HOMEWORK DIRECTIONS and CALENDAR Please note: you will receive ONE paper copy of this calendar. If you lose it you must download and print it at home.

HOMEWORK DIRECTIONS and CALENDAR Please note: you will receive ONE paper copy of this calendar. If you lose it you must download and print it at home. The most successful WHAP students are those who do all of the reading and notes. Performance on exams correlates to purposeful reading, note-taking and engagement in class discussions. DON T GET BEHIND!! Formatting: 1. Heading: In the top RIGHT HAND CORNER of your paper, include your NAME, HOUR and the CHAPTER NUMBER and PAGE NUMBERS of the assignment. 2. Divide your paper into two columns: Left 1/3 and Right 2/3 (Cornell style without summary section). 3. Use the left-hand column for headings, terms and discussion questions. 4. Use the right-hand column for your notes, which can be in any format that is useful to you: bullet points, numbers and letters, etc. Where to Begin: 5. RED sections: write these headings in left-hand column. Notes not necessary but maybe include 1-2 main ideas if it helps. 6. BLUE sections: these are the headings listed on your calendar. Write them out in the left-hand column and take detailed notes on these in the right-hand column. 7. Take notes on all content under the BLUE sections on the pages listed for full credit (not just terms). The exceptions are the pages that include Sources from the Past (primary sources). You are not required to take notes on these boxes unless they are specifically assigned in the Homework Calendar. 8. Important terms to be written in the left-hand column with notes on the terms in the right-hand column. 9. these are mostly from your readings (some will be connections to previous discussions or lessons). Sometimes I will discuss these in class, sometimes I won t. DQs should be included in the left-hand columns next to their corresponding content. Leave some room to add content from in-class discussions. Miscellaneous: 10. All readings are due on the date listed. 11. Notes are worth 3 points per blue section. 12. When beginning a new Part (Unit) of the text, always read the tan colored 2-page introduction. It isn t necessary to take notes but it provides a good overview and it connects directly to WHAP Themes. 13. When beginning a new chapter in the text you should also read the first couple pages to get the big picture of the whole chapter and read the paragraphs between the RED sections and the start of the BLUE sections for the same reason. Notes are only required for the BLUE sections. 14. When an assignment begins in the middle of a chapter, make sure you start reading with the closest RED section but start your notes with a BLUE section. 15. Pay attention to the page numbers and the BLUE sections listed on the calendar. Sometime I skip some BLUE sections. At the very least, preview the smaller green headings throughout any skipped BLUE sections. 16. Don t skip over the boxes labeled Thinking About Traditions and Thinking About Encounters. Make sure you read them and include any important info in your notes. 17. Additional Readings: a. Primary sources should be analyzed in your notes using the SOAPS guidelines (more info later). b. Academic articles should be highlighted for thesis, main ideas and evidence. 18. Thematic Period Reviews: These assignments are intended to help you gather content in a thematic format for review purposes. More directions to come. 19. Skill Development Days: these are inserted into the calendar to 1) give us an extra day with some content, 2) allow us to devote entire days to writing skills and 3) to give us some wiggle room if we get behind in our schedule. Homework for these days will generally involved a short writing assignment, to be determined. 20. Homework directions and calendar are subject to change throughout the trimester!! 21. If I discover that your notes are not your own, you will receive a ZERO.

Tips for Note-taking Follow the guidelines on the Homework Calendar to understand which pages and sections to read and how to format your notes. Use this handout to help you take good notes. These notes will be invaluable for studying for my tests and for the AP exam. Write down main ideas/key info for each paragraph When you reach an Important Term (from the list on your Homework Calendar) take more detailed notes (see chart below) Leave space between topics Create a personalized abbreviation system Use some form of bullets Cut out unnecessary words No complete sentences Make these notes useable to study from! For the Important Terms, use the following guidelines to help you take thorough notes. Person: Who and where from major policies accomplishments/contributions problems/critics successors Religion/Philosophy: Founder and important leaders Beliefs and/or teachings Impact on society Methods of practice Event: What happened? Why? (causes) Who was involved? When (not necessarily a date, but in the period) What was the impact/effect? How did people react? Empires: Founder and important leaders Chronology in history Methods of governing Accomplishments Problems Rise and fall Place: Location and purpose Founding/Creation Characteristics Why significant? Conflict: Who fought? When (period) Why did they fight? (causes) What was the outcome? (effects) How did it affect the people? (effects) Why significant to unit of study? (effects) Term (anything else): Identification/definition What/who associated with Purpose and significance Cause/effect

Anatomy of a WHAP Textbook Assignment Come to class with the assignment completed on this day. Tells you the current period with its dates and title Terms must be written in the left hand column of your notes with their meaning in the right hand column. Be thorough when taking notes on a term. DO NOT TAKE NOTES ONLY ON THE TERMS! You must take notes on all of the content in the BLUE section. PERIOD 1: to 600 BCE Technological and Environmental Transformations This is the chapter and page numbers for this assign. It will typically be part of a chapter. These are the individual BLUE sections in the chapters that you must take detailed notes on. I will look for these headings in your left-hand columns followed by thorough notes. Date Due Assignment (Blue sections listed) Important Terms Sept. 4 Chapter 1: Before History, pp. 15-22 1. The Origins of Agriculture 2. Early Agricultural Society 3. Neolithic Culture 4. The Origins of Urban Life Additional Reading: The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race Neolithic Era agricultural transition slash and burn Jericho Catal Huyuk specialization of labor: pottery, metallurgy, textiles social distinction 1. How and where did the Neolithic Revolution start? 2. What various crops and animals were developed or domesticated during the NR? 3. How did agriculture spread? 4. How did settled agriculture and pastoralism change society? 5. How did agriculture influence people s understanding of the natural world? 6. Explain the differences between Neolithic villages and cities. Sometimes you will be assigned additional readings outside of the text. They will be listed here. You are not required to answer the discussion questions in a separate document after you taken notes. These are provided so you have them ahead of time to prepare for in-class discussion. You must include them in the left-hand column of your notes where they correspond to the content. Leave some room to add content from in-class discussions.

Sample Assignment Student Name Hour Chapter 1, pp. 15-22 *The Neolithic Era and the Transition to Agriculture -develop. of ag. brought huge changes to societies. Origins of Agriculture Neolithic era How did the Neolithic Revolution start? Ag Transition Where did the Neolithic Revolution start? Slash and Burn How did agriculture spread? Early Ag Society -new stone age: early ag soc emerged 12,000 yrs ago -hunt/gath soc limit pop due to limited supplies -infanticide used -neolithic peop: more regular food supplies! growing crops and raising animals -ag prob began w/ women! familiar with plant cycles, nurtured plants not just harvested -men likely began domestication of animals -slowly led to ag economies -not a revolution, took many centuries to go from h/g to ag -earliest evid of ag: 9000 BCE in SW Asia -then Africa, China, South Asia -Mesoamer, 4000 BCE -domesticated animals less present in Americas, hunted to extinct. -process of cutting down trees and burning land to enrich with nutrients -technique required mvmt of farmers -migrations helped spread ag tech -foods also spread via merchants/migrants -ag req more effort/labor than hunt/gath -cont.

Date Due Assignment Important Terms Aug. 7 Welcome Government 1. Introductions Advanced Placement 2. Purpose Syllabus 3. Syllabus Effort 4. The Origins of Urban Life Expectation Aug. 8 Opening Activities 1. Pre-Test 2. Discussion Post Aug. 9 Opening Activities 1. Current Event 2. Essay Aug. 10 Opening Activities 1. Current Event Essay Aug. 11 Opening Activities 1. Current Event 2. Essay PERIOD 1: to 600 BCE Technological and Environmental Transformations Date Due Assignment Important Terms Aug. 14 Chapter 1: Before History, pp. 15-22 Neolithic Era 1. The Origins of Agriculture 2. Early Agricultural Society 3. Neolithic Culture 4. The Origins of Urban Life agricultural transition slash and burn Jericho Catal Huyuk specialization of labor: pottery, metallurgy, textiles social distinction 1. How and where did the Neolithic Revolution start? 2. What various crops and animals were developed or domesticated during the NR? 3. How did agriculture spread? 4. How did settled agriculture and pastoralism change society? 5. How did agriculture influence people s understanding of the natural world? 6. Explain the differences between Neolithic villages and cities. Aug. 15 Chapter 2: Early Soc. In SW Asia & IE Migr. pp. 25-35 Epic of Gilgamesh Hammurabi s Code 1. Mesopotamia: The Land between the Mesopotamia Assyrians Rivers Sumer/Sumerians New Babylonia 2. The Course of Empire Tigris and Euphrates Bronze metallurgy 3. The Later Mesopotamian Empires Ziggurat Iron 4. Economic Specialization and Trade Akkad/Akkadian Cuneiform Emergence of Stratified Patriarchal Society 1. What process did we go through to get from hunter/gatherers to empire? 2. What are the defining characteristics of a civilization? 3. How does Sumer fit into this classification? 4. What is a city-state? What types of projects did they organize for the benefit of their societies? 5. Who ruled the early city-states and and how did they establish themselves?

6. Why did Sumerian cities face external pressures? 7. How was Sargon of Akkad able to create the first empire? 8. How did Hammurabi maintain his empire? 9. Describe the advancements in specialized labor in Mesopotamia. 10. Explain the system of social classes that emerged in Mesopotamia. 11. What is a patriarchal society? Aug. 16 Skill Development Day Homework TBD Aug 17 Chapter 2: Early Soc. In SW Asia & IE Migr. pp. 25-35 5. Mesopotamia: The Land between the Rivers 6. The Course of Empire 7. The Later Mesopotamian Empires 8. Economic Specialization and Trade 9. Emergence of Stratified Patriarchal Society Epic of Gilgamesh Mesopotamia Sumer/Sumerians Tigris and Euphrates Ziggurat Akkad/Akkadian Bronze metallurgy Iron Cuneiform 12. What process did we go through to get from hunter/gatherers to empire? 13. What are the defining characteristics of a civilization? 14. How does Sumer fit into this classification? 15. What is a city-state? What types of projects did they organize for the benefit of their societies? 16. Who ruled the early city-states and and how did they establish themselves? 17. Why did Sumerian cities face external pressures? 18. How was Sargon of Akkad able to create the first empire? 19. How did Hammurabi maintain his empire? 20. Describe the advancements in specialized labor in Mesopotamia. 21. Explain the system of social classes that emerged in Mesopotamia. 22. What is a patriarchal society? Aug. 18 Chapter 2: Early Soc. In SW Asia & IE Migr. pp 37-46 1. Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews 2. The Phoenicians 3. Indo-European Origins 4. Indo-European Expansion and its Effects Aug. 21 1. How did the Mesopotamians influence the Hebrews? 2. Describe the religion of the Israelites. 3. Why were the Phoenicians significant in this era? 4. Describe the impact of the Indo-Europeans on Eurasia. Chapter 3: Early Af. Soc. & Bantu Mi. pp. 51-57 1. Egypt and Nubia: Gifts of the Nile 2. Unification of Egypt 3. Turmoil and Empire pp. 59-62 4. Economic Specialization and Trade pp. 65-68 5. Dynamics of Bantu Expansion 6. Early Ag. Socities of Sub-Saharan Africa 1. Compare the Egyptians and Nubians methods of agriculture. Hebrews/Israelites/Jews Palestine Israel Judea Ten Commandments Egypt Nubia Nile Menes Pharaoh Pyramids Kush Hyksos Hieroglyphics (not in text) Bantu Torah Phoenicians Indo-Europeans Hittites

2. Why was a formal governmental system needed in Egypt and Nubia? What was different compared to Mesopotamia? 3. Describe the role of the Pharaohs. 4. Describe the relations between Egypt and Nubia. Provide examples of their interactions. 5. Describe the influence of the Hyksos on the Egyptians. 6. How was the New Kingdom different than the Old Kingdom? 7. How did the social structure of Egypt and Nubia compare to Mesopotamia? (Not part of assigned reading) 8. Discuss the relationship between specialized labor and trade. 9. Describe the religion of the Egyptians. (Not part of assigned reading) 10. Who were the Bantu and where did they originate? Trace their migration. 11. How did the Bantu influence sub-saharan Africa? Aug. 22 Aug. 23 Chapter 4: Early Societies in South Asia pp. 71-74 1. Foundations of Harappan Society pp. 76-78 2. The Aryans and India 3. Origins of the Caste System pp. 80-84 4. Aryan Religion 5. Blending of Aryan and Dravidian Values Harappan Society Indus River Harappa Mohenjo-Daro Aryans Dravidians Vedas/Vedic Age Caste System Varna Jati Indra Upanishads Brahman Samsara Karma Dharma (not in text) Moksha 1. Why is our history of the early Harappan society incomplete? 2. Why do historians think that Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were important? 3. Who were the Aryans? Describe their society. 4. What are the Vedas and why are they important? 5. What is the caste system? How did it emerge in India? 6. How did the caste system change over time? 7. Describe the early Aryan religion. 8. Describe the teachings of the Upanishads, including: Brahman, samsara, karma, moksha, (dharma, not in your text). Chapter 5: Early Societies in East Asia pp. 87-89 1. Early Ag. Societies and the Xia Dynasty pp. 92-97 2. The Zhou Dynasty 3. The Social Order pp. 101-102 4. Chinese Culture and Nomadic Peop. of CA Yellow River Yangzi River Xia Dynasty Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty Mandate of Heaven Period of the Warring States Book of Songs 1. Why was the Yellow River called China s Sorrow? 2. How is the formation of the Xia Dynasty similar to the formation of societies in Mesopotamia and Egypt? 3. What role did technology play in the rise of the Shang Dynasty? (Not part of your reading) 4. Explain the concept of the Mandate of Heaven. 5. How was the Zhou Dynasty organized politically? 6. What role did iron metallurgy play in the Zhou Dynasty? 7. How does the social order of ancient China compare to previous societies? 8. Explain the importance of ancestor veneration in ancient China. (Not in your assigned reading) 9. What was the purpose of oracle bones? (Not in your assigned reading) 10. Describe the societies that emerged in the steppes of Central Asia.

Aug. 24 Chapter 6: Early Soc. In the Americas and Oceania pp. 107-114 1. The Olmecs 2. Heirs of the Olmecs: The Maya 3. Maya Society and Religion pp. 119-124 4. Early Societies in Australia and New Guinea 5. The Peopling of the Pacific Islands Olmec Maya Tikal Chichen Itza Teotihuacan Chavin Cult Mochica Austronesians Polynesians 1. Describe important characteristics of Olmec society, govt and economics. 2. Describe the political structure of the Maya. 3. What scientific and technological advancements are credited to the Maya? 4. Describe the religion of the Maya. 5. Other societies to know about, but not part of the reading: Teotihuacan, Chavin Cult, Mochica 6. Explain the difference between the ancient peoples of Australia and New Guinea. 7. Trace the Austronesian migrations: who were the people? where did they go? what technology allowed them to migrate? Aug. 25 Skill Development Day Homework TBD Aug. 28 Exam #1 Chapters 1-6 Multiple Choice Questions and Essay PERIOD 2: 600 BCE to 600 CE Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies Date Assignment (Notes on blue sections listed) Important Terms Due Aug. 29 Chapter 7: The Empires of Persia, pp. 131-138 1. The Achaemenid Empire Cyrus, Cambyses Xerxes Persian Wars 2. Decline and Fall of the Achaemenid Empire 3. The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Empires Darius and his admin. Persepolis Achaemenid Empire Satrap/Satrapy Seleucid Empire Parthian Empire Sasanid Empire. 1. Who are the Persians? 2. How was Cyrus able to conquer such a large territory? 3. What did Cambyses accomplish? 4. How did each of the following allow for the efficient and effective administration of the Achaemenid empire under Darius: Persepolis, Satraps/Satrapies, Taxes, coins, laws, roads/communication. 5. Describe how each of the following contributed to the decline and fall of the Achaemenid empire: Xerxes, Persian Wars, Alexander of Macedon. 6. What are the major characteristics of the Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Empires? Aug. 30 Aug. 31 Skill Development Day Homework TBD Chapter 7: The Empires of Persia, pp. 139-146 1. Social Development in Classical Persia 2. Economic Foundations of Classical Persia 3. Zarathustra and His Faith Religions of Salvation in a Cosmopolitan Society Qanat Zarathustra Zorastrianism

1. Describe the structure of Persian society. 2. What conditions allowed for increased trade in this region? 3. Describe the Zoroastrian faith. 4. Why did Zoroastrianism decline? 5. How has it been influential? Sep. 1 Chapter 8: The Unification of China, pp. 149-155 1. Confucius and His School 2. Daoism 3. Legalism Sep. 5 Period of Warring St. Confucius Confucianism Analects Junzi Ren, Li, Xiao Mencius Daoism Laozi Dao Wuwei Legalism Shang Yang Han Feizi 1. Why did Confucius not deal with philosophical or religious questions? 2. According to Confucius, what would bring order and stability to China? 3. Why were Daoists critical of Confucians? 4. According to the Daoists, what would bring order and stability to China? 5. Describe the political doctrine of the Legalists. How did they approach the challenges of creating an orderly society? Skill Development Day Homework TBD Sep. 6 Chapter 8: The Unification of China, pp. 155-166 1. The Qin Dynasty 2. The Early Han Dynasty 3. Productivity and Prosperity during the Former Han 4. Economic and Social Difficulties 5. The Later Han Sep. 7 Qin Dynasty Qin Shihuangdi Han Dynasty Liu Bang Sima Qian Han Wudi Confucian Educ. Sys. Xiongnu Wang Mang Yellow Turban Upr. 1. Why is Qin Shihuangdi significant? 2. Why was there resistance to his rule? 3. Why did Qin burn books and persecute scholars? 4. How did he enhance unity in China? 5. Why did the people of western China build walls? 6. What were the important accomplishments of Han Wudi? 7. Why did the Xiongnu pose such a challenge to the Han Dynasty? 8. What important industries helped expand the Chinese economy? Explain. 9. Explain the origins of social tensions in the Han Dynasty. 10. Why is the rule of Wang Mang considered the dividing point between the former and the later Han Dynasty? 11. How did the Yellow Turban Uprising affect the Han Dynasty? Chapter 9: State, Soc. And the Quest for Salvation in India, pp. 169-177 1. The Mauryan Dynasty and the Temporary Unification of India 2. The Emergence of Regional Kingdoms and the Revival of Empire 3. Towns and Trade 4. Family Life and the Caste System 1. Describe the unification of India. Alexander of Macedon Mauryan Dynasty Chandragupta Maurya Arthashastra Ashoka Gupta Dynasty White Huns Monsoon Caste System Jati

2. What was the Arthashastra and how was it used? 3. Why did the high point of the Mauryan Dynasty come under Ashoka? 4. Why did the Mauryan Dynasty decline? 5. What happened in India between the Mauryan and Gupta Dyansties? 6. How did the Gupta administration differ from the Mauryan? 7. How did political stability influence science and mathematics? 8. How did India s political organization differ from Persia and China? 9. Describe the influence of the monsoon winds on trade in the Indian Ocean basin. 10. Describe the role of the jati in Indian society. Sep. 8 Sep. 11 Chapter 9: State, Soc. And the Quest for Salvation in India, pp. 177-185 1. Jainism and the Challenge to the Established Cultural Order 2. Early Buddhism 3. Mahayana Buddhism 4. The Emergence of Popular Hinduism Jainism Siddhartha Gautama Buddhism Four Noble Truths/Dharma Boddhisatva Hinduism Mahabarata Bhagavad Gita 1. What are the characteristics of Jainism? Why was it appealing to some people? Why didn t it gain a large following? 2. Describe the foundation of the Buddhist faith. Describe the doctrine. 3. Why was Buddhism appealing? 4. What developments in Buddhism made it even more popular? 5. Describe the spread of Buddhism. 6. How did Hinduism become a popular religion of salvation? 7. Describe the importance of the Bhagavad Gita. Chapter 9: State, Soc. And the Quest for Salvation in India, pp. 177-185 1. Jainism and the Challenge to the Established Cultural Order 2. Early Buddhism 3. Mahayana Buddhism 4. The Emergence of Popular Hinduism Jainism Siddhartha Buddhism Four Noble Truths/Dharma Boddhisatva Hinduism Mahabarata Bhagavad Gita 1. What are the characteristics of Jainism? Why was it appealing to some people? Why didn t it gain a large following? 2. Describe the foundation of the Buddhist faith. Describe the doctrine. 3. Why was Buddhism appealing? 4. What developments in Buddhism made it even more popular? 5. Describe the spread of Buddhism. 6. How did Hinduism become a popular religion of salvation? 7. Describe the importance of the Bhagavad Gita. Sep. 12 Exam #2 Chapters 7-9 Multiple Choice Questions and Essay Sep. 13 Chapter 10: Medit. Soc: The Greeks, pp. 189-196 1. Minoan and Mycenaean Societies 2. The World of the Polis Minoans Mycenaeans Polis Athens Solon Delian League

3. Greek Colonization Sparta Peloponnesian Wars 4. Conflict with Persia Helot Marathon Pericles Salamis Persian Wars 1. What contributions did the Minoan and Mycenaean societies make to the Greeks? 2. How was the political organization of the Greeks different than Persia, China and India? 3. Compare and contrast Sparta and Athens. 4. What caused the Persian Wars? What was the outcome? 5. What long-term effects did the Persian Wars have on Greece? Sep. 14 Chapter 10: Medit. Soc: The Greeks, pp. 199-208 1. The Hellenistic Empires 2. Trade and Integration of the Mediterranean Basin 3. Family and Society 4. Rational Thought and Philosophy 5. Popular Religion 6. Hellenistic Philosophy and Religion Hellenistic Era Antigonid Empire Ptolemaic Empire Seleucid Empire Olympics Socrates Plato Aristotle Epicureans Skeptics Stoics 1. What does Hellenistic mean? Describe the contributions of the Hellenistic empires. 2. Describe the role of Greece in Mediterranean trade. 3. Explain how the Greeks maintained a sense of common identity even though they weren t united politically. 4. Describe Greek slavery. 5. Describe the basic philosophy of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Sep. 15 Chapter 10: Medit. Soc: The Greeks, pp. 199-208 1. The Hellenistic Empires 2. Trade and Integration of the Mediterranean Basin 3. Family and Society 4. Rational Thought and Philosophy 5. Popular Religion 6. Hellenistic Philosophy and Religion Hellenistic Era Antigonid Empire Ptolemaic Empire Seleucid Empire Olympics Socrates Plato Aristotle Epicureans Skeptics Stoics 1. What does Hellenistic mean? Describe the contributions of the Hellenistic empires. 2. Describe the role of Greece in Mediterranean trade. 3. Explain how the Greeks maintained a sense of common identity even though they weren t united politically. 4. Describe Greek slavery. 5. Describe the basic philosophy of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Sep. 18 Chapter 11: Medit. Soc: Rome, pp. 213-218 1. The Roman Republic and Its Constitution 2. The Expansion of the Republic 3. Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems 4. The Foundation of Empire Roman Republic Consuls Patricians Tiberius Gracchus Plebeians Gaius Gracchus Tribunes Julius Caesar Punic Wars Latifunda Carthage Augustus Caesar

1. How did the expansion of the empire affect the rural regions of Europe? 2. What was the Pax Romana? 3. Why is the Roman Empire known for its roads? 4. Describe the influence of Roman law. 5. How did the Romans promote trade during the time of the Empire? 6. What was the role of slavery in Roman society? 7. Why were Jews persecuted during Roman times? 8. Describe the foundation of Christianity. Why was it appealing? Sep. 19 Chapter 11: Medit. Soc: Rome, pp. 213-218 Roman Republic Punic Wars 1. The Roman Republic and Its Constitution Consuls Latifundia 2.The Expansion of the Republic Patricians Tiberius Gracchus 3. Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems Plebeians Gaius Gracchus 4. The Foundation of Empire Tribunes Julius Caesar Carthage Augustus Caesar 9. How did the expansion of the empire affect the rural regions of Europe? 10. What was the Pax Romana? 11. Why is the Roman Empire known for its roads? 12. Describe the influence of Roman law. 13. How did the Romans promote trade during the time of the Empire? 14. What was the role of slavery in Roman society? 15. Why were Jews persecuted during Roman times? 16. Describe the foundation of Christianity. Why was it appealing? Sep. 20 Chapter 11: Medit. Soc: Rome, pp. 218-229 1. Continuing Expansion and Integration of the Empire 2. Trade and Urbanization (Just read sections on Commercial Ag and Med Trade, p. 221) 3. Family and Society in Roman Times (Just section on Slavery, pp. 224-225) 4. Greek Philosophy and Religions of Salvation (Just Roman Dieties and Cicero/Stoicism) 5. Judaism and Early Christianity Sep. 21 Pax Romana Roman Roads Roman Law Slavery Spartacus Stoicism Cicero Judaism Christianity Paul of Tarsus 1. How did the expansion of the empire affect the rural regions of Europe? 2. What was the Pax Romana? 3. Why is the Roman Empire known for its roads? 4. Describe the influence of Roman law. 5. How did the Romans promote trade during the time of the Empire? 6. What was the role of slavery in Roman society? 7. Why were Jews persecuted during Roman times? 8. Describe the foundation of Christianity. Why was it appealing? Skill Development Day Homework TBD Sep. 22 Chapter 11: Medit. Soc: Rome, pp. 218-229 1. Continuing Expansion and Integration of the Empire 2. Trade and Urbanization (Just read sections on Commercial Ag and Med Trade, p. 221) 3. Family and Society in Roman Times (Just section on Slavery, pp. 224-225) Pax Romana Roman Roads Roman Law Slavery Spartacus Stoicism Cicero

Sep. 25 Sep. 26 Sep. 27 4. Greek Philosophy and Religions of Salvation (Just Roman Dieties and Cicero/Stoicism) Judaism and Early Christianity Judaism Christianity Paul of Tarsus 1. How did the expansion of the empire affect the rural regions of Europe? 2. What was the Pax Romana? 3. Why is the Roman Empire known for its roads? 4. Describe the influence of Roman law. 5. How did the Romans promote trade during the time of the Empire? 6. What was the role of slavery in Roman society? 7. Why were Jews persecuted during Roman times? 8. Describe the foundation of Christianity. Why was it appealing? Chapter 12: CC Exc. On the Silk Roads, pp. 233-244 1. Trade Networks of the Hellenistic Era 2. The Silk Roads 3. The Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism 4. The Spread of Christianity 5. The Spread of Manichaeism 6. The Spread of Epidemic Disease Monsoon System Silk Roads Nestorians Mani and Manichaeism Epidemic Disease 1. Why did trade become less risky during the Classical Era? 2. Describe the development of the Silk Roads. 3. How did Buddhism become the most popular faith in all of East Asia? 4. How did the Silk Roads facilitate the spread of Hinduism and Christianity? 5. What are the main beliefs of Manichaeism? What were the long-term effects of the spread of disease along the Silk Roads? Chapter 12: CC Exc. On the Silk Roads, pp. 233-244 1.Trade Networks of the Hellenistic Era 2The Silk Roads 3The Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism 4The Spread of Christianity 5The Spread of Manichaeism 6. The Spread of Epidemic Disease Monsoon System Silk Roads Nestorians Mani and Manichaeism Epidemic Disease 6. Why did trade become less risky during the Classical Era? 7. Describe the development of the Silk Roads. 8. How did Buddhism become the most popular faith in all of East Asia? 9. How did the Silk Roads facilitate the spread of Hinduism and Christianity? 10. What are the main beliefs of Manichaeism? 11. What were the long-term effects of the spread of disease along the Silk Roads? Chapter 12: CC Exc. On the Silk Roads, pp. 244- Han Dynasty Constantinople 252 Chang an Huns 1. Internal Decay of the Han State Sinicization Edict of Milan 2. Cultural Change in Post-Han China Barracks Emperors Patriarch 3. Internal Decay of the Roman Empire Diocletian Pope 4. Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Tetrarchs Council of Nicea Western Roman Empire Cultural Changes in the Late Roman Empire Constantine

1. Compare and contrast the decline of the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire. 2. Describe the cultural changes that occurred in China following the collapse. 3. How did Christianity become prominent in the late Roman Empire? 4. How did the Church become institutionalized or standardized? 5. What was the role of Christianity in Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire? Sep. 28 Skill Development Day Homework TBD Sep. 29 Chapter 12: CC Exc. On the Silk Roads, pp. 244- Han Dynasty Constantinople 252 Chang an Huns 1. Internal Decay of the Han State Sinicization Edict of Milan 2. Cultural Change in Post-Han China Barracks Emperors Patriarch 3. Internal Decay of the Roman Empire Diocletian Pope 4. Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Tetrarchs Council of Nicaea Western Roman Empire Constantine 5, Cultural Changes in the Late Roman Empire 1. Compare and contrast the decline of the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire. 2. Describe the cultural changes that occurred in China following the collapse. 3. How did Christianity become prominent in the late Roman Empire? 4. How did the Church become institutionalized or standardized? 5. What was the role of Christianity in Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire? Oct. 2 Exam #3 Chapters 10-12 Multiple Choice and Essay Date Due Oct. 3 PERIOD 3: 600 CE to 1450 CE Regional and Interregional Interactions Assignment (Blue sections listed) Ch. 13: The Expansive Realm of Islam, pp. 259-268 1. Muhammad and His Message 2. Muhammad s Migration to Medina 3. The Establishment of Islam in Arabia 4. The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty 5. The Abbasid Dynasty Islam Dar al-islam Muhammad Quran Mecca Medina Ka ba Five Pillars Sharia Important Terms Caliph Abu Bakr Shia Ali Umayyad Dynasty Abbasid Dynasty Baghdad Qadis Saljuqs 1. What is the dar al-islam? 2. How did Muhammad s background influence his beliefs and the early development of Islam? 3. Describe the fundamental teachings of Islam. 5 Pillars 4. What challenges did Muhammad and his followers face? How were these challenges resolved? 5. How did the umma address the issue of a successor after Muhammad died? 6. What divisions occurred within the umma over this issue? 7. What is the difference between the Shia and the Sunni? 8. How did the rule of the Abbasids differ from the rule of the Umayyads? 9. Describe the collapse of the Abbasid Dynasty.

Oct. 4 Oct. 5 Oct. 6 Oct. 16 Ch. 13: The Expansive Realm of Islam, pp. 268-278 1. The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone 2. Changing Status of Women 3. The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition 4. Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, India and Greece Abbasid Dynasty Saljuqs Caravans Al-Andalus Qadis (jurist) Madrasas Sufis Hajj 1. How did the growth of the realm of Islam contribute to agricultural, industrial and urban development? 2. What factors contributed to the expansion of Islamic overland and maritime trade? 3. How does Al-Andalus illustrate the effects of long-distance trade during the Abbasid era? 4. What people and institutions helped to promote and spread the values of Islam? 5. Who were the Sufis? 6. What were their beliefs? 7. What role did they play in the development of Islam? Skill Development Day Homework TBD Ch. 13: The Expansive Realm of Islam, pp. 268-278 5. The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone 6. Changing Status of Women 7. The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition 1. Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, India and Greece Abbasid Dynasty Saljuqs Caravans Al-Andalus Qadis (jurist) Madrasas Sufis Hajj 1. How did the growth of the realm of Islam contribute to agricultural, industrial and urban development? 2. What factors contributed to the expansion of Islamic overland and maritime trade? 3. How does Al-Andalus illustrate the effects of long-distance trade during the Abbasid era? 4. What people and institutions helped to promote and spread the values of Islam? 5. Who were the Sufis? 6. What were their beliefs? 7. What role did they play in the development of Islam? Ch. 14: The Resurgence of East Asia, pp. 281- Sui Yangdi Mongols 292 Grand Canal Fast-Ripening Rice 1. The Sui Dynasty Tang Taizong Porcelain 2. The Tang Dynasty Equal-field System Metallurgy 3. The Song Dynasty Bureaucracy of Merit Gunpowder 4. Agricultural Development Civil Service Exams Printing 5. Technological and Industrial Development Song Taizu Naval Technology 1. What were the accomplishments of the Sui Dynasty? 2. Why didn t it last long? 3. What policies helped to account for the early success of the Tang Dynasty? 4. What led to the decline of the Tang Dynasty?

5. How was the Song Dynasty different than the Tang? 6. What weaknesses led to its decline? 7. How did new agricultural, technological and industrial developments aid the growth of China? 8. How is foot binding an illustration of the increasing patriarchy during this era? Oct. 17 Ch. 14: The Resurgence of East Asia, pp. 281- Sui Yangdi Mongols 292 Grand Canal Fast-Ripening Rice 1. The Sui Dynasty Tang Taizong Porcelain 2The Tang Dynasty Equal-field System Metallurgy 3The Song Dynasty Bureaucracy of Merit Gunpowder 4Agricultural Development Civil Service Exams Printing 5. Technological and Industrial Song Taizu Naval Technology Development 8. What were the accomplishments of the Sui Dynasty? 9. Why didn t it last long? 10. What policies helped to account for the early success of the Tang Dynasty? 11. What led to the decline of the Tang Dynasty? 12. How was the Song Dynasty different than the Tang? 13. What weaknesses led to its decline? 14. How did new agricultural, technological and industrial developments aid the growth of China? 15. How is foot binding an illustration of the increasing patriarchy during this era? Oct. 18 Ch. 14: The Resurgence of East Asia, pp. 292-302 1. The Emergence of a Market Economy 2. The Establishment of Buddhism 3. Neo-Confucianism 4. Korea and Vietnam 5. Early Japan 6. Medieval Japan Oct. 19 Buddhism Dunhuang Neo-Confucianism Silla Dynasty Nara Japan Heian Japan Samurai Shinto Shogun 1. What were the accomplishments of the Sui Dynasty? 2. Why didn t it last long? 3. What policies helped to account for the early success of the Tang Dynasty? 4. What led to the decline of the Tang Dynasty? 5. How was the Song Dynasty different than the Tang? 6. What weaknesses led to its decline? 7. How did new agricultural, technological and industrial developments aid the growth of China? 8. How is foot binding an illustration of the increasing patriarchy during this era? Skill Development Day Homework TBD Oct. 20 Ch. 14: The Resurgence of East Asia, pp. 292-302 1. The Emergence of a Market Economy 2. The Establishment of Buddhism 3. Neo-Confucianism 4. Korea and Vietnam 5. Early Japan 6. Medieval Japan Buddhism Dunhuang Neo-Confucianism Silla Dynasty Nara Japan 1. What were the accomplishments of the Sui Dynasty? 2. Why didn t it last long? 3. What policies helped to account for the early success of the Tang Dynasty? Heian Japan Samurai Shinto Shogun

Oct. 23 Oct. 24 Oct. 25 4. What led to the decline of the Tang Dynasty? 5. How was the Song Dynasty different than the Tang? 6. What weaknesses led to its decline? 7. How did new agricultural, technological and industrial developments aid the growth of China? 8. How is foot binding an illustration of the increasing patriarchy during this era? Ch. 15: India & the Indian Ocean Basin, pp. 305-311 1. The Quest for Centralized Imperial Rule 2. The Introduction of Islam to Northern India 3. The Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India 4. Agriculture in the Monsoon World 5. Trade and the Economic Development of Southern India 1. How did northern and southern India differ? 2. Describe characteristics of King Harsha s rule. 3. How did Islam spread to India? 4. Why is Mahmud of Ghazni significant? 5. Why was agriculture challenging in India? 6. What was the role of Hindu temples? 7. Why was there a surge in Indian Ocean trade? Ch. 15: India & the Indian Ocean Basin, pp. 305-311 1. The Quest for Centralized Imperial Rule 2. The Introduction of Islam to Northern India 3. The Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India 4. Agriculture in the Monsoon World 5. Trade and the Economic Development of Southern India 7. How did northern and southern India differ? 8. Describe characteristics of King Harsha s rule. 9. How did Islam spread to India? 10. Why is Mahmud of Ghazni significant? 11. Why was agriculture challenging in India? 12. What was the role of Hindu temples? 13. Why was there a surge in Indian Ocean trade? Ch. 15: India & the Indian Ocean Basin, pp. 305-311 1. The Quest for Centralized Imperial Rule 2. The Introduction of Islam to Northern India 3. The Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India 4. Agriculture in the Monsoon World 5. Trade & the Economic Development of S India Harsha Islamic Merchants Turkish Migrants Mahmud of Ghazni Sultanate of Delhi Chola Monsoons Role of Hindu Temples Harsha Islamic Merchants Turkish Migrants Mahmud of Ghazni Sultanate of Delhi Chola Monsoons Role of Hindu Temples Harsha Islamic Merchants Turkish Migrants Mahmud of Ghazni Sultanate of Delhi Chola Monsoons Role of Hindu Temples

1. How did northern and southern India differ? 2. Describe characteristics of King Harsha s rule. 3. How did Islam spread to India? 4. Why is Mahmud of Ghazni significant? 5. Why was agriculture challenging in India? 6. What was the role of Hindu temples? 7. Why was there a surge in Indian Ocean trade? Oct. 26 Skill Development Day Homework TBD Oct. 27 Ch. 15: India & the Indian Ocean Basin, pp. 311-324 1. Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin 2. Caste and Society 3. Islam and Its Appeal 4. The States of Southeast Asia 1. The Arrival of Islam Emporia Axum Spread of Islam Sufis Bhakti Movement Khmer/Angkor Melaka 1. How did the caste system respond to the changes of this era? 2. Why did many Indians convert to Islam?. 3. What was the goal of the bhakti mvmt? 4. What political and cultural characteristics did India spread to Southeast Asia? 5. Why was Melaka a popular trading state? Oct. 30 Exam #4 Chapters 13-15 Multiple Choice Questions and Essay Oct. 31 Ch. 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom, pp. 327-337 1. The Early Byzantine Empire 2. Muslim Conquests and Byzantine Revival 3. The Rise of the Franks 4. The Age of the Vikings Byzantine Empire Constantine Caesaropapism Justinian Hagia Sofia Code of Laws Sasanids Greek Fire Theme System 1. How is the Byzantine Empire connected to the Roman Empire? 2. Why is the location of Constantinople (Byzantium) important for trade and defense? 3. What is caesaropapism? 4. Secular/Ecclesiastical 5. What were the accomplishments of Emperor Justinian? 6. Why didn t Justinian s expansion last? Threats? 7. How did the Byzantine rulers respond to Muslim conquests? 8. What is the theme system? How is it connected to agriculture? 9. What happened to political authority in Europe after the collapse of Rome? 10. What is the impact of the Franks conversion to Christianity? 11. How did Charlemagne maintain his authority? 12. Why did his empire collapse? 13. Why did the Norse (Vikings) expand? How far west did they reach? 14. Describe the devolution of political authority in Europe after the Vikings expansion.

Nov. 1 Nov. 2 Nov. 3 Ch. 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom, pp. 327-337 1. The Early Byzantine Empire 2. Muslim Conquests and Byzantine Revival 3. The Rise of the Franks 4. The Age of the Vikings Byzantine Empire Constantine Caesaropapism Justinian Hagia Sofia Code of Laws Sasanids Greek Fire Theme System 1. How is the Byzantine Empire connected to the Roman Empire? 2. Why is the location of Constantinople (Byzantium) important for trade and defense? 3. What is caesaropapism? 4. Secular/Ecclesiastical 5. What were the accomplishments of Emperor Justinian? 6. Why didn t Justinian s expansion last? Threats? 7. How did the Byzantine rulers respond to Muslim conquests? 8. What is the theme system? How is it connected to agriculture? 9. What happened to political authority in Europe after the collapse of Rome? 10. What is the impact of the Franks conversion to Christianity? 11. How did Charlemagne maintain his authority? 12. Why did his empire collapse? 13. Why did the Norse (Vikings) expand? How far west did they reach? 14. Describe the devolution of political authority in Europe after the Vikings expansion. Ch. 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom, pp. 337-346 1. The Two Economies of Early Medieval Europe 2. Social Development in the Two Worlds of Christendom 3. Popes and Patriarchs 4. Monks and Missionaries 5. Two Churches Dominicans Franciscans Vinland Reconquista Ger. Tribes/Kingdoms Franks Carolingians Charles Martel Tours Charlemagne Missi Dominici Pope Leo III Norse/Vikings Crusades Pope Urban II Saladin 1. Compare the two economies and societies of early medieval Europe. (This is a BIG question.) 2. What is the difference between the Pope and the patriarchs? 3. Why is Pope Gregory significant? 4. What is the relationship between iconoclasm and caesaropapism? 5. How did monasteries form and what role did they play in society? Lay person, laity 6. What influence did the Byzantine empire have on the Slavs to their north? 7. Why was there tension and eventually rivalry between the Byzantine Church and the Church of Western Europe? Ch. 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom, pp. 337-346 1. The Two Economies of Early Medieval Europe 2. Social Development in the Two Worlds of Christendom 3. Popes and Patriarchs 4. Monks and Missionaries 5. Two Churches Dominicans Franciscans Vinland Reconquista Crusades Pope Urban II Saladin

Nov. 6 Nov. 7 Nov. 8 1. Compare the two economies and societies of early medieval Europe. (This is a BIG question.) 2. What is the difference between the Pope and the patriarchs? 3. Why is Pope Gregory significant? 4. What is the relationship between iconoclasm and caesaropapism? 5. How did monasteries form and what role did they play in society? Lay person, laity 6. What influence did the Byzantine empire have on the Slavs to their north? 7. Why was there tension and eventually rivalry between the Byzantine Church and the Church of Western Europe? Ch. 17: Nomadic Emp. & Eurasian Intgr., pp. 353-361 1. Economy and Society of Nomadic Pastoralism 2. Turkish Empires in Persia, Anatolia and India 3. Chinggis Khan and the Making of the Mongol Empire Karakorum Yurt Saljuq Turks Turks and Abbasids Sultanate of Delhi Temujin/Chinggis 1. Describe the economy and society of nomadic peoples. 2. What was the relationship between nomadic peoples and settled societies? 3. Describe the role of nomadic peoples in the Abbasid Dynasty, the Byzantine Empire and India. 4. How did Chinggis Khan unify the Mongols and create a strong fighting force? 5. Why was the Mongol army so powerful? 6. Describe the expansion of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan. Ch. 17: Nomadic Emp. & Eurasian Intgr., pp. 353-361 1. Economy and Society of Nomadic Pastoralism 2. Turkish Empires in Persia, Anatolia and India 3. Chinggis Khan and the Making of the Mongol Empire Karakorum Yurt Saljuq Turks Turks and Abbasids Sultanate of Delhi Temujin/Chinggis Khan Khwarazm Campaign 1. Describe the economy and society of nomadic peoples. 2. What was the relationship between nomadic peoples and settled societies? 3. Describe the role of nomadic peoples in the Abbasid Dynasty, the Byzantine Empire and India. 4. How did Chinggis Khan unify the Mongols and create a strong fighting force? 5. Why was the Mongol army so powerful? 6.Describe the expansion of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan. Ch. 17: Nomadic Emp. & Eurasian Intgr., pp. 353-361 1. Economy and Society of Nomadic Pastoralism 2. Turkish Empires in Persia, Anatolia and India 3. Chinggis Khan and the Making of the Mongol Empire Karakorum Yurt Saljuq Turks Turks and Abbasids Sultanate of Delhi Temujin/Chinggis Khan Khwarazm Campaign 1. Describe the economy and society of nomadic peoples. 2. What was the relationship between nomadic peoples and settled societies? 3. Describe the role of nomadic peoples in the Abbasid Dynasty, the Byzantine Empire and India. 4. How did Chinggis Khan unify the Mongols and create a strong fighting force? 5. Why was the Mongol army so powerful?

6. Describe the expansion of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan. Nov. 9 Skill Development Day Homework TDB Nov. 13 Ch. 17: Nomadic Emp. & Eurasian Intgr., pp. 361-368 1. The Mongol Empires after Chinggis Khan 2. The Mongols and Eurasian Integration 3. Decline of the Mongols in Persia and China 4. Tamerlane the Whirlwind 5.The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire Khubilai Khan Marco Polo Golden Horde Ilkhanate of Persia Yuan Dynasty Tamerlane Ottoman Empire 1. What were the accomplishments of Khubilai Khan? 2. Describe Mongol rule in Persia and China. 3. What was the Mongol attitude towards religion? 4. How did the Mongols influence trade? 5. Explain the decline of the Mongols. 6. What were the accomplishments of Tamerlane? 7. Who were the Ottomans and what were their early accomplishments? Nov. 14 Ch. 18: States and Soc. of SS Africa, pp. 371- Bantu Gao 379 Bananas Ghana 1. Agriculture and Population Growth Jenne-jeno Sundiata 2. African Political Organization Chiefdom Mali 3. Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic Kongo Mansa Musa States in West Africa 1. Describe the effects of the Bantu migrations. 2. Describe the political structures of the Bantu societies of sub-saharan Africa. 3. Why was the use of the camel significant? 4. Why was the kingdom of Ghana an important commercial site? 5. Where and how did Islam spread to sub-saharan Africa? How was it different? 6. Who was Sundiata? 7. How did Mansa Musa influence the development of Mali? Nov. 15 Ch. 18: States and Soc. of SS Africa, pp. 371- Bantu Gao 379 Bananas Ghana 1. Agriculture and Population Growth Jenne-jeno Sundiata 2. African Political Organization Chiefdom Mali 3. Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States Kongo Mansa Musa in West Africa 6. Describe the effects of the Bantu migrations. 7. Describe the political structures of the Bantu societies of sub-saharan Africa. 8. Why was the use of the camel significant? 9. Why was the kingdom of Ghana an important commercial site? 10. Where and how did Islam spread to sub-saharan Africa? How was it different? 6. Who was Sundiata? 7. How did Mansa Musa influence the development of Mali? Nov. 16 Skill Development Day Homework TDB Nov. 17 Ch. 18: States and Soc. of SS Africa, pp. 379-388 1. The Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa Swahili Swahili City-States Great Zimbabwe Zanj Revolt

2. Social Classes 3. African Religion 4.The Arrival of Christianity and Islam Nov. 20 Exam #5-Chapters 16-18 Multiple Choice and Essay Nov. 21 Ch. 19: The Increasing Infl. of Europe, pp. 391-400 1. The Late Byzantine Empire 2. The Holy Roman Empire 3. Regional Monarchies in France and England 4. Regional States in Italy and Iberia 5. Growth of the Agricultural Economy 6.The Revival of Towns and Trade Nov. 22 Nov. 27 Nov. 28 Axum Ethiopian Christianity Byzantines Normans Saljuqs Ottomans Otto I Holy Roman Empire Investiture Contest Frederick Barbarossa Capetians Normans (in England) William of Normandy Granada Hanseatic League 1. Describe the decline of the Late Byzantine Empire. 2. How was the Holy Roman Empire created? 3. Describe the relationship between the Church and the Holy Roman Emperor. 4. How did the Church prevent emperors from building a powerful imperial state? 5. Explain the Investiture Contest. 6. How did the Capetian kings centralize their power and authority in France? 7. What happened in England in 1066? 8. How was the political organization different in Italy? 9. How did each of the following transform Europe: Agricultural production, Urbanization, Manufacturing, Trade: Hanseatic League? Ch. 19: The Increasing Infl. of Europe, pp. Byzantines Frederick Barbarossa 391-400 Normans Capetians 1. The Late Byzantine Empire Saljuqs Normans (in England) 2. The Holy Roman Empire Ottomans William of Normandy 3. Regional Monarchies in France and Otto I Granada England Holy Roman Empire Hanseatic League 4. Regional States in Italy and Iberia 5. Growth of the Agricultural Economy 6. The Revival of Towns and Trade Investiture Contest 1. Describe the decline of the Late Byzantine Empire. 2. How was the Holy Roman Empire created? 3. Describe the relationship between the Church and the Holy Roman Emperor. 4. How did the Church prevent emperors from building a powerful imperial state? 5. Explain the Investiture Contest. 6. How did the Capetian kings centralize their power and authority in France? 7. What happened in England in 1066? 8. How was the political organization different in Italy? 9. How did each of the following transform Europe: Agricultural production, Urbanization, Manufacturing, Trade: Hanseatic League? Skill Development Day Homework TBD Ch. 19: The Increasing Infl. of Europe, pp. Dominicans Crusades 407-412 Franciscans Pope Urban II 1. Reform Movements and Popular Vinland Saladin Heresies Reconquista 2. Atlantic and Baltic Colonization