Possible Short Answer Questions Successes and Influences of Islamic Caliphates Western Europe & Byzantine comparison Vikings & Muslims in Europe Roman Empire & Byzantine Empire comparison Doc 1 Doc 2
Doc 3 AP World Test Prep Doc 4 Doc 5
Doc 6 Doc 7 Doc 8 Doc 9 Quranic teachings commanded them to Fight in the cause of God against those who fight you, but do not be the aggressors. The early Muslims thus fought their heathen enemies war against unbelievers was permitted by divine teachings and the example of the Prophet. But many Arabs were Jews or Christians: What was to be done with them? Mohammad respected the older monotheistic faiths he called them People of the Book they were not forced into Islam but were allowed to retain their ancestral religion on payment of tax. - J.J. Saunders, The Caliph Omar: Arab Imperialist, in History Today, March 1961)
Doc 10 AP World Test Prep Doc 11 Great stir and bustle prevails at Constantinople in consequence of the conflux of many merchants, who come there, both by land and by sea, from all parts of the world for purposes of trade, including merchants from Babylon and from Mesopotamia, from Media and Persia, from Egypt and Palestine, as well as from Russia, Hungary, Patzinakia, Budia, Lombardy and Spain. In this respect the city is equaled only by Baghdad, the metropolis of the Mahometans (Muslims). At Constantinople is the place of worship called St. Sophia and the metropolitan seat of the Pope of the Greeks, who are at variance with the Pope of Rome. Doc 12 - Jewish Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, Spain, Book of Travels, ca 1170 C.E.
Doc 13 One positive, undisputed result of the Crusades was a greatly expanded knowledge of geography gained by the West. With the coming of such vast hordes of invaders from all points of Europe, the veil of the mysterious East had been lifted for good The Arab builders learned much about military masonry from the Crusaders who had brought this knowledge from Normandy and Italy Then, when the great cathedrals of Europe began to rise in a somewhat later period, their builders installed windows of stained glass made with a technique which had originated with the ancient Phoenicians of Syria and passed along by Syrian Arabs to Europeans During that two-century struggle between East and West, it is plain now that each side made major contributions to the culture of the other. Doc 14 Aramco World, Legacy of the Crusades, May 1956 Doc 15
Doc 16 By the time the Bubonic Plague came to an end, many changes had come about within many parts of the world. The populations of Europe and the Muslim lands were so devastated that changes came about in the social order, religion, economics and particularly, in man's attitude about himself. People who had survived the plague felt a new confidence as they realized that they now had more economic clout. They also questioned authority as they never had done before. Black Death Emergence of the Renaissance by The Council on Islamic relations (Pg 226) Doc 17 What seems likely is that [the Plague] invaded China in 1331 [and] must then have traveled the caravan routes of Asia during the next fifteen years before reaching the Crimea in 1346; whereupon the bacillus took ship and proceeded to penetrate almost all of Europe and the Near East along routes radiated inland from seaports...what probably happened between 1331 and 1346...was that as plague spread from caravanserai to caravanserai across Asia and eastern Europe...a parallel movement into underground rodent cities of the grassland occurred...where the bacillus found a permanent home...all these circumstances converged at the middle of the fourteenth century [T]he Black Death...broke out in 1346 among the armies of a Mongol prince who laid siege to the trading town of Caffa in the Crimea. This compelled his withdrawal, but not before the infection entered Caffa itself, whence it spread by ship throughout the Mediterranean. - Historian William McNeill explaining the causes of the spread of the Black Plague in Plagues and Peoples, 1976 Doc 18 SOURCE 1 SOURCE 2 SOURCE 3 A drink against the Devil's temptations: the fanthorn, cropleek, lupin, ontre, bishopwort, feniiel. hassock, betony. Against the Devil and against madness,... a strong drink. Put in ale hassock, lupin roots, fennel. omre, becony, hind heolothe, marche, rue, womiwood, nepeta (catmint), heicnium, (ctfthwe, wote comb. Sing twelve masses over the drink; and let him drink. It will soon be well with him. - Leech Book, Tenth Century, Louise Jolly Karen. Popular Religion in Late Saxon England
Doc 19 AP World Test Prep We maintain that the business of philosophy is nothing other than to look into creation and to ponder over it in order to be guided to the Creator -- in other words, to look into the meaning of existence. For the knowledge of creation leads to the cognizance of the Creator, through the knowledge of the created. The more perfect becomes the knowledge of creation, the more perfect becomes the knowledge of the Creator. The Law encourages and exhorts us to observe creation. Thus, it is clear that this is to be taken either as a religious injunction or as something approved by the Law. - Ibn Rushd, On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy, Spain, c. 1190 CE. Doc 20 [The Byzantine Emperor] Heraclius gathered large bodies of Greeks, Syrians, Mesopotamians and Armenians numbering about 200,000. resolving to fight the Muslims so that he might either win or withdraw to the land of the Greeks The Muslims gathered together and the Greek army marched against them. The battle they fought at al-yarmuk, was of the fiercest and bloodiest kind. In this battle 24,000 Muslims took part. By Allah's help, some 70,000 of them were put to death, and their remnants took to flight, reaching as far as Palestine, Antioch, Aleppo, Mesopotamia and Armenia. When Heraclius massed his troops against the Muslims the Muslims refunded to the inhabitants of Hims the karaj [tribute] they had taken from them saying, "We are too busy to support and protect you. Take care of yourselves." But the people of Hims replied, "We like your rule and justice far better than the state of oppression and tyrannv in which we were. The Jews rose and said, "We swear by the Torah, no governor of Heraclius shall enter the city of Hims unless we are first vanquished and exhausted!" Saying this, they closed the gates of the city and guarded them. The inhabitants of the other cities -- Christian and Jew -- that had capitulated to the Muslims, did the same When by Allah's help the unbelievers were defeated and the Muslims won, they opened the gates of their cities and paid the karaj. --Al-Baladhuri, account of the Battle of Yarmuk, 636