Kiev. History The capital of Ukraine has a very interesting and very ancient history. The timing of the first ancient settlements on the territory of modern Kyiv discovered during archaeological excavations dates back to the Late Paleolithic period (XV-XX millennium BC. E.). Major ancient sites in the area of the present Kirillov descent in Kiev - one of the most important archaeological finds of the late XIX century. According to many historical sources, the foundation of Kiev belongs to the V-VI centuries. According to legend, the city was founded by three brothers - Kyi, Schek and Khoryv - and their sister Lybid. As the ancient Ukrainian legend, the mighty blacksmiths named Quzma and Domian joined the fight with the dragon, bringing terror to the whole neighborhood and forcing people to pay an incredible tribute. Having won the battle, blacksmiths harnessed defeated them in a huge snake plow and plowed the land. From the furrows of the plow and embankments, according to legend, later emerged the Dnieper River, its rapids and trees along the river shores, which were named Zmiyev shafts. Because of the history of foundation of the story legends, but there are real historical sources, which contain information that after its founding Kiev became known as a center of ancient settlements of East Slavic tribe of the field. On the steep right bank of the Dnieper River, settlers erected a sufficiently powerful fortifications, serving residents of the city to protect from invasion nomadic tribes. In the future, for several centuries Kiev withstood countless attacks hordes Pechenegs Polovtzy, Khazars, mongolotatar. In Russian chronicles first mention of Kiev dated 860 events taking place in this city is inextricably linked with the historical development of the ancient feudal state - Kievan Rus. History of Kyiv as the capital of Kievan Rus' begins with the IX. When the city became a major political and cultural center of eastern Slavs as a result of combining several different Slavic tribes under the rule of the Kievan princes. The rapid development of the city contributed to its advantageous location. It is through Kiev were the roads, which are of enormous commercial and economic importance. Trade routes were in Constantinople, called in those days Tsarygradom in Asia, as well as in Novgorod and in the Don land. In 882 in Kiev began to reign, Prince Oleg, and from that period until 1132 the city considered the center of the united lands of Kievan Rus. Due to its convenient geographical location Kiev for a long time maintained a stable political and economic and trade ties with countries in Central and Eastern Europe. 1 / 6
Kievan princes who ruled in the city, using the experience of the older settlers, erected on the building elevations, built palaces and temples in the relatively high Starokievsky grief. As representatives of the urban merchants and craftsmen, they staged their settlement in the lower reaches, such as Podil. In IX-XI centuries. In Kiev there is a rapid development of crafts, culture (in particular, Slavic literature), erected many new buildings, including the Christian churches. The most famous architectural and historical monuments of Ancient Russia, built in Kiev, are Kiev-Pechersk Lavra and St. Sophia Cathedral, which played a significant role in the development of Russian Christianity. Noticeable trace in the historical and political development of the city left during the reign of Prince Vladimir in Kiev Svyatoslav (980-1015 years).. By this time the true baptism of Russia - the event helped to strengthen the international influence of the Russian state and the spread of the Christian faith. In IX-X centuries., In the period of early feudalism, Christianity has acquired the status of official religion of the ancient Slavs, thus began to develop rapidly the political and cultural ties with Russia, Byzantium and Bulgaria. In the XI century. Kiev won high prestige in the political and religious circles of the Christian states. By the beginning of the XII century. in the city was built about 400 Christian churches and temples, 8 trading markets. High level of development reached handicraft production and trade with other cities and countries. In Kiev, was adopted first in the Ancient Rus code of laws called "Russian Truth". In the XI century. In Kiev, there were over 50 thousand inhabitants and the population quickly grew. For comparison, an example that has become famous in the ancient chronicles of Novgorod held in those days only the second place among Russian cities by the number of people (there are about 30 thousand people) and the occupied territories. Nevertheless, among the craftsmen and artisan folk dissatisfaction Kievan princes and boyars. In the second half of XI century. class contradictions between the ruling elite and the working population of the city deteriorated sharply, leading to popular uprisings in 1068 and 1113 years. After the death of Prince Vladimir of Kiev Monomove united Kievan Rus was being divided up into fiefdoms. By the middle of the XII century. rise to many of these independent states, principalities, which led to the loss of former power of the Russian princes and the disintegration of Kievan Rus. In 1242 occurred a major invasion mongolotatarskih troops in Kiev. The city could not cope with the countless hordes of enemies, and as a result of the bloody struggle, ending for the complete defeat of Kiev, Kiev was destroyed almost to the base. After capturing the city mongolotatarami it lost its former political significance and fell into vassalage to the Government of the Golden Horde. Development of culture and economy in the territory of the Principality of Kiev was suspended for a long time, however, even despite the long decline, the city has retained its accumulated during its heyday the rich cultural and craft traditions. This has allowed Kyiv to be an important economic and political center of the eastern Slavs. In 1362, the territory of the Kiev principality was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. 2 / 6
In 1471 Kiev became part of the Kiev Province and became its center. In 1482 tataromongolskie troops under the leadership of Khan Mengli Hirei carried out a devastating raid on the town, as a result he was almost completely looted. By the end of the XV century. Government Duchy of Lithuania began in Kiev, a new policy aimed at attracting wealthy and distinguished representatives of the urban poor on their side. As a result, in Kiev, was introduced by the Magdeburg Law, and this event is in no small measure helped to overcome its economic decline in the city and the growth of industrial production, which in turn led to an increase in population. In 1569, after the conclusion of Lublin, Kiev was annexed to Poland. At the end of XVI - early XVII century. the city has intensified the struggle of the Ukrainian people against the oppression of Polish gentry. In the years 1591-1593. there had been a popular uprising led by K. Kosinski, in 1594-1596 years. - Rebellion, led by S. Nalivayko, as well as a number of peasant and Cossack uprising in 1625, 1630 and 1637-1638 years. Already in the first quarter of the XVII century. formed in Kiev center of popular struggle against the forced adoption in Ukraine and Uniate Catholic religion. Since the beginning of XVII century. there has been some recovery in the cultural life of Kiev. Thus, in the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra was established printing house, which in 1616 issued the first in a printed book - "Book of Hours." 1632 dates of the Kyiv Mohyla Academy. By the second half of XVII century. Ukraine launched a powerful liberating people's struggle against the domination of the Polish gentry, led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Residents of Kiev took an active part in this people's war whose purpose was to overthrow the yoke of the nobility and the reunification of Ukraine and Russia. The liberation struggle continued for several years, from 1648 to 1654 in summer 1648 the rebel Cossack army, led by an associate of B. Khmelnitsky, Daniel accidentally, clean the area of Kiev from the units of the Polish gentry. In December 1648 in the city limits troops entered B. Khmelnitsky, consisting of Cossacks and peasants. The stubborn and bloody struggle for independence from Poland ended in 1654 signing of an agreement on reunification of Ukraine and Russia, resulting in Kyiv was annexed to the territory of the Russian state. In 1654 Kiev acquired status as a center of Kiev Province, entered into Russia. Association of Russian and Ukrainian lands has played a significant role in the further development of culture and economy of Kiev. In 1708 the city became the center of Kiev province, in 1781 - Governor General of Kiev. In 1797, Kiev is known as a center of Kiev province. The second half of XVII century. - The period of repeated armed incursions into Kiev from the 3 / 6
Polish gentry and the Crimean Khanate. In order to withstand attacks of the enemy, Kiev erected a special building, which was due to provide reliable protection against attacks from outside, and Kiev was the fortress city. By the beginning of XVIII century. Life in Kiev, has become more calm, peaceful, and in that time has been a steady increase in the level of urban industrial production. Thus, already in 1760-ies. the city had over 3 thousand craftsmen who worked in 18 manufacturing plants. The emergence of the first large-scale enterprises belongs to the second half of XVIII century. The famous weapons factory "Arsenal" was built in 1764 In the first half of XIX century. Kiev began to develop the activities of political organizations, directed against the tsarist autocracy. In 1820-ies. in the city held its first meeting of the Southern Society of Decembrists. In 1840. arose Saints Cyril and Methodius Society, whose goal was the socio-political struggle against the tyranny of the country's government. At the head of this organization was a famous Ukrainian writer Taras Shevchenko. Among the political societies of the second half of XIX century. Forming part of the revolutionary-democratic movement in Russia, owned operating in Kiev "South Russian Workers' Union, Kyiv municipality, south-western group of the Party of the People, etc. In the XIX century. Kiev became very significant in Russia center of culture and industry, the most highly developed bought food and mechanical engineering. In 1834 Kyiv University was founded, and in 1878 - Higher Courses for Women. In 1898, Kiev students commenced their studies in the new school of the city - the Polytechnic Institute, trained professionals in engineering education. Once in Kiev railway was built with a message Moscow - Kursk - Kiev and Kiev - Odessa, the city became more and one of the most important transport hubs (end 1860 - beginning 1870).. In addition, in 1858, started moving ships along the Dnieper river in the vicinity of Kiev, which contributed to the rapid establishment of shipping links with other Russian cities. In 1892 the streets of Kiev for the first time in Russia appeared unparalleled engineering marvel - tram, over time, become accustomed to Kiev overlooking the urban public transport. Intensive development of capitalist production in the second half of XIX century. led to an increase in the number of members of the working class in Kiev. In this regard, the city has increased and democratic labor movement, with schools and shops were set up working and student political circles. At the end of XIX century. was organized by the Social-democratic society under the name "Union of the struggle for the liberation of the working class." This organization has had a great influence on the activities of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). 4 / 6
In 1903, in the southern regions of Russia held a general political workers' strikes, in which very actively participated and working in Kiev. 1orod was the center of revolutionary-democratic struggle and during the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. At this time, one after another rebellion broke out thousands of citizens who, nevertheless, were suppressed by the authorities. After the February 1917 revolution seized power in Kiev Revolutionaries and Mensheviks. Representatives of the bourgeois nationalist parties came together and created a new body of urban governance - the Central Rada, to which over time were made by members of the Bolshevik organization - RSDLP (b), converted from an underground activity to an open struggle for the establishment of Soviet power. In September 1917 in Kiev, completed the formation of city staff of the Red Guards. Almost immediately after the October events in Saint Petersburg at a meeting of the Kyiv council workers and soldiers' deputies, as well as representatives of the garrison, factory and factory committees and trade unions was elected as part of the Revolutionary Committee (Revolutionary Committee), which was to lead an armed struggle to overthrow the power of the Mensheviks and SR. October 29 (11 November) in 1917 in an uprising, which ended in victory for the workers and revolutionary soldiers. But it is very advantageous for themselves benefited members of the Central Council, who came to power in Kiev, immediately after the uprising. In January 1918, in Kiev broke new uprising of workers, which aimed at overthrowing the Central Rada. However, this mass action of workers' detachments were brutally suppressed. In February 1918, the city was part of the Red Army, which seized power in Kiev, and a few days later here in Kharkov was transferred recently created Ukrainian Soviet government. Work of the Government in Kiev lasted not long: 1 March 1918 The Germans occupied the city troops. At the same time it was created by the government of the bourgeois Ukrainian nationalists, led by General P. Skoropadsky. The latter soon was proclaimed hetman of Ukraine. After the end of 1918 Germany's troops were expelled from the territory of Ukraine, Kiev power into the hands of the Ukrainian Directorate, headed by Ataman S. Petliura. In early February 1919 in the city was invaded by armed detachments of the Red Army, which succeeded in defeating the troops Petliurist Directory and seize power in Kiev. However, the Soviet authorities in the city was maintained only until the end of August 1919 From September to December 1919, Kiev was occupied parts of the White Guard Army under General Denikin. At the end of 1919 the streets were bloody battles of the Red Army against Denikin, during which the latter were defeated and in Kiev again Soviet power was established. In early May 1920 in Kiev joined the Polish army, but after a few days the Polish troops were driven out of town by the Red Army. The tense political and military situation in the city began to stabilize after the Civil War. In the early 1920's. in Kiev, are vigorously economic rebuilding the city's economy. In the period 1920-1930-ies. Kiev was rebuilt and became a major industrial and cultural center not only of the Ukrainian Republic, but also the entire Soviet state. Before World War II in the city vigorously develop such industries as chemical, metallurgical, engineering, textiles, etc. In 5 / 6
June 1934 a decision was adopted Communist Party (Communist Party of Ukraine) to move the Ukrainian city of Kharkov to Kiev. Thus, in 1934 Kiev was the capital of Soviet Ukraine. June 22, 1941 Kiev suffered aerial bombardment troops nazi Germany started the war against the Soviet Union simultaneously with the start of the Great Patriotic War in Kiev have formed the militia units defending the city against the invaders until September 1941 with the completion of the Kiev defensive operations began during the occupation the city by German troops, which lasted until November 1943 in the occupied territory of Kiev operated underground organizations created to deal with nazi Germany, in which the inhabitants of the city took an active part. Kiev was liberated from the occupiers November 6, 1943, when Part 1 of the First Ukrainian Front (commander - General Vatutin) broke through the German defenses in the course of the famous Kiev offensive. Damage to the city for years of occupation, was enormous. From the hands of the Nazis killed more than 200 thousand inhabitants of Kiev and more than 100 thousand people were forcibly transported to Germany. More than 800 urban industrial enterprises were damaged or totally destroyed by bombing and shelling of the building were removed and about 1000 institutions and public organizations, over 1 / 3 of residential buildings. When the war ended, work began to restore the economy and the economy of Kiev, which successfully completed in 1950-ies. 6 / 6