BYU Adult Religion Class 28 and 30 Aug 2012 Dave LeFevre New Testament Lesson 1

BYU Adult Religion Class 28 and 30 Aug 2012 Dave LeFevre New Testament Lesson 1

New Testament Organization

Testament = Covenant (see BD, Covenant ) Jeremiah 31:31-33 Hebrews 8 3 Nephi 15:2-10 New Testament

Gospels (JST Testimonies w/matthew and John) Acts of the Apostles (Peter and Paul) Pauline Epistles General Epistles Revelation Books of the NT

New Testament Transmission

Joseph Smith We believe the Bible to be the word of God as far as it is translated correctly (A of F 8). There is a grand distinction between the actual meaning of the prophets and the present translation (TPJS 291). I believe the Bible as it read when it came from the pen of the original writers. Ignorant translators, careless transcribers, or designing and corrupt priests have committed many errors (TPJS 327).

No autographs! NT Manuscripts Compare to latter-day scriptures NT books written in Greek Capitals ΙΕΣΟΥΣ Uncials Ιεσους Cursives like uncials but without lifting the pen Minuscules like cursives but very small

NT Sources Compared Name Written # mss Oldest mss Tacitus Annals 59 B.C. 1 A.D. 900 Caesar s Gallic Wars 58-50 B.C 10 A.D. 900 Herodotus History 450 B.C. 8 A.D. 900 New Testament A.D. 50-100 5,800* A.D. 125 * Also, 10,000 Latin and 9,300 other languages

Century NT Sources Number of Manuscripts 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Papyri Uncials Minu.

NT Texts Papyri Chester Beatty Collection P 45, P 46, and P 47

Chester Beatty Collection P 45, P 46, and P 47 John Rylands Library P 52 NT Texts Papyri

NT Texts Papyri Chester Beatty Collection P 45, P 46, and P 47 John Rylands Library P 52 Bodmer Collection P 66, P 72, and P 75

NT Texts Uncials (א) Sinaiticus

NT Texts Uncials (א) Sinaiticus Alexandrinus (A)

NT Texts Uncials (א) Sinaiticus Alexandrinus (A) Vaticanus (B)

NT Texts Uncials (א) Sinaiticus Alexandrinus (A) Vaticanus (B) Ephraemi (C)

NT Texts Uncials (א) Sinaiticus Alexandrinus (A) Vaticanus (B) Ephraemi (C) Bezae (D)

NT Transmission Alexandrinus et al Late mss Erasmus Textus Receptus KJV NKJV Early Greek MSS Vaticanus, Sinaiticus, et al Westcott & Hort Nestle- Aland / UBS NIV RSV NLT The Message Early papyri Vulgate Douai-Rheims Knox Most Catholic Bibles

The Gospels

The Synoptics and John Matthew, Mark, and Luke; see alike Mark: 606 appear in Matthew Mark: 308 appear in Luke Mark: 31 unique verses Gospel Exclusive Common Mark 7% 93% Matthew 42% 58% Luke 59% 41% John 92% 8%

Matthew and Luke quoting Mark Triple Tradition In Matthew and Luke but not Mark Double Tradition Q (from German Quelle) Q Mark Q Matthew Luke

John Mark Mark Wealthy family (Acts 12:12) Barnabas relative (Colossians 4:10) Missionary companion (Acts 12:25) Left Paul/Barnabas (Acts 13:5, 13) Mission to Cyprus (Acts 15:37-39) Paul s companion (Philemon 1:24) With Timothy (2 Timothy 4:11) With Peter in Rome (1 Peter 5:13)

Date and Place Irenaeus (Against Heresies, 3.1.1) Mark wrote after Peter s death Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History (6.14.6-7), quoting Clement of Alexandria: When, by the Spirit, Peter had publicly proclaimed the Gospel in Rome, his many hearers urged Mark, as one who had followed him for years and remembered what was said, to put it all in writing. This he did and gave copies to all who asked. When Peter learned of it, he neither objected nor promoted it. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History (3.39.15-16), quoting Papias: Mark became Peter s interpreter and wrote down accurately, but not in order, all that [Peter] remembered of the things said and done by the Lord. For [Mark] had not heard the Lord or been one of his followers, but later, as I said, a follower of Peter. Peter used to teach as the occasion demanded, without giving systematic arrangement to the Lord s sayings.

Audience and Message Gentile: gives and interprets Aramaic (e.g., 5:41; 15:34) Explains Jewish customs (e.g., 7:1-4) Jesus was misunderstood, but triumphed over all things What he did more than what he taught Immediately Sense of wonder 1/3 of the book is Passion First gospel written P45, oldest Mark mss

Mark Outline 1. Jesus appears, preaching God s kingdom (1:1 3:6) 2. Jesus ministers in Galilee (3:7 6:6) 3. Jesus and the disciples under way (6:7 8:21) 4. Jesus heals blind eyes; teachings on discipleship (8:22 10:52) 5. Jesus in Jerusalem (11:1 16:8) 6. Markan postlude (16:9-20)

Blindness Bracketing Blind man healed in stages (8:22-26) Reference Prophesy Failure to understand Discipleship Jesus nature 8:31 9:8 8:31, he will suffer and be killed 8:32-33, Peter rebukes him for saying this 8:34-38, Take up the cross and follow him 9:1-8, transfiguration 9:30-41 9:31, men will kill him but he will rise the third day 9:32, they understood not 9:33-37, be the servant of all 9:38-41, men do miracles in his name 10:32-45 10:32-34, the most specific: Jewish leaders will condemn and kill him; he will be scourged and spit upon, but will rise the third day 10:35-40, James and John ask for privileges, but they don t know what they ask 10:41-44, the greatest needs to be the minister and servant to all Blind Bartimaeus outside of Jericho (10:46-52) 10:45, Jesus gives his life as a ransom for others

Matthew Levi (9:9); tax collector (publican) Read/write Aramaic and Greek, do math, etc. Papias (2 nd century): Matthew composed his history in the Hebrew [Aramaic] dialect, and everyone translated [or, interpreted ] it as he was able (Ecclesiastical History, 3.39.16). Irenaeus (2 nd century): Matthew also issued a written Gospel among the Hebrews in their own dialect [Aramaic], while Peter and Paul were preaching at Rome (Against Heresies, 3.1.2). After Mark (AD 65-70) JST 1:18; one written source

Themes in Matthew 1. The importance of the Church and Kingdom of God. The word church (e.g., 16:13-19) Regulating the Church (Matthew 18) Jesus as King and Messiah (1:1-17) Genealogy (1:1-17) Wise men/herod s alarm (2:1-16) Parables of the kingdom (13:1-52) Triumphal entry (21:1-11) Inscription (27:37) Kingdom of heaven: 33; kingdom of God: 4

Themes in Matthew 2. Jesus condemnation of first-century Judaism and traditions. JST 9:15-16; 7:6-7 3. Jesus is the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy. Came to fulfill (5:17) 60 OT quotations, 11 in 26-27 alone, 14 called out as fulfilled P64, oldest Matthew mss (26:7-8, 10, 14-15)

OT Scriptures Fulfilled Matthew OT Scripture 1:22-23 Isaiah 7:14 2:5b-6 Micah 5:1 and 2 Samuel 5:2 2:15b Hosea 11:1 2:17-18 Jeremiah 31:15 2:23b Isaiah 4:3 (perhaps) and Judges 16:17 3:3 Isaiah 40:3 4:14-16 Isaiah 8:23-9:1 8:17 Isaiah 53:4 12:17-21 Isaiah 42:1-4 13:14-15 Isaiah 6:9-10 13:35 Psalm 78:2 (though Matt says Isaiah) 21:4-5 Isaiah 62:11 and Zechariah 9:9 26:56 Formula without citation (cf Mark 14:49) 27:9-10 Zechariah 11:12-13 (also Jeremiah 18:2-3; 32:6-15) Others: : 2:5-6; 3:3; 4:4, 6-7, 10; 5:21, 27, 31, 33, 38, 43; 9:13; 10:35; 11:10; 12:7, 40; 13:14-15; 15:4, 7-9; 18:16; 19:4-5, 7; 19:18-19; 21:9, 13, 16, 42; 22:24, 32, 37-38, 43-44; 23:39; 24:30; 26:31, 64; and 27:45

Audience Jewish audience (Mark 7:1-4 vs. Matthew 15:1-2; 1:1-7; 5:22; 23:5; and 27:6) Specifically, Jewish Christians dealing with integrating Gentiles into the Church: Synagogue in second/third person (4:23; 9:35; 12:9; 13:54; 23:34) Scribes in the third person (7:29) Time of tension between Jews and Gentile Christians Take gospel only to Jews (10:5-6; 15:24) Gentile women in Jesus genealogy (1:3-6) Gentile wise men (2:1) Emphasizes the faith of two Gentiles (8:10-12; 15:28) Great commission to teach all nations (28:19)

Audience Examples Jesus as the new Moses He came out of Egypt (2:13-23). He gave a new law on the mountain (5:1). He gave five sermons that match Moses five books (5-7; 10; 13; 18; 24-25). He ends each sermon with the same wording (7:28; 11:1; 13:53; 19:1) except the last which ties them all together (26:1). Messianic titles: Christ, anointed one, son of man, king of the Jews, Son of God, the coming one (3:11; 11:3)

Matthew Outline 1. Prologue Birth and Infancy (1-2) 2. Proclamation (3-4); Sermon on the Mount (5-7) 3. Galilean ministry (8-9); Missionary discourse (10) 4. Opposition (11-12); Parables (13) 5. Christ and the Church (14-17); Church life and order (18) 6. Jerusalem (19-23); Eschatological discourse (24-25) 7. Climax Passion, Death, and Resurrection (26-28)

Luke + Acts Luke Completed after Mark but perhaps started earlier Caesarea (AD 57-58; Acts 23-26) Rome (AD 59-60; Acts 28) Physician (Colossians 4:14; Philemon 1:24; 2 Timothy 4:11) Paul s companion ( we ; Acts 16:7-10) Gifted storyteller, excellent Greek, quotes Torah (LXX)

Gentile audience Audience Genealogy goes back to Adam, not Abraham Excludes Jewish traditions, names, titles Judea = Palestine, not just area around Jerusalem Theophilus (1:1-4; Acts 1:1; JST Luke 3:13) P75, oldest mss of Luke (24:51-54; start of John)

Themes in Luke 1. Temple Zacharias (1:5-22); dedication/witnesses (2:22-38); twelve years old (2:42-48); temptations (4:9-12); ending (24:53) 2. Jerusalem (9:51; 13:22, 33-34; 17:11; 18:31; 19:11, 28) 3. Universal Savior/Lord Poor and outcast; Seventy (10:1-2); whole earth (Acts 1:8) 4. Spirit-filled (1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25-27; 3:16, 22) 5. Women 1. Mary (1:26-38); Elizabeth (1:39-45); Anna (2:36-38); faithful female disciples who supported Jesus (8:1-3); Mary, sister of Martha (10:42); and faithful women with him on the cross (23:49),helped bury him (23:55-56), and were witnesses to his resurrection (24:1-10)

Outline 1. Prologue (1:1-4) 2. Infancy and Boyhood of Jesus (1:5 2:52) 3. Preparation for Public Ministry (3:1 4:13) 4. Ministry in Galilee (4:14 9:50) 5. Journey to Jerusalem (9:51 19:27) 6. Ministry in Jerusalem (19:28 21:38) 7. Last Supper, Passion, Death, and Burial (22:1 23:56) 8. Resurrection Appearances (24:1-53)

Preparation for Ministry Precision about dates (3:1-2) John to the crowd (3:10-14) Jesus to the forefront (3:21-22) Genealogy (3:23-38) Temptations (4:1-13; 22:3, 31, 53; 22:43)

John John the Beloved/Revelator/apostle/fisherman The disciple whom Jesus loved (13:23) AD 80-110 (not later than 125 because of P 52 ) P52, oldest John mss (18:31-32, 37-38)

Verifications The discovery of the pool of Bethesda in Jerusalem with its five porches (5:1-2). John s use of light and darkness as in the Dead Sea Scrolls (1:5; 3:19; 12:35-36). His knowledge of Samaritan beliefs, worship on Mt. Gerizim, and the site of Jacob s well.

Audience Church members with a testimony of Jesus Greece and Asia (Turkey)

1. Jesus is the Word of God 2. Light and darkness 3. I am (egō eimi) Themes in John 1. 8:39-58; 4:26; 6:20, 35; 8:12; 9:5; 10:7, 9, 11; 11:25; 14:5; 15:1

Outline Prologue (1:1-18) The Book of Signs (1:19 12:50) The Book of Glory (13:1 20:31) Epilogue (21:1-25)

Epilogue (21:1-25) Peter s redemption John s fate Ichthus

A View of the Bible 1 Nephi 13:38-40 Moses 1:40-41