Alpha History 1 2012 Practice exam HISTORY: Revolutions 2012 practice examination Date:. Reading time: (15 minutes) Writing time: (2 hours) QUESTION BOOK Structure of book Section Number of Number of questions Number of marks questions to be answered A 3 3 40 B 2 2 40 Total 80 Students are permitted to bring into the examination room: pens, pencils, highlighters, erasers, sharpeners and rulers. Students are NOT permitted to bring into the examination room: blank sheets of paper and/or white-out liquid/tape. No calculator is allowed in this examination. Materials supplied Question book of 16 pages. Answer book of 16 pages. Additional space is available at the end of each section in the answer book if you need extra paper to complete an answer. Instructions Writer your student number and your name in the space provided on the front cover of the answer book. Indicate in the answer book the revolution that you have chosen for Section A and the revolution you have chosen for Section B. You must not choose the same revolution for both sections. All written responses must be in English. At the end of the examination You may keep this question book. Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.
Alpha History 2 2012 Practice exam SECTION A Revolution one Instructions for Section A Indicate in the answer book the revolution you have chosen for Section A by shading the relevant box on page 2. Answer all questions for this revolution in Section A of the answer book. You must not choose the same revolution for Section A and Section B. Write using black or blue pen. Revolution Page America.3 France 5 Russia 7 China.8 SECTION A continued
Alpha History 3 2012 Practice exam America Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events American Revolution 1763 to 1776 Question 1 Using three or four points, explain how rising tensions between the British parliament and the colonial assemblies contributed to the development of the American Revolution between 1763 and July 1776. Question 2 Using three or four points, explain how the American Revolution escalated from a political dispute over taxation and sovereignty, to a military confrontation between England and her colonies.
Alpha History 4 2012 Practice exam Creating a new society American Revolution 1776 to 1789 Question 3 Historian Daniel Boorstin wrote of the American Revolution: "Historians have exaggerated the significance of what is supposed to have been the ideology of the Revolution. The most obvious peculiarity of our American Revolution is that, in the modern European sense of the word, it was hardly a revolution at all. Some have always insisted that the American Revolution was no revolution but merely a colonial rebellion. "The social condition and the Constitution of the Americans are democratic," De Tocqueville observed about a hundred years ago. "But they have not had a democratic revolution". A number of historians have pointed out the ways in which a social revolution, including a redistribution of property, accompanied the American Revolution - but these changes were not so farreaching as to have themselves established our national republic institutions. The American Revolution was not the product of a nationalistic spirit. We had no Bismarck or Cavour or any nationalist philosophy. We were singularly free from most of the philosophical baggage of modern nationalism. Perhaps never was a new nation created with less enthusiasm. To read the history of our Revolution is to discover that the United States was a kind of last resort. Its original creation was the work of doubly reluctant men: reluctant because of their loyalties to their states, and because of their imperial loyalty. It was overcome not by widespread conversion to a nationalist theory - but by gradual realisation of the need for effective union." D. Boorstin, The Genius of American Politics (1953) a. Identify two features of the American Revolution, cited by Boorstin, which suggest it was a "democratic revolution". b. Name two features of the American Revolution, according to Boorstin, which differentiate it from other revolutions. c. With reference to both the extract and your own knowledge, explain how republicanism and unity were implemented into the new society by 1789. 6 marks d. Evaluate the extent to which the fulfillment of the American Revolution was both "democratic" and "reluctant". In your response, quote parts of your extract and refer to different views of the new society.
Alpha History 5 2012 Practice exam France Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events French Revolution 1781 to August 1789 Question 1 Using three or four points, explain how the constraints of feudalism and the conditions of peasants contributed to the development of the French Revolution between 1781 and 1789. Question 2 Using three or four points, explain how the actions of anti-reformists and the nobility contributed to the development of the French Revolution between 1781 and 1789.
Alpha History 6 2012 Practice exam Creating a new society French Revolution August 1789 to 1795 Question 3 Historian Ruth Scurr wrote of Georges Danton s return from the war in 1792: "His mind macabre and full of battlefields and his ears ringing with reports of the royalist and Catholic revolt in the provinces, Danton now did something for which a year later he would beg forgiveness at the foot of the guillotine. He persuaded the Convention to revive the Revolutionary Tribunal, with its extraordinary powers to condemn people to death. Now Robespierre fully supported Danton's call for its reestablishment and further proposed that capital punishment should be applied to counter-revolutionary acts of any kind, directed "against the security of the state, or the liberty, equality, unity and indivisibility of the Republic". A majority of the Convention deputies opposed the reconstitution of the Tribunal. After long debate, the project was nearly abandoned when, towards midnight, Danton hastened to the tribune. Speaking ominously, he warned his exhausted colleagues that there was no longer any alternative to the Tribunal - except a bloodbath in the streets. This was not a strong but a desperate argument. During its first incarnation, at Robespierre's instigation after August 10th 1792, the Tribunal had done nothing to prevent the September massacres; was reason was there to believe it could - or would - prevent further bloodshed? Danton saw the Tribunal as an overwhelmingly powerful weapon in the hands of the government, the last hope for restoring order in a starving, anarchic country, rent by civil strife and foreign war. He never expected it would be used against himself. The Convention agreed to the Revolutionary Tribunal on March 10th. It consisted of twelve jurors, a public prosecutor (Fouquier-Tinville) and two substitutes. In 1795, after the fall of Robespierre, it emerged that many of the jurors had been unable to read or write, and were often drunk. Ruth Scurr, Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution (2006) a. Provide two reasons the Revolutionary Tribunal was re-formed, according to the source. b. Identify two problems that the Revolutionary Tribunal was intended to address. c. With reference to the extract, and by using your own knowledge, explain how the impact of war shaped the development of the new society in France between 1789 and 1795. 6 marks d. Evaluate the extent to which this extract is useful for understanding the leadership of Robespierre and the extent to which he was responsible for the Reign of Terror. In your response quote parts of the extract and refer to different views of the new society.
Alpha History 7 2012 Practice exam Russia Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events Russian Revolution 1905 to October 1917 Question 1 Using three or four points, explain how industrial growth and urbanisation in Russia contributed to the development of the Russian Revolution prior to October 1917. Question 2 Using three or four points, explain how the 1903 split of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (or SDs) contributed to the development of the Russian Revolution between 1905 and October 1917. Creating a new society Russian Revolution October 1917 to 1924 Question 3 While in prison in 1918, German socialist Rosa Luxemburg wrote a commentary on the revolution and development of the new society in Russia: "Socialism in life demands a complete spiritual transformation in the masses, degraded by centuries of bourgeois class rule. Social instincts in place of egotistical ones, mass initiative in place of inertia, idealism that conquers all suffering. No one knows this better, describes it more tellingly, than Lenin. But he is completely mistaken in the means he employs. Decrees, dictatorial force used by the factory foreman, draconian penalties, rule by terror - all these things just treat the symptoms. The only way to a rebirth of society is the school of public life itself, the most unlimited, the broadest democracy and public opinion. It is rule by terror that demoralizes Dictatorship is necessary - but this dictatorship in the manner of applying democracy, not eliminating it. Resolute attacks on the well-entrenched rights and economic relationships of bourgeois society, without which a socialist transformation cannot be accomplished. But this dictatorship must be the work of a class, and not of a leading minority in the name of a class. That is, it must proceed from the active participation of the masses; it must be under their direct influence; it must arise out of the growing political training of the popular masses." a. Identify two problems in post-revolutionary Russia, as described by Luxemburg. b. Identify two things necessary for the development of a socialist society, according to Luxemburg. c. With reference to the extract, as well as your own knowledge, explain how democracy was threatened or "eliminated" by the new regime in Russia, from October 1917 to 1924. 6 marks d. Evaluate the usefulness of this extract for understanding how and why the Bolsheviks implemented anti-democratic or oppressive policies after October 1917. In your response, quote parts of the extract and refer to different views of the new society.
Alpha History 8 2012 Practice exam China Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events Chinese Revolution 1898 to October 1949 Question 1 Using three or four points, explain how conservative and anti-reformist elements within the Qing Dynasty contributed to the development of the Chinese Revolution between 1898 and 1911. Question 2 Using three or four points, explain how the ideology and experiences of the Yan'an Soviet contributed to the development of the Chinese Revolution prior to October 1949. Creating a new society Chinese Revolution October 1949 to 1976 Question 3 "Anybody with any education at all was referred to as an 'intellectual'. Under the communists, who based their policies on class categories, intellectuals became a specific, if vague category, which included nurses, students and actors, as well as engineers, technicians, writers, teachers, doctors and scientists. Under the Hundred Flowers policy, the country enjoyed about a year of relative relaxation. In Spring 1957, the Party urged intellectuals to criticise officials all the way to the top. My mother thought this was to encourage further liberalisation. After a speech by Mao on the subject, she was so moved she could not sleep at night. She felt that China was really going to have a modern and democratic party, a party that would welcome criticism to revitalise itself. She felt proud of being a communist Mao knew that a large proportion of China's educated people favoured modernisation and liberalisation. He was not worried about the workers or the peasants, as he was confident they were grateful to the Communists for bringing them full stomachs and stable lives. He also had a fundamental contempt for them - he did not believe they had the mental capacity to challenge his rule." Jung Chang, Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China (1991) a. Which class of people was deemed intellectuals by the Chinese Communist Party? b. What were Mao's attitudes toward other classes, according to Jung Chang? c. With reference to the extract, and using your own knowledge, explain the both the process and the outcomes of the Hundred Flowers policy. 6 marks d. Evaluate the usefulness of this extract for understanding both the Hundred Flowers policy and the new regime's attitude towards liberalisation and criticism. In your response, quote parts of the extract and refer to different views of the new society.
Alpha History 9 2012 Practice exam SECTION B Revolution two Instructions for Section B Indicate in the answer book the revolution you have chosen for Section A by shading the relevant box on page?. Answer all questions for this revolution in Section B of the answer book. You must not choose the same revolution for Section A and Section B. Write using black or blue pen. Revolution Page America...9 France..11 Russia..13 China...15 SECTION B continued
Alpha History 10 2012 Practice exam America Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events American Revolution 1763 to 1776 Question 4 The following image, The Female Combatants, appeared in England in early 1776: a. Identify two elements or symbols used to identify America in this representation. b. Identify two elements or symbols used to identify Britain in this representation. c. By referring to the source, and using your own knowledge, explain how America and Britain had reached a state of war by the beginning of 1776. 6 marks d. Evaluate the extent to which this source is useful for understanding the causes of the revolution and the development of revolutionary sentiment between 1763 and 1776.
Alpha History 11 2012 Practice exam Creating a new society American Revolution 1776 to 1789 Question 5 Thomas Paine argued that revolutions were a renovation of the natural order of things, a system of principles as universal as truth, combining moral with political happiness and national prosperity. Discuss the extent to the new society created by the American Revolution reflected these changes. Use evidence to support your answer. 20 marks
Alpha History 12 2012 Practice exam France Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events French Revolution 1781 to 1789 Question 4 This representation was published in France, circa 1789. The French caption at the bottom reads How the Great Burden is being supported at the present time. a. Identify two of the groups represented in this source and explain how this can be ascertained. b. Identify the two components of the Great Burden. c. By referring to the source, and using your own knowledge, explain the nature of the Great Burden and how it had reached such significant proportions by 1789. 6 marks d. Evaluate the extent to which this source is useful for understanding the causes of the French Revolution and the development of revolutionary sentiment between 1781 and 1789.
Alpha History 13 2012 Practice exam Creating a new society French Revolution August 1789 to 1795 Question 5 Historian Sylvia Neely writes that with the passing of the Constitution in 1791 and the establishment of a regular government following the provisions of the Constitution... the revolution was presumably over. Discuss why the formation of a new society in France did not end with the implementation of a constitution. Use evidence to support your answer.
Alpha History 14 2012 Practice exam Russia Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events Russian Revolution 1905 to 1917 Question 4 This poster was created and published in Russia in 1932: a. Identify two causes of worker unrest in 1905, suggested in this source. b. Identify two responses of the tsarist regime in 1905, suggested in this source. c. By referring to the source, and using your own knowledge, explain how the events of 1905 impacted on Russia and threatened the tsarist regime. 6 marks d. Evaluate the extent to which this source is useful for understanding the development of opposition to tsarism between 1905 and February 1917.
Alpha History 15 2012 Practice exam Creating a new society Russian Revolution November 1917 to 1924 Question 5 Historian Crane Brinton suggested that revolutions have a life cycle that ends with disillusionment, declining revolutionary energy and moves towards the restoration of order and stability. Discuss the extent to which the new society in Russia was subject to these factors, and the impact they had on both the Bolshevik regime and the Russian people. Use evidence to support your answer.
Alpha History 16 2012 Practice exam China Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events Chinese Revolution 1898 to 1949 Question 4 This paint, Wild Herbs (1982) shows Zhu De cooking for two Red Army soldiers during the Long March: a. Identify two positive attributes of Zhu De suggested by this source. b. Identify two positive attributes of the Long March suggested by this source. c. By referring to the source, and using your own knowledge, explain how the Long March contributed to the survival of the Chinese Communist Party and the outcomes of the Chinese Revolution in 1949. 6 marks d. Evaluate the extent to which this source is useful for understanding the impact of Chinese communist leaders, both during the Long March and on the development of the revolution to 1949.
Alpha History 17 2012 Practice exam Creating a new society Chinese Revolution 1949 to 1976 Question 5 According to historian John E. Schrecker, when the communists seized power in 1949, they seemed committed to solving the problems that had fuelled discontent for so long: poverty, unrepresentative and ineffective government, national weakness and a poor moral climate. Discuss the extent to which the new society in China solved problems, satisfied discontent and improved the lives of the people. Use evidence to support your answer. END OF QUESTION BOOK