UNIT 5 STUDY GUIDE Great Change in Europe: Exploration, Reformation & the Birth of the Nation-State Chapters 8 & 9 LESSON 1: Searching for a New Route to Asia (notes, pp. 243-246, 248-251) Ptolemy navigation galley medieval cog dhow caravel galleon square sail lateen sail tacking prevailing wind knot compass quadrant log line traverse board scurvy 1. Compare the attitudes of medieval and Renaissance Europeans towards journeys of exploration. 2. Why was trade between Europe and Asia halted after 1453? 3. What motivated so many European monarchs to sponsor voyages of exploration? 4. What valuable goods did Europeans want from Asia? 5. How did new technology make these long sailing journeys possible? 6. What other cultures had explored large areas of the world prior to the European Age of Exploration? LESSON 2: The Portuguese Explorers (notes, pp. 251-252, 254-255) Prince Henry the Navigator Sagres Bartholmeu Dias Vasco da Gama Cape of Good Hope Treaty of Tordesillas 1. Why might it be said that Portuguese knowledge of the world was very advanced compared to other European nations in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries? What advantages did this knowledge give them? 2. How did Prince Henry earn his nickname? What good and bad things came out of the voyages that he sponsored along the African coast? 3. Describe the major accomplishments of Dias and da Gama.
LESSON 3: The Spanish Explorers (pp. 256-260) Isabella & Ferdinand Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Circumnavigate Amerigo Vespucci 1. What events allowed Spain to be wealthy and powerful enough to explore and conquer much of the globe? 2. What convinced Columbus that he could find a new, shorter route to Asia? 3. Describe Columbus achievements. Be sure to list both positive and negative things that he did during his lifetime. 4. Describe the accomplishments of Magellan and his crew. LESSON 4: Pre-Contact Civilizations in the New World (pp. 236-241, 245) Pre-Contact Incas tribute quipu Temples of the Sun conquistadors Francisco Pizarro 1. Why might the term New World be inaccurate? 2. How might different maps give people different perspectives of the world? 3. Where was the Incan empire located? 4. Describe the Incan civilization before the arrival of the Spanish in terms of its social structure, government, sciences, arts, religion, calendar, recording techniques and schools. 5. Describe the Spanish view of the Inca. How did the arrival of the Spanish impact Incan civilization? 6. How did Incan and Spanish attitudes differ when it came to valuable resources, like gold? LESSON 5: First Contact (handouts, pp. 262-263) First Contact Aztecs Tenochtitlan Montezuma II Hernando Cortez smallpox 1. Where was the Aztec Empire located? 2. Describe the Aztec civilization before the arrival of the Spanish in terms of its size, religion and diet. 3. What resources did the Spanish want from the Aztec lands? 4. What factors (technology, Aztec religious beliefs) helped the Spanish to conquer the Aztecs even though they were outnumbered? 5. What was the goal of the missionaries who arrived in Mexico after the conquest of the Aztecs? 6. Describe the impact of First Contact on both the Aboriginal peoples of South America and the Europeans.
LESSON 6: The British, Dutch and French Explorers (notes, handouts, pp. 264-266) Brendan Legend Vikings Beothuk Newfoundland Jacques Cartier Oliver van Noort Dutch East India Company letters patent pirates/sea Dogs John Cabot William Baffin Martin Forbisher Northwest Passage Francis Drake 1. Why did the Vikings abandon their Newfoundland settlement? 2. Describe the achievements of Cartier, van Noort, Cabot and Drake. 3. What allowed the English Sea Dogs to capture so many Spanish treasure ships? 4. What other activities did English explorers engage in besides exploring new lands? 5. What was North America like before the arrival of the Europeans? 6. Describe the impact of First Contact on Canada s native people. 7. What resources did the Europeans want from Canada? 8. What caused the Beothuk to become extinct? 9. How did Jacques Cartier treat the native people he encountered during his exploration of Canada? How did different groups of native people respond to him? 10. What happened to Cartier s crew when they tried to return to France in the winter of 1535? How did they survive? LESSON 7: Introduction to the Reformation (notes, pp. 277-280) Reformation Protestant Catholic Erasmus simony nepotism vow of chastity indulgences heretic 1. What were the criticisms of the Catholic Church that eventually led to the Reformation? 2. What was the difference between criticising a Church leader and criticising Church teachings? Why was one more seriously punished than the other? LESSON 8: Martin Luther (notes taken from National Geographic reader and pp. 281-283 in text) Martin Luther Ninety-Five Theses predestination bull excommunication vernacular John Calvin theocracy Calvin s blue laws 1. Describe the beliefs of Martin Luther and other Protestants. How do their beliefs compare to the beliefs of the Catholic Church? 2. Why did Luther believe the Bible should be written in vernacular languages? 3. What factors (e.g. printing press, Humanism, literacy, etc.) helped the Reformation spread so quickly? 4. How do Calvin s blue laws reflect Protestant beliefs about the importance of hard work?
LESSON 9: The Counter-Reformation (notes, pp. 286-287) Counter-Reformation Council of Trent Jesuits/Society of Jesus Baroque Inquisition Peace of Augsburg St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre Edict of Nantes 1. What were the three main ways that the Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation? 2. What aspects of the Counter-Reformation would have been supported by Protestants? What aspects would have been opposed by Protestants? Explain why. 3. What reforms did the Council of Trent introduce? What Church practices did the Council continue to support? 4. What did the Jesuits do to help stop the spread of Protestantism? 5. What types of propaganda did the Church introduce? 6. How did the Inquisition work? Where was it most common? Who could be tried by the Inquisition? 7. Why was the Peace of Augsburg a victory for Protestants? How could this treaty strengthen the nation-state? LESSON 10: The Spanish Inquisition (notes) Moors converso water torture strappado rack auto de fé burning at the stake 1. Who introduced the Spanish Inquisition? Why? 2. What limits did the Church place on how torture could be used during the Inquisition? LESSON 11: The Tudor Dynasty Begins (pp. 288-291) War of the Roses nation-state Tudors Henry VII cottage industries Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Church of England 1. Why was the War of the Roses fought? 2. What steps did Henry VII take to strengthen his position as king and to strengthen the English nation-state? 3. What made Henry VIII a Renaissance Man? 4. Why did Henry VIII want to divorce Catherine of Aragon? Why was this divorce controversial? What steps did Henry take to get the divorce he wanted? 5. What were the advantages of creating the Church of England for Henry VIII? 6. How often was Henry VIII married? How did his marriages end? Why? 7. What actions transformed Henry VIII into a tyrant?
LESSON 12: Henry VIII s Successors (notes, pp. 292-294) Act of Succession Edward VI Jane Grey Mary I Elizabeth I 1. Describe the reign of each of Henry VIII s successors. 2. For what reasons did England s official religion change several times during this period? 3. What is significant about the reigns of Mary and Elizabeth? LESSON 13: Elizabethan England (notes taken from National Geographic reader & pp. 293-296) Elizabeth I Sir Walter Raleigh tobacco 1. Why was Elizabeth s life at risk for much of her childhood? 2. Describe Elizabeth s religious beliefs. How did she treat Catholics during her reign? 3. Why was Elizabeth s decision not to marry so controversial? 4. For what reasons is Elizabeth considered a true Renaissance woman and what made her rule a golden age? 5. What steps did Elizabeth I take to strengthen the English nation-state? 6. What made England s navy so strong? How was the Spanish Armada defeated? Explain the significance of this event. 7. Describe the English colonies set up in the New World during Elizabeth s reign. 8. What activities made the English economy so wealthy and strong? 9. Describe England s role in the slave trade. 10. Describe the steps that each of the Tudor monarchs, from Henry VII to Elizabeth I, took to transform England into a powerful nation-state and to increase their power as rulers. LESSON 14: Child Labour: Then & Now (notes, handouts, pp. 298-300) enclosure cottage industries child labour 1. What were the effects of enclosure on English landowners? On peasant farmers? On the English economy? 2. Why were children allowed to work in Elizabethan England? What were the benefits of child labour for their families and for the English economy? 3. Does child labour still exist in all parts of the world today? Explain.