C HAPTER E IGHT Moses: The First Eighty Years A Conspiracy of Women THE SECOND BOOK OF THE BIBLE, Exodus, is the story of Moses, who led the people out of slavery in Egypt. It begins with a brief glance back at Jacob and Joseph, who brought the people into Egypt in the first place. This context is important because it reminds us that, though Israel has been four hundred years in Egypt, they really belong elsewhere, in the promised land of Canaan. The ruling dynasty that had been so supportive of Joseph and his family is overthrown by different leadership, so the Israelites find themselves in the situation of any loyal party member when a different party comes into power.they lose their privileges and become slaves of Pharaoh. But these oppressed people multiply amazingly. After reading the stories of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, we know that fruitfulness is a gift from God, so this great increase in numbers is something to marvel at, fulfillment of one of God s promises to Abraham. Pharaoh does not see it that way at all. The oppressor is always afraid of the oppressed, so Pharaoh fears that his many slaves,who had such good reason to hate him, would join with some foreign enemy to topple his regime. He decided that national security required the gradual elimination of the threatening minority. His method was population control,aimed at drastically reducing the alarming birth rate. His ultimate goal was genocide. The story would seem farfetched if we had not seen so many examples in our time of those set on wiping out some race or tribe or type of people. First, Pharaoh enlisted the help of the midwives who assisted the Hebrew women in giving birth. He instructed 83
B IBLE S TORIES R EVISITED them to kill all the male children. The baby girls could be allowed to live,since he thought women were useful as servants, but not dangerous.the story will show how wrong he was. We do not know whether the midwives worshipped the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, but they believed in a god who was in favor of life, not death.therefore, insignificant women though they were, they practiced civil disobedience against almighty Pharaoh. They refused to kill the babies. It is interesting that the Bible records the names of these women, but not the name of the Pharaoh.The people worth remembering are not always those in high places. So, thanks to God and to the midwives, the people of Israel continued to multiply. The Egyptians fear also escalated.so Pharaoh ordered that the baby boys should all be drowned in the Nile River. (He makes us think of King Herod, who was so afraid of a new king that he had all the baby boys in the area around Bethlehem slaughtered.) Again, it was a woman who resisted the all-powerful Pharaoh. One of the slave women bore a son and refused to give him up to Pharaoh s decree of death. She hid him as long as she could. Then, in effect, she gave him up for adoption. She decided to risk everything on the hope that a woman, even the daughter of Pharaoh himself,would have pity on the beautiful child. A slave woman could not approach a woman of the royalty, but she placed Moses in a watertight basket among the reeds at the edge of the Nile, knowing Pharaoh s daughter would come there to bathe. Moses mother was wise. When Pharaoh s daughter saw the crying baby she took pity on it and risked her father s wrath by protecting the baby. A little girl, Moses sister, was standing by, watching. She would be a good patroness for teenage baby-sitters. When she saw that the moment was right, the quick-witted child offered to find a nurse for the baby and brought her mother. She completed the circle of women, young and old, Egyptian and Israelite, who joined hands to protect the life of the baby Moses. By their collabo- 84
M OSES: THE F IRST E IGHTY Y EARS ration they overcame the Pharaoh. It is a story about the power of those who seem to have no power. Read the story of baby Moses. These are the names of the sons of Israel who came to Egypt with Jacob, each with his household: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, and Benjamin, Dan and Naphtali, Gad and Asher.The total number of people born to Jacob was seventy. Joseph was already in Egypt. Then Joseph died, and all his brothers, and that whole generation. But the Israelites were fruitful and prolific; they multiplied and grew exceedingly strong, so that the land was filled with them. Now a new king arose over Egypt, who did not know Joseph. He said to his people, Look, the Israelite people are more numerous and more powerful than we. Come, let us deal shrewdly with them, or they will increase and, in the event of war, join our enemies and fight against us and escape from the land. Therefore they set taskmasters over them to oppress them with forced labor.they built supply cities, Pithom and Rameses, for Pharaoh. But the more they were oppressed, the more they multiplied and spread, so that the Egyptians came to dread the Israelites... The king of Egypt said to the Hebrew midwives, one of whom was named Shiphrah and the other Puah, When you act as midwives to the Hebrew women, and see them on the birthstool, if it is a boy, kill him; but if it is a girl, she shall live. But the midwives feared God; they did not do as the king of Egypt commanded them, but they let the boys live.so the king of Egypt summoned the midwives and said to them, Why have you done this, and allowed the boys to live? The midwives said to Pharaoh, Because the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women; for they are vigorous and give birth before the midwife comes to them. So God dealt well with the midwives; and the people multiplied and became very strong.and because the midwives feared God, he gave them families. Then Pharaoh commanded all his people, Every boy that is born to the Hebrews you shall throw into the Nile, but you shall let every girl live. 85
B IBLE S TORIES R EVISITED Now a man from the house of Levi went and married a Levite woman. The woman conceived and bore a son; and when she saw that he was a fine baby, she hid him three months. When she could hide him no longer she got a papyrus basket for him, and plastered it with bitumen and pitch; she put the child in it and placed it among the reeds on the bank of the river. His sister stood at a distance, to see what would happen to him. The daughter of Pharaoh came down to bathe at the river,while her attendants walked beside the river.she saw the basket among the reeds and sent her maid to bring it. When she opened it, she saw the child. He was crying, and she took pity on him, This must be one of the Hebrews children, she said.then his sister said to Pharaoh s daughter, Shall I go and get you a nurse from the Hebrew women to nurse the child for you? Pharaoh s daughter said to her, Yes. So the girl went and called the child s mother. Pharaoh s daughter said to her, Take this child and nurse it for me, and I will give you your wages. So the woman took the child and nursed it.when the child grew up, she brought him to Pharaoh s daughter, and she took him as her son. She named him Moses, because, she said, I drew him out of the water. Exodus 1:1 2:10 Activist and Exile FOR FORTY YEARS MOSES LIVED in the luxury of Pharaoh s court. Eventually, like so many minority people who succeed in the majority culture, he became uncomfortable with his mixed heritage. He visited the Hebrew slaves and recognized them as his own people, even though their lives were so completely different from his. His anger at their oppression broke out into violence: He killed an Egyptian. This accomplished nothing for his people, and he had to flee the country to escape the police. He is taken into the tent of Reuel, a desert nomad living in the style in which Abraham, Isaac and Jacob had lived, four 86
M OSES: THE F IRST E IGHTY Y EARS hundred years earlier. The culture shock for Moses, product of the sophisticated Egyptian court, must have been comparable to what Joseph experienced long before when he made the same transition in reverse. Moses married Reuel s daughter and stayed with her family for forty years. Moses did not know that the skills of desert survival which he was learning would serve him well in the great work he would begin at the age of eighty. Read the story of the angry young Moses. One day, after Moses had grown up, he went out to his people and saw their forced labor. He saw an Egyptian beating a Hebrew, one of his kinsfolk. He looked this way and that, and seeing no one he killed the Egyptian and hid him in the sand. When he went out the next day, he saw two Hebrews fighting; and he said to the one who was in the wrong, Why do you strike your fellow Hebrew? He answered, Who made you a ruler and judge over us? Do you mean to kill me as you killed the Egyptian? Then Moses was afraid and thought, Surely the thing is known. When Pharaoh heard of it, he sought to kill Moses. But Moses fled from Pharaoh. He settled in the land of Midian, and sat down by a well. The priest of Midian had seven daughters. They came to draw water, and filled the troughs to water their father s flock. But some shepherds came and drove them away. Moses got up and came to their defense and watered their flock.when they returned to their father Reuel,he said, How is it that you have come back so soon today? They said, An Egyptian helped us against the shepherds; he even drew water for us and watered the flock. He said to his daughters, Where is he? Why did you leave the man? Invite him to break bread. Moses agreed to stay with the man, and he gave Moses his daughter Zipporah in marriage. She bore a son, and he named him Gershom; for he said, I have been an alien residing in a foreign land. Exodus 2:11-22 Q 87
B IBLE S TORIES R EVISITED The Burning Bush ONE DAY MOSES WAS GOING about his ordinary task of watching the sheep of his father-in-law Reuel (who is also called Jethro).You can see men and women at that same rather boring task in that part of the world today. Moses noticed something unusual, a bush that just kept burning. The whole action of our story starts because an eighty-year-old shepherd was curious enough to walk over to see this burning bush more closely.when he did so he found that the bush not only burned, it talked! God is skilled at using audiovisuals in religious education. God introduced himself as the God of your father. We know nothing about Moses father Amram, who took no part in his wife s scheme to save Moses as an infant, but his faith in God must have made a deep impression on Moses,because it is the entry point by which God now makes himself known to Moses.Many adults who have wandered far from their faith are brought back to it by the grace of God using the memory of a parent s faith. God also identifies himself with a longer tradition, as the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob. We, too, need to receive faith from the witness of our parents, but also from that of the wider, longer history of the people of God. God then confided to Moses that he had heard the laments of the Israelites, and wanted Moses to go to bring them out of Egypt. This old shepherd, still wanted by the police back in Egypt, was hardly a likely prospect to lead an oppressed minority group out of a great nation that had enslaved them.nor did he have any interest in the job.he had created a new and secure life for himself in the desert and had nothing left of the youthful zeal that caused him to kill the Egyptian so long ago. Now comes a wonderful conversation between God and Moses in which Moses is anything but a properly respectful and instantly obedient servant. He raises one objection after another against his assignment. God tried to encourage him by offering him a sign. One 88
M OSES: THE F IRST E IGHTY Y EARS day he would bring the whole people back to this mountain to worship. It was a strange kind of sign, since it would take place only after Moses had gone through the laborious and risky work of bringing the people out of Egypt. Perhaps God is hinting to us that we often have to bumble along through difficult times, not really sure that what we are doing is God s will. Afterward, when we look back, we will see clearly that God was guiding us all along. This is the blessing of reviewing our lives as we grow older; God s presence is often so much more visible through hindsight than it was in the midst of things. The name of God,Yahweh, had not yet been revealed to Israel. Moses complained that he could hardly be expected to convince the people, who lived in a land of many gods, that he was a messenger of God if he did not even know the name of the god who had sent him. Ancient peoples put great importance on names. It was felt that knowing someone s name gave a kind of power over that person.to call a person by name suggested a relationship, or at least the possibility of one. It is very significant when Jesus says that he calls each of his sheep by name. We do not acknowledge the power of names as readily as ancient people did, but in reality names are important to us,too.we feel affirmed when someone calls us by name.we show an unwillingness to enter into relationship with a person by refusing to take the trouble to learn his or her name. Not to give our name puts the other at a distance, makes clear that the relationship will be purely functional, not personal. So it was important for Moses to know God s name. The name God gave was a strange one, Yahweh. Scholars argue about what it means probably something like I am who I am. It is a name that suggests the mystery of God s being. Among Jews,this name is considered so sacred that it is never pronounced.when it appears in the Bible the Jewish reader substitutes Adonai or Lord. Most English Bibles except the Jerusalem Bible follow this custom.when your Old Testament says Lord, the original is probably Yahweh.When your Old 89
B IBLE S TORIES R EVISITED Testament says God, the original is probably El, a more generic term for God, one also applied to pagan gods. At the burning bush God revealed to Moses God s personal name. This was the beginning of an intensely personal relationship between God and Moses. Moses was to go to the Israelites enslaved in Egypt and give them hope for freedom. This is the first step in the process of change:the people cannot be motivated to the difficult process of liberating themselves from slavery unless they have hope. The same could be said of people enslaved to drugs or any bad habit.without hope, nothing happens. But Moses does not feel that he is the one to bring hope to the people. Notice the contrast to the forty-year-old Moses who, without any invitation from God, took on himself the role of saving an Israelite from the Egyptian who was beating him. At eighty, he is aware of his own inadequacy, and he argues that he is a poor choice because he is handicapped by a speech impediment. It is a bit difficult to imagine a person who stutters rallying an oppressed people, negotiating with the oppressive government officials and leading the people to freedom. God assures Moses that he will have divine help with his speech problem. Moses is not impressed. He has run out of arguments, so he simply pleads, Please, send someone else! God is angry, but still determined to bring his chosen leader around. God offers him his brother Aaron to do the speaking for him. As a prophet is a mouth for God, giving God s message to the people, so Aaron will be a mouth for Moses, giving Moses message to the people. It is interesting that in the end God s original plan seems to have been the best. God did overcome Moses handicap so that he was able to speak to the people and to Pharaoh himself. But at the time of the burning bush he was not yet at the point where he could imagine that happening. However, thanks to Moses sense of his own inadequacy, Aaron did become part of the liberation of the people. Other work was found for him: that of a priest. Often our awareness 90
M OSES: THE F IRST E IGHTY Y EARS of our inadequacies serves a good purpose. It motivates us to get others involved and that strengthens our ministry. Read the story of Moses call at the burning bush. Moses was keeping the flock of his father-in-law Jethro, the priest of Midian; he led his flock beyond the wilderness, and came to Horeb, the mountain of God. There the angel of the LORD appeared to him in a flame of fire out of a bush; he looked, and the bush was blazing, yet it was not consumed.then Moses said, I must turn aside and look at this great sight, and see why the bush is not burned up. When the LORD saw that he had turned aside to see, God called to him out of the bush, Moses, Moses! And he said, Here I am. Then he said, Come no closer! Remove the sandals from your feet, for the place on which you are standing is holy ground. He said further, I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. And Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look at God. Then the LORD said, I have observed the misery of my people who are in Egypt;I have heard their cry on account of their taskmasters. Indeed, I know their sufferings, and I have come down to deliver them from the Egyptians, and to bring them up out of that land to a good and broad land, a land flowing with milk and honey, to the country of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites... So come, I will send you to Pharaoh to bring my people, the Israelites, out of Egypt. But Moses said to God, Who am I that I should go to Pharaoh, and bring the Israelites out of Egypt? He said, I will be with you; and this shall be the sign for you that it is I who sent you: when you have brought the people out of Egypt, you shall worship God on this mountain. But Moses said to God, If I come to the Israelites and say to them, The God of your ancestors has sent me to you, and they ask me, What is his name? what shall I say to them? God said to Moses, I AM WHO I AM. He said further, Thus you shall say to the Israelites, I AM has sent me to you. God also said to Moses, Thus you shall say to the Israelites, The LORD, the God of your ancestors, the God of 91
B IBLE S TORIES R EVISITED Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has sent me to you : This is my name forever, and this my title for all generations. Go and assemble the elders of Israel, and say to them, The LORD, the God of your ancestors, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob, has appeared to me, saying: I have given heed to you and to what has been done to you in Egypt. I declare that I will bring you up out of the misery of Egypt, to the land of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites and the Jebusites, a land flowing with milk and honey. They will listen to your voice; and you and the elders of Israel shall go to the king of Egypt and say to him, The LORD, the God of the Hebrews, has met with us; let us now go a three days journey into the wilderness, so that we may sacrifice to the LORD our God. I know, however, that the king of Egypt will not let you go unless compelled by a mighty hand. So I will stretch out my hand and strike Egypt with all my wonders that I will perform in it; after that he will let you go... But Moses said to the LORD, O my Lord, I have never been eloquent, neither in the past nor even now that you have spoken to your servant; but I am slow of speech and slow of tongue. Then the LORD said to him, Who gives speech to mortals? Who makes them mute or deaf, seeing or blind? Is it not I, the LORD? Now go, and I will be with your mouth and teach you what you are to speak. But he said, O my Lord, please send someone else. Then the anger of the LORD was kindled against Moses and he said, What of your brother Aaron, the Levite? I know that he can speak fluently; even now he is coming out to meet you, and when he sees you his heart will be glad.you shall speak to him and put the words in his mouth; and I will be with your mouth and with his mouth, and will teach you what you shall do. He indeed shall speak for you to the people; he shall serve as a mouth for you, and you shall serve as God for him. Exodus 3:1-20; 4:10-16 92