A History of Eastern Christianity Aziz S. Atiya Distinguished Professor of History, University of Utah Enlarged and Updated by the Author with New Preface Supplement to Part I Supplementary Bibliography KRAUS REPRINT Millwood, N.Y.
First published 1968 by Methuen arid Co Ltd. and by University of Notre Dame Press Copyright 1967, 1968 and 1980 Aziz Atiya. All rights reserved. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Papers for Printed Library Materials, ANSI 239.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Atiya, Aziz Suryal, 1898- A history of eastern Christianity. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Eastern churches. BX103.2.A8 1980 ISBN 0-527-03703-6 I. Title. 281'.5 80-232 Reprinted with the Permission of the Author KRAUS REPRINT New Reprint Printing 1991 Printed in the United States of America
CONTENTS Errata Preface to Enlarged and Updated Edition Acknowledgements Preface to First Edition List of Maps PART I: ALEXANORINE CHRISTIANITY THE COPTS AND THEIR CHURCH page x Xl Xlll xv l 11 l INTRODUCTORY The Term 'Copt' Coptic Language Ancient Egyptian Religion Flight of the Holy Family 2 ORIGINS OF COPTIC CHRISTIANITY St Mark the Founder Age of Persecution The Catechetical School Saints and Heretics: Age of Athanasius and Cyril 3 THE COPTS AND THE WORLD Missionary Enterprise CEcumenical Movement Monastic Rule 4 AFTERMATH OF CHALCEDON Monophysitism versus Diophysitism The Henoticon Monotheletism 5 THE COPTS UNDER ARAB RULE The Arab Conquest First Five Centuries Age of the Crusades 25 49 69 79 v
VI CONTENTS 6 MODERN TIMES The Ottoman Turks The Copts under the French Age of Cyril IV, Father of Coptic Reform Cyril V: Clerical Conservatism versus Popular Constitutionalism Coming of the Missionary An Innovation Modern Reform Internationalism and <Ecumenicity 7 COPTIC FAITH AND CULTURE The Hierarchy Rites and Ceremonials Coptic Art Coptic Architecture Coptic Music Coptic Literature 99 122 8 THE ETHlOPIANS Introductory Historical Background Church Origins and Development Ethiopian Faith and Culture 9 SUPPLEMENT TO PART I: THE COPTS ABROAD Introductory The United States and Canada Australia Europe: Great Britain Europe: The German-Speaking Countries Europe: France Europe: Other Countries Conclusion PART II: ANTIOCH AND THE JACOBITES 10 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT Historical Setting Apostolic Visitations and Early History Niccea to Chalcedon Jacob Baradceus Ascetics and Stylites 11 THEJACOBITES IN HISTORY Under the Caliphate First Three Centuries t66a i67 169 1 93
CONTENTS VU Age of Decline Mongols, Turks and Kurds Missionary Movement 1 2 FA l THANDCU LTURE The Hierarchy Rites and Liturgy Art and Architecture 219 PART 111 : THE NESTORI AN C H URCH 237 13 ORIG I NS AND DEVELOPMENT Introductory Age of Legend Historic Origins Nestorians in Persia 14 EXPANSION OF THE NESTORIAN CHURCH Arabia Central Asia China Other Places Conclusion 257 15 THE NESTO RI ANS AND THE CALIPH ATE First Three Centuries Beginning of Decline 16 THE NESTORIANS I N MODERN TIMES Seclusion, Schism and Re-Discovery The Last Phase 2 77 17 FAITH AND CULTURE T he Hierarchy Monasticism Rites and Liturgy Art and Architecture Waning of Syriac Literature PART IV: T HE ARMENIAN CHURCH 18 IN T R ODUCTION General Remarks Historical Background
Vlll CONTENT S 19 OR I GINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARMENIA!\' CHRIST I AN I TY Pre-Gregorian Christianity and the Age of Legend St Gregory the Illuminator Fourth-Century Reform and the Armenian Bible The Armenians and Chalcedon 20 TIMESOFTRIAL The Caliphate The Crusades The Five Patriarchs Coming of the Missionary 21 ARMENIAN FAITH AND CULTURE General Character Liturgy and Armenian Rites Hierarchy Literature Art and Architecture 342 PART V: THE ST THOMAS CHRISTIANS OF SOUTH INDIA 357 22 HISTORI CA L SURVEY 359 Malabar and its People The St Thomas Tradition Pre-Portuguese History The Portuguese and Romanism Schisms, Confusions and Solutions 23 SOC I AL AND RELIGIOUS LIFE 376 Social Setting Education and the Bible The Hierarchy Faith and Rites PART VI : THE MARONITE CHURCH 389 24 PRELUDE 391 25 ORIGI NS A N D DEV ELOPMENT 394 St Maro and the Age of Legend Stj ohn Maron and the Maronites T he Crusades and Romanization
CONTENTS lx 26 MODERN HISTORY 404 Maronites and Druzes: Massacres of the Sixties The Church, Independence and Nationalism 27 ORGANIZATION, FAITH AND CULTURE 412 The Hierarchy Rites an d Liturgies Monasticism Maronite Culture PART VII 425 28 THE VANlSHED CHURCHES 427 Introductory Carthage The Pentapolis Nubia Advent of Islam: Beginning of the End 29 EPILOGUE 442 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 449 SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY 457 List of Plates 463 Index 465
Errata Page 14 Page 133 Page 133 Page 379 Page 482 Page 483 note 3, line 2: for 19th read20th note 3, line 1: for Chassinui read Chassinat note 3, line 2: for Baonta read Baouit line 21: for Norton's read Munro's Index: for Munro... add p. 379 Index: for Norton... omitp. 379 x