Contents Week Six: Conquests of Khaybar and Makkah Seventh Year of Hijrah: Battle of Khaybar... 2 Umratul Qadha and Expedition of Akhram ibn Abil-Awja (radiallahu anhu)... 4 Eighth Year of Hijrah: Expedition of Ghalib (radiallahu anhu) and Islam of Khalid bin Walid (radiallahu anhu)... 5 Expedition of Mutah... 6 Expeditions of Amr ibn Aas and Abu Ubaidah (radiallahu anhum)... 7 Conquest of Makkah... 8 1
Seventh Year of Hijrah: Battle of Khaybar Towards the end of Muharram, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) set out for Khaybar with 1400 infantry and 200 cavalry to launch an attack against the residing Jews who had betrayed the Muslims. Allah had also informed Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) of its imminent conquest and for this reason, the hypocrites wanted to accompany however, Allah commanded that they would not join. The Jews retreated into their fortresses and the Muslims conquered them one by one. Amongst the forts conquered were: Na im Qamus Sa ib ibn Mu aaz Qullah Watih Salalim After 14 days, the Jews asked Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) to spare their lives as they prepared to leave Khaybar, which was accepted. The Jews of Fadak, who had heard of the truce, also asked Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) to spare their lives and offered to leave behind their wealth and go into voluntary exile, which was also accepted. During the campaign, 14-15 Muslims were martyred and 93 disbelievers killed. Safiyyah bint Huyayy ibn Akhtab, the daughter of the leader and a descendent of Harun ( alayhis-salaam) was taken captive and Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) freed and married her. The spoils of Khaybar comprised mainly of cows, oxen, camels and some assorted goods. Following Khaybar, the Muhajirin were now self-reliant and returned the lands and orchards temporarily given by the Ansar, back to their respective owners. During his stay in Khaybar, Zainab bint Harith presented Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) grilled goat which was poisoned. The moment Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) tasted it, he held his hand back however, Bishr ibn Bara ibn Marur (radiallahu anhu) who was seated, consumed part of it. She confessed her actions because if Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) was a Divine Messenger, he would be notified of it by Allah. Bishr (radiallahu anhu) passed away due to the poison. According to a narration, she embraced Islam and was not executed. According to others, when Bishr (radiallahu anhu) passed away, she was handed over to his heirs who executed her in retaliation. 2
Divine regulations pertaining to Halaal and Haraam revealed during this Campaign Prohibition of the meat of domesticated donkeys Prohibition of the use of raw garlic Permissibility of the consumption of horse flesh Prohibition against Mut'ah (temporary marriage) On the day Khaybar was conquered, Ja far and 15 companions (radiallahu anhum) arrived in Madinah from Abyssinia. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) embraced him, kissed his cheek and remarked, I wonder what gives me more joy, the conquest of Khaybar or the arrival of Ja far. Following the conquest of Khaybar, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) proceeded to Wadil- Qura and after a 4 day siege, it fell to the Muslims. When the people of Tayma heard of this, they surrendered and signed a peace treaty pledging to pay the Jizyah. During that same year, Umm Habibah (radiallahu anha) the daughter of Abu Sufyan, returned to Madinah from Abyssinia. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) had married her through the mediation of Negus. 3
Umratul Qadha and Expedition of Akhram ibn Abil-Awja (radiallahu anhu) At the beginning of Dhul Qa'dah, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) instructed the Sahabah (radiallahu anhum) to perform Qadha of the Umrah which they were prevented from performing the previous year. Two thousand Sahabah (radiallahu anhum) set out with 70 sacrificial animals and they entered Makkah after donning their Ihraam at Dhul-Hulayfah. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) entered the Ka'bah and remained until Dhuhr and instructed Bilal (radiallahu anhu) to call out the Adhan on the roof of the Ka'bah. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) stayed in Makkah for three days and married Maymoonah bint Harith (radiallahu anha). The marriage was consummated in Sarif and they returned to Madinah in the month of Dhul-Hijjah. Expedition of Akhram ibn Abil-Awja (radiallahu anhu) In Dhul-Hijjah, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) sent Akhram (radiallahu anhu) with 50 men to the tribe of Banu Sulaim, inviting them to Islam. However, they replied that they had no need for Islam and released arrows on the Muslims, killing them all. Only Akhram (radiallahu anhu) survived as they left him for dead and he returned to Madinah in Safar. 4
Eighth Year of Hijrah: Expedition of Ghalib (radiallahu anhu) and Islam of Khalid bin Walid (radiallahu anhu) In Safar, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) sent Ghalib (radiallahu anhu) with a group of men towards Kadid to attack the Banu Maluh tribe. The Sahabah (radiallahu anhum) launched a night time attack, seized their camels and retreated towards Madinah. The Banu Maluh gave chase but Allah brought torrential rains that filled the valley between the Muslims and disbelievers, thus the disbelievers could not get through and the Muslims reached Madinah safely. After Khaybar, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) dispatched a number of small contingents on other military campaigns, and they all returned victorious. Islam of Khalid bin Walid, Uthman ibn Talhah and Amr ibn Aas (radiallahu anhum) In Safar, upon receiving a letter from his brother about Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) enquiring about him, Khalid bin Walid (radiallahu anhu) became enthusiastic to make Hijrah to Madinah. Together with Uthman bin Talhah (radiallahu anhu), they set out and met Amr ibn Aas (radiallahu anhu) on the way and the three of them travelled to Madinah. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) was overjoyed to hear of their arrival and they accepted Islam, pledging their allegiance at the hands of Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam). 5
Expedition of Mutah Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) had sent a letter of da wah to Shurahbeel ibn Amr Ghassani, the viceroy of the Levant on behalf of Qaysar the Roman emperor. When Harith ibn Umair (radiallahu anhu) reached Mutah with the letter, Shurahbeel had him executed. Because of this, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) dispatched three thousand Sahabah (radiallahu anhum)to Mutah in Jamadul-Ula. Zaid ibn Haritha (radiallahu anhu) was appointed as leader and if he was martyred then Ja far ibn Abi Talib (radiallahu anhu) would take over, and if he was martyred, Abdullah ibn Rawahah (radiallahu anhu) would stand in place and should he be martyred, then the Muslims should appoint a suitable leader. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) entrusted a white flag to Zaid (radiallahu anhu) and instructed him to only engage in Jihad if they did not accept the invitation of Islam. When Shurahbeel heard of their approach, an army of 100,000 was amassed with another 100,000 men from the Roman emperor. As they reached Mutah, Zaid (radiallahu anhu) stepped out to fight the enemy until he was martyred. Both Ja far and Abdullah (radiallahu anhum) were martyred thereafter. Khalid bin Walid (radiallahu anhu) was then appointed as leader and the next day, he altered the plan of battle by changing the vanguard with the rear guard and switching the right and left flanks. When the enemies saw this, they assumed that more reinforcements had arrived and the Muslims fought until they were victorious. In this battle, 12 Muslims were martyred. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) witnessed these events whilst sitting in Madinah, through the power of Allah. He assembled the Sahabah (radiallahu anhum) and narrated the events as they unfolded, his eyes brimming with tears. 6
Expeditions of Amr ibn Aas and Abu Ubaidah (radiallahu anhum) In Jumadul-Akhirah, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) received information that a group from the Banu Quda ah tribe planned to launch an attack on Madinah. Amr ibn Aas (radiallahu anhu) was sent to Zatus-Salasil with 300 foot soldiers and 30 mounted warriors. They ascertained that the disbelievers had amassed a great force so asked Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) for reinforcements. Another 200 warriors were sent including Abu Bakr and Umar (radiallahu anhum). When the attack was launched, the Banu Quda ah dispersed in panic and the Muslims returned to Madinah victorious. Expedition of Abu Ubaidah (radiallahu anhu) In Rajab, Abu Ubaidah (radiallahu anhu) was appointed leader of 300 men and sent to Siful-Bahr (Arabian coastline) to attack the Juhaynah tribe. Bags of dates were presented as provisions and after they ran out, the Muslims sucked on date seeds and water. When the date seeds ran out, they would shake the leaves off the trees, soak them in water and eat it. As they reached the coast, a huge fish was thrown out of the sea which they ate for 18 days. When they related this to Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam), he said that it was the sustenance of Allah which He provided for them. During this expedition, no actual combat arose and so they returned without fighting. 7
Conquest of Makkah According to the conditions of the treaty of Hudaybiyyah, different tribes were allowed to align themselves to either the Muslims or Quraysh. Accordingly, the Banu Bakr joined the Quraysh whilst the Banu Khuza ah joined Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam). However the Banu Bakr, under Quraysh assistance, attacked the Banu Khuza ah, thinking that Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) would not know of this. The following day, they realised their error. Amr ibn Salim Khuza i went to Madinah with a delegation of 40 people to inform Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) of the breaking of the treaty. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) sent a delegate to the Quraysh and informed them they had an option to: pay the blood money, the Banu Nufathah (a part of the Banu Bakr) would be removed from the pact, or cancel the treaty of Hudaybiyyah. The Quraysh cancelled the treaty however, immediately regretted it so sent Abu Sufyan to Madinah to renew the treaty. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) did not accept and ordered the Sahabah (radiallahu anhum) and surrounding tribes to secretly make preparations for the journey to Makkah and ready their war weapons. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) left Madinah on 10 th Ramadhan with 10,000 Sahabah (radiallahu anhum) after Asr. Abu Sufyan and Abdullah ibn Abi Umayyah left Makkah with the intention of embracing Islam and met Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam), joining the Muslims going towards Makkah. An announcement was made that whoever entered the Masjidul-Haram, Abu Sufyan s house or their own homes and kept the doors shut, would be safe. After he heard a Sahabi calling the day one of fighting, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) replied that it was a day of mercy. Abu Sufyan (radiallahu anhu) then went forward and made the announcement in Makkah. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) entered Makkah with humility, reciting Surah Nasr and Fath, head bowed to such an extent that his beard was touching the saddle of his camel. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) first went to the home of Umm Hani (radiallahu anha) and offered 8 rakaats of Salat, after bathing. The Quraysh had gathered at a place called Khandamah and a skirmish ensued between them and the Muslims with two Muslims martyred and 12-13 disbelievers killed. Peace was established thereafter. When the conquest was completed on the 20 th Ramadhan, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) circuited the Ka abh and as he pointed to the 360 idols placed around it saying, The truth has come and falsehood is defeated, they began falling. Uthman ibn Talhah gave the key of the Ka bah to Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) who opened it and ordered the statues to be removed and Zam Zam water used to wash the inside. 8
After this was done, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) prayed Salat inside. Thereafter, a speech was delivered where Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) abolished all forms of customs and stated that: all people were from Adam ( alayhis-salaam) who was created from sand, so the most honourable in the sight of Allah was the one who was most virtuous and that he was forgiving them just as Yusuf ( alayhis-salam) said to his brothers, There is no reproach upon you today, go, for you are all free. At the time of Dhuhr, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) ordered Bilal (radiallahu anhu) to climb the door of the Ka bah and call out the Adhan. On completing Tawaaf, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) went to Mount Safa, praising Allah and remaining in du a for a long time. Men and women then gathered in order to pledge allegiance and Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam), announced an amnesty to those who had caused him harm. However, 15-16 people were commanded to be killed. Amongst them, some accepted Islam like: Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl Wahshi ibn Harb Ka'b ibn Zuhayr Abu Quhafah, the father of Abu Bakr (radiallahu anhu) Safwan ibn Umayyah, a Quraishi leader Suhayl ibn Amr, a leader of Makkah Utbah and Mut'ab, the sons of Abu Lahab and Mu'awiyah, amongst others (radiallahu anhum) After the conquest of Makkah, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) remained there for 15 days and sent small groups to the surrounding areas to destroy all the idols. 9