... Plato seeks the definition of Courage a) Theaetetus b) Charmides c) Meno d) Laches 80. Who takes dialectics as an argumentative process? a) Socrates b) Plato c) Aristotle d) Zeno 81. Opposition is the basis of... Method a) Analytic b) Synthetic c) Dialectic d) Pragmatic Methodology of Philosophy 8

82. For -------everything was continually changing into its opposite. a) Zeno b) Heraclitus c) Parmenides d) Thales 83. Which among the following is the feature of dialectics? a) Consensus and Contradiction b) Conversation or question and answer form c) Dynamicity or movement d) All of the above 84. A method for understanding reality by the triadic movement from thesis to antithesis to synthesis a) Analytical b) Mathematical c) Dialectical d) Phenomenological 85. Whose method is known as art of intellectual midwifery? a) Socrates b) Plato c) Aristotle d) Kant 86. To bring to light on knowledge which the mind already possesses is known as: a) Intellectual midwifery b) Socratic irony c) Material dialectics d) Absolute Idealism 87. Which are the characteristics of Socratic dialectic? a) Conversational, Conceptual b) Contradiction, Methodological doubt c) Critical, Inductive and Deductive d) All of the above 88. Whose method is the synthesis of opposites? a) Kant b) Hegel c) Both Kant and Hegel d) Neither Kant nor Hegel 89. Who is the author of the book Critique of Pure Reason? a) Descartes b) Hume c) Berkeley d) Immanuel Kant 90. Who draws limits to the extent of knowledge? a) Kant b) Hegel c) Descartes d) Marx 91. For-----, dialectic is the process of the logical development of thought and reality through thesis and antithesis into a synthesis. a) Kant b) Hegel c) Plato d) Zeno Methodology of Philosophy 9

92. There is the final movement in which the spirit reduces Nature to the inwardness, which the spirit itself is. Only at this stage the spirit rises to self consciousness in man. According to Hegel spirit rises to self consciousness in man. According to Hegel this stage is ----- a) Thesis b) Antithesis c) Synthesis d) None 93. The key motion of Hegel is ------ a) The world b) Idea c) Geist d) None of these. 94. For Hegel, Idea means a) Concrete particular b) Concrete universal c) Abstract particular d) Abstract universal 95. According to the Absolute Idealism of Hegel. a) There is only one reality b) Reality is relative c) There are many realities d) None of the above 96. ------, in Hegel s dialectic, means to resolve into a higher unity or to bring into the wholeness that which is fragmentary. a) Sublation b) Geist c) Thesis d. Anti-thesis 97.... is the author of an all-embracing system of dialectical idealism a) Hegel b) Kant c)hume d) None of these 98. According to Hegel, there are three stages in the logical development of spirit: subjective mind, objective mind and... a) Absolute God b) Absolute mind c) Absolute spirit d) Absolute idea 99. ---- method, which is the proper method of philosophy, according to Hegel, is determined by the subject matter of philosophy itself. a) The synthetically b) The analytical c) The dialectical d) the geometrical 100. According to..., real is rational and rational is real a) Russell b) Wittgenstein c) Husserl d) Hegel 101. Who introduced triad of thesis, antithesis and synthesis into German philosophy for the first time? a) Hegel b) Kant c) Pierce d) Fichte Methodology of Philosophy 10

102. Who criticizes the Hegelian concept of dialectical triad and says that dialectic does not necessarily involve the identity of opposites? a) Bradley b) Carnap c) Descartes d) Kant 103. The book Phenomenology of Spirit is authored by: a) Russell b) Descartes c) Hegel d) Spinoza 104. Marx discovered the rational kernel with Hegel s mystical shell by turning it right side up and placed it, on a ----- foundation. a) Idealistic b) Materialistic c) Rationalistic d) Empiricist 105. The book Poverty of Philosophy is written by: a) Marx b) Hegel c) Descartes d) Spinoza 106. Marx method of dialectics is known as a) Idealistic b) Materialistic c) Spiritualistic d) Sceptic 107. For-----, the dialectical movement in thought is derived from the actual movement of the real world. a) Kant b) Hegel c) Marx d) Plato 108. Any monistic metaphysical theory which holds that ultimate reality is matter and that all seemingly nonmaterial things such as minds and thoughts are reducible to the motions of particles of matter. a) Subjective Idealism b) Objective Idealism c) Materialism d) Dualism 109. -----------is the basis of Marxian dialectics a) Negation b) contradiction c) Spirit d) Conversation 110. How many triads in Marxian dialectics a) None b) One c) Two d) Many 111. Who recognizes the significance of identity in every moment of contradiction? a) Hegel b) Kant c) Descartes d) All of these Methodology of Philosophy 11

112. -------- claims that the knowing subject or self is ultimate reality. a) Subjective idealism b) Objective idealism c) Materialism d) Dialectics 113. According to Russell---- is an immediate, specific content of sensation a) Sense data b) Proposition c) Statement d) Denotation 114. Vicious Circle Principle is related to ----- a) A J Ayer b) Quine c) Russell d) Husserl 115. Which of the following is the example of indefinite description? a) France b) A man c) The president of India d) the author of Republic 116. Definite descriptions begin with the definite articles as ------ a) Tree b) A table c) An orange d) The table 117. In which work Russell s theory of description found a) On Denoting b) Principia c) Mathematica d) Ethica 118. Russell is a-------philosopher a) German b) Greek c) French d) British 119. Who wrote A History of Western Philosophy? a) Russell b) Kant c) Hume d) Aristotle 120. In 1950 --------- received the Nobel Prize for Literature a) Sartre b) Hume c) Russell d) None of the above 121. Russell who belonged to --------society a) German b) Frankfurt c) Fabian d) Marxian 122. Russell was against the---------dominant in England a) Subjective Idealism b) Absolute Idealism c) Skepticism d) Agnosticism Methodology of Philosophy 12

123. The technique of reduction of Mathematics to logic was first by--------- a) Russell b) Husserl c) Kant d) Wittgenstein 124. Principia Mathematica is the work of ------- a) Kant b) Hegel c) Berkeley d) Russell and Whitehead 125. Complex propositions can be resolved into their simple components by Russell is called -------- a) Statements b) Arguments c) Logical Language d) Concept 126. Logical Atomism is the philosophy of ------- a) Whitehead b) Russell c) G E Moore d) Hume 127. Who visited Russia and expressed his disappointment with the form of Socialism practiced there? a) Russell b) Locke c) A J Ayer d) Quine 128. The Theory of Descriptions is the philosophy of ------ a) Kant b) Hegel c) Husserl d) Russell 129. Who was the exponent of set theory? a) Russell b) Kant c) Hume d) Husserl 130. Russell is an -----Philosopher a) Idealist b) Rationalist c) Empiricist d) Moralist 131. On Denoting is the work of -------- a) Wittgenstein b) Russell c) Hegel d) Naturalist 132. Which of the following is related to Russell s Paradox? a) Theory of descriptions b) Theory of acquaintance c) Elementary theory d) Theory of Types 133. The early period of wittgenstein is related to ------- a) Tractatus b) Set theory c) Coherence d) Language game Methodology of Philosophy 13

134. Philosophical Investigation is the work of ----- a) Russell b) Husserl c) Kant d) Wittgenstein 135. Wittgenstein says that language is a --- a) Statement b) Picture of reality c) Judgment d) Concept 136. Who draws the difference between showing and saying? a) Russell b) G E Moore c) Wittgenstein d) Locke 137. The philosophy of language game is found in ------ a) Tractatus b) Philosophical Investigation c) Logical Investigation d) Logical Atomism 138. Correspondence theory of truth is developed by a) Socretes b) Thales c) Wittgenstein d) Sartre 139. Who among the following included in analytical philosophy? a) Wittgenstein b) Descartes c) Kant d) Heidegger 140. Wittgenstein was born in April 26, 1889 in ------- a) France b) Germany c) England d) Vienna 141. Wittgenstein was associated with ----- a) Fabian Society b) Vienna Circle c) Rationalists d) Idealists 142. Who wrote Blue and Brown Notebooks? a) Leibnitz b) Wittgenstein c) Russell d) Kepler 143. Who wrote Tractatus? a) Russell b) Wittgenstein c) Hegel d) Descartes 144. Wittgenstein said that world consist of ------ a) Facts b) Semantics c) Concepts d) Atoms 145. Who said the picture theory of meaning? a) Russell b) G E Moore c) Descartes d) Wittgenstein Methodology of Philosophy 14

146. Wittgenstein s logical construction of philosophical system has a purpose to find out the limits of world, thought and -- a) Proposition b) Statement c) Sense data d) Language 147. Who said that don t ask for the meaning but says meaning as use? a) Fregel b) Russell c) Wittgenstein d) Hume 148. Logical Positivists were influenced by -------- a) Wittgenstein b) Protagoras c) Frege d) Locke 149. According to Wittgenstein, language has an isomorphic relation to ---- a) Concepts b) Sentence c) World d) Noumena 150. According to Wittgenstein, reporting events is an example of ----- a) Concepts b) Proposition c) Percepts d) Language game 151. ------- who inspired the so-called Cambridge School of Analysis a) Russelll b) Descartes c) Sartre d) Berkeley 152. Who is Wittgenstein s mentor? a) Kantl b) Husserl c) Russell d) Hume 153. Pragmatism is nothing new: but it is a new name for some old way of thinking who stated this? a) William James b) Immanuel Kant c) Descartes d) John Dewey 154. Sophist s test of truth was identical with the method of.? a) Naturalism b) Socratic method c) Pragmatism d) Idealism 155. Who was considered as a medieval pragmatist thinker? a) William James b) Immanuel Kant c) Augustine d) John Dewey 156. Who was considered as the Precusor of Pragmatism a) John Dewey b) Immanuel Kant c) Descartes d) William James Methodology of Philosophy 15

157. Who defined Pragmatism as the attitude of looking away from first things, principles, categories, supposed necessities; and of looking towards last things, fruits, consequences, facts.? a) William James b) Immanuel Kant c) Descartes d) John Dewey 158. Descartes was a thinker a)materialist b) Idealist c) Empiricist d)rationalist 159. Kant s concept can be stated as a) Critical naturalism b) Emotivism c) Phenomenology d) Critical idealism 160. Hegel thought can be stated as a) Critical idealism b) Absolute idealism c) Emotivism d) Empiricism 161. Who stated Man is the measure of all things. a) Plato b) Aristotle c) Protagoras d) Socrates 162. Who was convinced about the deductive, intuitive and primitive empirical approaches to philosophy? a) Aquinas b) Augustine c) Anslem d) Francis Bacon 163. Who acknowledged the major Kantian insight of the importance of mind as an active agent in the interpretation of experience a) Rationalist b) Empiricist c) Emotivist d) Pragmatists 164. Which method accepted that Truth is a belief evolved through the test of experience? a) Naturalism b) Idealism c) Emotivism d) Pragmatism 165.. is opposed to absolutism, absolute truth, absolute good, absolute reality a) Idealism b) Naturalism c) Pragmatism d) Realism 166. Which American mathematician philosopher laid down the foundation of pragmatism? a) W.James b) J.Dewey c) C S Pierce d) Spinoza Methodology of Philosophy 16

167. Which maxim states a rule for clarifying the contents of hypotheses by tracing their practical consequences? a) Pragmatist b) Naturalist c) Rationalist d) Empiricist 168. Who published the article How To Make Our Ideas Clear.? a) Pierce b) Russell c) Kant d) James 169. Who wished to establish philosophy on a scientific basis and to treat theories as working hypotheses? a) Spinoza b) Pierce c) Plato d) Aristotle 170. Pragmaticism is the name associated with a) Socrates b) Pierce c ) Aristotle d) Plato 171. Who accepts only the general method of science, a method that employs hypotheses, but require their empirical verification. a) Descartes b) Pierce c) Augustine d) Bacon 172. Who introduces the principle of pragmatism as a development of the rationalistic notion of clear and distinct ideas. a) Locke b) Berkley c) Kant d) Pierce 173. Who coined the word pragmatism from the Greek word pragma ( act or deed ) to emphasize the fact that words derive their meanings from actions. a) Russell b) C.S. Pierce c) William James d) John Dewey 174. Who wrote the book Pragmatism, a) Russell b) C.S. Pierce c) William James d) John Dewey 175. Who defines the term radical empiricism with pragmatism a) John Dewey b) C.S. Pierce c) Russell d) William James 176. Who said, Truth happens to an idea. a) John Dewey b) Russell c) William James d) C.S. Pierce Methodology of Philosophy 17

177. Workability, satisfactions, consequences, and results are the key words in the pragmatic conception of truth according to. a) Naturalism b) Idealism c) Pragmatism d) Realism 178. Who began the method of pragmatism in the modern period a) John Dewey b) Russell c) William James d) C.S. Pierce 179. Who popularized the method of pragmatism a) Russell b) Kant c) Charles Sanders Pierce d) William James 180. Immanual Kant used the word phenomena for a) Things as they appear to us b) Things as they are in themselves c) Mind as it appears to us d) Theory of illusion 181. Phenomenology for Hegel was a) The name of a way of doing philosophy b) A descriptive study of all observable reals c) The science in which we study mind as it is in itself d) The science of phenomena 182. -------------------was the first to use phenomenology as the name of a way of doing philosophy a) J.H.Lambert b) Hegel c) William Hamilton d) Edmund Husserl 183. ----------------------used the term phenomenology as the theory of illusion a) Immanual Kant b) J.H.Lambert c) Hegel d) Edmund Husserl 184. The leading rule of phenomenological method is a) Existence precedes essence b) Back to things themselves c) cogito-ergosum d) Dubito ergo sum 185. The slogon of phenomenology is a) To the things themselves b) Cogito ergo sum c) Existence precedes essence d) Dubito ergo sum 186. Hume s phenomenalism states that a) Logical is identified with psychological statements b) Material things are nothing but ideas c) Soul is nothing but astream of consciousness d) Physical objects as well as human beings are no more than collections of their observable properties Methodology of Philosophy 18

187. Psychologism as an example of reductionism a) Is the identification of logical with psychological statements b) According to which physical objects as well as human beings are no more than collections of their observable peoperties c) According to which material things are nothing but ideas d) According to which soul is nothing but stream of consciousness 188. Psychological atomism is a type of reductionism according to which a) Physical objects as well as human beings are no more than collections of their observable properties. b) Material things are nothing but ideas c) Consciousness is a set of contents, viz, sensations, feelings etc d) None of the above 189. Phenomenology opposes scientism which takes a) Material things as ideas b) Soul as a stream of consciousness c) Scientific or empirical statements as premises in philosophical arguments d) Physical objects as well as human beings as collections of their observable properties. 190. Reduction in phenomenology means a) Reductionism b) Elimination c) Exclusion d) Rejection 191. Phenomenology is a) A science of objects b) A science of the subject c) A science of experience, what is given in immediate experience d) Descriptive psychology 192. Phenomenology can be characterized as a) A study of consciousness as intentional b) An investigation of external or internal facts c) A science of objects d) A science of the subject 193. The phenomenological analysis is a) Psychological analysis of consciousness b) Subjective analysis of consciousness c) Analysis of transcendental consciousness d) Analysis of everything objective, which is not directly given Methodology of Philosophy 19

194. In phenomenology, the exclusion of the existence of the object is called a) Bracketing existence b) Reductionism c) Existentialism d) Idealism 195. In phenomenology, whatness of the object is called a) Existence b) Essence c) Thing d) Idea 196. The essence in phenomenology is a) Ideal reality b) Psychological reality c) Empirical reality d) Intentional object of consciousness 197. Phenomenology is a) Materialism b) Phenomenalism c) Descriptive study of the given without making any metaphysical postulate d) An introspective psychology 198. Intuition in phenomenology means a) Observation b) Seeing c) Sensible intuition d) Intuition of essences or intellectual observation 199. Intentionality, the phenomenological term used by Husserl refer to a) Referring to idea b) The state of being intentional, an objective modifying act c) A psychological act d) A subjective act 200. Husserl had borrowed the concept of intentionality from a) Descartes b) Meinong c) Brentano d) William James 201. The author of Neues Organon a) Plato b) J.H.Lambert c) Hegel d) C.S.Peirce 202. Kant used the word noumena for a) Things as they appear to us b) Things as they are in themselves c) Whatever is observed to be the case d) Whatever is before the mind 203. C.S Peirce used the word phenomena as a) Things as they appear to us b) Things as they are in themselves c) Whatever is observed to be the case d) Whatever is before mind, even illusory perceptions, imaginations or dreams Methodology of Philosophy 20

204. In Back to things themselves things are taken to mean a) Objects b) Consciousness c) Ideas d) The given 205. The method of phenomenological reduction demands a) Reductionism b) Denial or rejection of all beliefs c) Suspension of our natural attitude d) Skeptical outlook 206. In phenomenology, the exclusion of subjectivity is called a) The rule of objectivism b) The rule of subjectivism c) The rule of skepticism d) The rule of science 207. The method of phenomenology is transcendental in the sense that a) It aims at psychological phenomena b) It aims at disclosing the structures of consciousness c) It aims at a-priori elements of knowledge d) It aims at analytic synthetic distinction 208. The exclusion of the existence of the object in Bracketing Existence Means a) Suspension of our belief in the existence of objects b) Eliminate existence of the object in general c) Rejecting the reality of objects d) Doubting the existence of objects as in Descartes method of doubt 209. The objects of phenomenological seeing or intuition are a) Monads b) Spirits c) Ideas d) Essences 210. The acid test of a truly critical philosophy, according to Husserl was a) Interpreting the world of existence b) Ideal science of pure logic c) Psychological analysis of cognitive processes d) The ideal of presuppositionless philosophy 211. The phenomenologist claims that philosophy is a rigorous science, In the sense that a) It is an analysis of all sciences b) It is all sciences put together c) It is an investigation of the most radical, fundamental, primitive original evidences of conscious experience. d) It is an investigation of the important theories of sciences Methodology of Philosophy 21

212. The best known contemporary advocate of phenomenological method is a) Gadamar b) Althusser c) Sartre d) Derrida 213. Phenomenological intuition means a) Simple seeing of sensory objects b) Psychological intuition c) Empirical intuition d) Intuition of essences 214. According to Encyclopedia, the aim of phenomenological method is a) To establish phenomenology as empirical psychology b) To establish phenomenology as rigorous science c) To establish a dichotomy between essence and existence d) To establish mind-body dualism Methodology of Philosophy 22

Answers 1) d 2) c 3) c 4) c 5) d 6) c 7) a 8) c 9) d 10) a 11) b 12) a 13) a 14) c 15) b 16) c 17) d 18) b 19) b 20) a 21) d 22) c 23) b 24) a 25) c 26) a 27) d 28) c 29) b 30) d 31) d 32) b 33) b 34) d 35) c 36) b 37) d 38) a 39) b 40) c 41) a 42) d 43) c 44) a 45) b 46) a 47) b 48) d 49) a 50) d 51) d 52) c 53) c 54) b 55) d 56) b 57) c 58) c 59) b 60) c 61) a 62) c 63) b 64) c 65) d 66) a 67) b 68) a 69) c 70) c 71) a 72) c 73) a 74) c 75) a 76) a 77) b 78) c 79) d 80) c 81) c 82) b 83) d 84) c 85) a 86) a 87) d 88) b 89) d 90) a 91) b 92) c 93) c 94) b 95) a 96) a 97) a 98) c 99) c 100) d 101) d 102) a 103) c 104) b 105) a 106) b 107) c 108) c 109) a 110) b 111) a 112) a 113) a 114) c 115) b 116) d 117) a 118) d 119) a 120) c 121) c 122) b 123) a 124) d 125) c 126) b 127) a 128) d 129) a 130) c 131) b 132) d 133) a 134) d 135) b 136) c 137) b 138) c 139) a 140) d 141) b 142) b 143) b 144) a 145) d 146) d 147) c 148) a 149) c 150) d 151) a 152) c 153) a 154) c 155) c 156) b 157) a 158) d 159) d 160) a 161) c 162) d 163) d 164) d 165) c 166) c 167) a 168) a 169) b 170) b 171) b 172) d 173) b 174) c 175) d 176) c 177) c 178) d 179) d 180) a 181) c 182) d 183) b 184) b 185) a 186) d 187) a 188) c 189) c 190) c 191) c 192) a 193) c 194) a 195) b 196) d 197) c 198) d 199) b 200) c 201) b 202) b 203) d 204) d 205) c 206) a 207) b 208) a 209) d 210) d 211) c 212) c 213) d 214) b Reserved Methodology of Philosophy 23