Announcements. The construct state اإلضافة is a key syntactic. Transition from last class. Partitive/quantitative. Identity

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ARBC0225/LNGT0225 Arabic Linguistics علم اللسانيات العربية Announcements Any updates on your ADAP endeavors? I still owe you a make up class. Suggestions? Lecture #17 April 18 th, 2012 2 Transition from last class Syntax deals with the structure of phrases and sentences. Last time we talked about the structure of noun phrases in Arabic varieties. Today, we finish our discussion of the noun phrase, and talk about the Arabic verb phrase. اإلضافة The construct state The construct state اإلضافة is a key syntactic structure in Arabic. It expresses a range of semantic relationships between two nouns. Holes discusses the following five (his sixth case will be discussed separately later on): (i) identity, (ii) partitive/quantitative relationship, (iii) possession, (iv) agent relationship, and (v) object relationship. 3 4 Identity Partitive/quantitative صفحات الكتاب بعض الطالب واجب اليوم فنجان قھوة كيلو برتقال جامعة ميدلبري والية نبراسكا مدينة بوسطن ضابط جيش رسالة حب 5 6 1

Possession Agent relationship كالم االستاذ وصول الملكة لعب األوالد قرار الجامعة سيارة الرئيس بيت المدير والد أحمد أخو علي 7 8 Object relationship اإلضافة غير الحقيقية قطع العالقات زيارة السودان دخول المدرسة فصل الموظفين This is listed as category (vi) by Holes. In this kind of إضافة the first noun is an adjective that modifies the following noun. رجل طويل الشعر امرأة كثيرة الكالم ل عبة ھندية األصل In this structure, since the first element in the is an adjective, it can take the definite article إضافة definite: if the noun preceding it is ال من ھو أحمد - ھو الطالب الطويل الشعر. 9 10 إضافة The non final noun in an ال cannot take إضافة Any non final noun in an nor tanwiin. If the non final noun in an إضافة is a dual or :ن masculine sound plural, it loses its طالبا الكيمياء مدر سو اللغة العربية إضافة Definite vs. Indefinite The final noun in an إضافة can be definite or indefinite, depending on the meaning. Indefinite إضافة typically indicates a kind of relationship. Definite: Indefinite: ھذا ھو كتاب التاريخ. ھذا كتاب تاريخ. 11 12 2

Adjectival modification of إضافة structures.إضافة Adjectives are not allowed to split an كتاب الطالبة الجديد (*كتاب الجديد الطالبة) بناية روس العالية (*بناية العالية روس) Sometimes that leads to ambiguity. كتاب الطالب الجديد أصدقاء أساتذتي السعداء Multiple adjectives When multiple adjectives are used to modify both nouns, we get a nesting effect. كتاب الطالبة األمريكية الجديد طالب الصف األول الممتازون Ambiguity can multiply in some cases: كتاب الطالب األمريكي الجديد Ambiguity can be avoided by getting rid of the.ل and using the preposition إضافة الكتاب الجديد للطالب األمريكي 13 14 اإلضافة Demonstrative pronouns in ھذه and ھذا Demonstrative pronouns such as normally occur before nouns in CA. This pre nominal position is not possible in an however. Rather, the demonstrative has,إضافة to occur after the إضافة structure. أخذت كتاب األستاذ ھذا. تعرفت على.this friend of Ahmad s تعرفت على صديقة أحمد ھذه. اإلضافة Coordination and أساتذة االقتصاد وطالبه أساتذة وطالب االقتصاد the men and women of Egypt رجال مصر ونساءھا رجال ونساء مصر 15 16 Embedding an إضافة within another أفراد األسرة كل أفراد األسرة كل أفراد أسرة المدير كل أفراد أسرة مدير البنك كل أفراد أسرة مدير بنك القاھرة الخ... Constructs in the dialects Arabic dialects today still have.اإلضافة However, many of them also added another analytic (or periphrastic) structure that is used to express.إضافة most of the semantic relationships of an The structure, often called the free state, is characterized by a possessive morpheme linking the two nouns of a construct state. In EA, this morpheme shows agreement in gender and number with the noun before it. Examples from EA are given on the next slide. 17 18 3

The free state in EA :بتاع Examples from EA with the morpheme الكتاب بتاع علي كتاب علي النضارة بتاعة منى نضارة منى االساتذة بتوع قسم العربي اساتذة قسم العربي الكتب بتوع/بتاعة خالد كتب خالد The free state can also be used where possessive pronouns are typically used: الكتاب بتاعي كتابي المدرسة بتاعته مدرسته كتبكم أساتذتنا The free state in EA :بتاع Examples from EA with the morpheme الكتاب بتاع علي كتاب علي النضارة بتاعة منى نضارة منى االساتذة بتوع قسم العربي اساتذة قسم العربي الكتب بتوع/بتاعة خالد كتب خالد The free state can also be used where possessive pronouns are typically used: الكتاب بتاعي كتابي المدرسة بتاعته مدرسته الكتب بتاعتكم/بتوعكم كتبكم االساتذة بتوعنا أساتذتنا 19 20 The free state in EA The free state is typically preferred over the construct state when an adjective modifies the first noun (note: عربية in EA means car ): قريت كتاب توم فريدمان األخير عن الشرق األوسط. قريت الكتاب األخير بتاع توم فريدمان عن الشرق األوسط. ش فت عربيتي الجديدة ش فت العربية الجديدة بتاعتي The free state in EA The free state, however, cannot be used in contexts of inalienable possession. These are contexts of body parts and family relationships. In such contexts, only the construct state إضافة can be used. راسي *الراس بتاعتي ايديك *االيدين بتاعتك اخوھا *األخ بتاعھا اختنا *االخت بتاعتنا 21 22 Numeral phrases in CA/MSA As you know by now from your language classes, the behavior of numeral phrases in CA/MSA is rather complex. To remember: كتاب واحد (*واحد كتاب) كتابان اثنان (*اثنان كتاب) 9-3 كتب 99-11 كتابا مائة/ألف/مليون كتاب And we won t even get into the gender stuff. Numeral phrases in EA The numeral phrases in EA are not as complex as in CA/MSA, but they re still not that simple. كتاب واحد (*واحد كتاب) كتابين اتنين (*اتنين كتاب) 9-3 كتب 99-11 كتاب م يت/ألف/مليون كتاب 23 24 4

Numeral phrases in EA Numbers from 3 to 10 appear feminine in the context of counting; otherwise, they do not have.- ة عشرة But:... خمسة اربعة تالتة عشر تمارين سبع والد اربع كتب In numerals 13 19, the -ة is pronounced: سبعتاشر ولد اربعتاشر كتاب Predict: How do you say 15 and 19? The verb phrase in Arabic 25 26 The Arabic verb phrase There are three categories to the discussion of verb phrases in Arabic discussed by Holes: Aspect, which has to do with the completion vs. non completion of an event; Mood and modality, which have to do with the speaker s attitude towards the certainty, possibility, necessity, etc., of an event; Time and tense, which place the occurrence of an event in a time frame relative to speech time or the times of other events. We discuss these today. الماضي The perfect As we discussed earlier in the semester, verbs in Arabic come in two forms: perfect ماضي and.مضارع imperfect The perfect is used in past tense contexts: انتقلت من بيتي القديم لبيت جديد في الشھر الماضي. زيد وصل متأخرا. But the use of the perfect in past tense contexts is not exclusive. It is used in other grammatical contexts, where no pastness meaning is involved. 27 28 الماضي The perfect The perfect is also used in conditionals: إذا كان الجو ممطرا غدا فلن نذھب إلى بوسطن. With some verbs of emotion and cognition: س ع دت بنجاحك. فھمت. With performative verbs: ق ب لت. In optative (=wishing) contexts: بار ك الله فيك. you!) (May Allah bless The imperfect المضارع is used in a variety of contexts as well, some of which correspond to present tense in other languages, but some do not. In the dialects, certain markers developed to mark المضارع in certain contexts (e.g., the b in EA). In stative contexts, the active participle replaced المضارع in EA. Another marker ha / afor expressing the future developed in EA. Compare the uses of the imperfect in CA and EA in the following examples. 29 30 5

For general truths (universal or personal): الماء يغلي (boil) عند 100 درجة مئوية. المية بتغلي عند 100 درجة. اوباما يسكن في البيت األبيض وأنا أسكن في البيت األحمر. اوباما ساكن في البيت األبيض وانا ساكن في البيت األحمر. أنا أعرف مدير البنك. أنا مدير البنك. For general truths (universal or personal): الماء يغلي (boil) عند 100 درجة مئوية. المية بتغلي عند 100 درجة. اوباما يسكن في البيت األبيض وأنا أسكن في البيت األحمر. اوباما ساكن في البيت األبيض وانا ساكن في البيت األحمر. أنا أعرف مدير البنك. أنا عارف مدير البنك. 31 32 Habits: أصحو كل يوم في الساعة السابعة صباحا. باصحى كل يوم الساعة سبعة الصبح. ندرس صف اللسانيات مرتين في األسبوع. بندرس علم اللغة مرتين في األسبوع. For an event in progress (either in the present or past): والدي يقرأ الجريدة في البلكونة. بابا بيقرا الجرنان في البلكونة. والدي كان يقرأ الجريدة في البلكونة. بابا كان بيقرا الجرنان في البلكونة. 33 34 شاھدته يقرأ تحت الشجرة. شفته بيقرا تحت الشجرة. سمعته يتكلم مع األستاذ. سمعته مع األستاذ. (الحال) Circumstantial clauses شاھدته يقرأ تحت الشجرة. شفته بيقرا تحت الشجرة. سمعته يتكلم مع األستاذ. سمعته بيتكلم مع األستاذ. (الحال) Circumstantial clauses 35 36 6

The future is expressed by س or سوف in CA, and ھ /ح in EA: سنسافر غدا إلى المكسيك. ھنسافر بكره المكسيك. أحمد سيتخرج في مايو. أحمد في مايو. The future is expressed by س or سوف in CA, and ھ /ح in EA: سنسافر غدا إلى المكسيك. ھنسافر بكره المكسيك. أحمد سيتخرج في مايو. أحمد ھيتخرج في مايو. 37 38 In embedded clauses, including those introduced by أن in CA. Here the bare imperfect is used in EA. نريد أن نسافر إلى الصين في الصيف. عايزين نسافر الصين في الصيف. بدأ يكتب الواجب في الساعة الخامسة. بدأ يكتب الواجب الساعة خمسة. In certain contexts, the b morpheme in EA may or may not be used, but with a difference in meaning. ي سع دني إن ه بيدرس اللغة العربية. (It pleases me that he is studying Arabic.) ي سع دني إن ه يدرس اللغة العربية. (It pleases me that he would study Arabic.) 39 40 This same variance in meaning occurs when the imperfect follows a modality participle like la:zim (= necessary): الزم تحب. (You must love (someone). Deontic) الزم بتحب. (You must be in love. Epistemic) Next class agenda Modality. Compound tenses. Finishing Chapter 6. Syntax and semantics at the sentence level: word order; negation; question formation. Read Chapter 7 in Holes, pp. 250 264. 41 42 7