Intro to African Civilizations Tuesday 9/26

Intro to African Civilizations Tuesday 9/26 7.13 Analyze the growth of the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai including trading centers such as Timbuktu and Jenne, which would later develop into centers of culture and learning. 7.14 Draw evidence from informational texts to describe the role of the trans- Saharan caravan trade in the changing religious and cultural characteristics of West Africa and the influence of Islamic beliefs, ethics and law.

Unit 3 African Civilizations 1. On INB 42 create a NEW table of Contents titled Unit 3 African Civilizations and number that page 43 61 2. Start looking through TEXTBOOK Chapter 6 to find images you might want to use on your cover page

Mastery Objective: I can list at least three things I am excited to learn about in Unit 3. I can define and sort new Unit vocabulary terms into logical categories. What are today s State Standards? Preview of standards 7.13 7.18 Strategies/Activities: Bellwork: set up new table of contents Vocabulary preview and sorting activity Cover page work-time Closure: what are three things you are excited to learn about in Unit 3 END OF DAY PRODUCT: By the end of today s class you should have a completed vocabulary log and cover page to introduce you to Unit 3.

Unit 3 Standards African Civilizations 7.13 Analyze the growth of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai kingdoms including trading centers such as Timbuktu and Jenne, which would later develop into centers of culture and learning. 7.14 Draw evidence from informational texts to describe the role of the trans-saharan caravan trade in the changing religious and cultural characteristics of West Africa and the influence of Islamic beliefs, ethics, and law. 7.15 Examine the importance of written and oral traditions in the transmission of African history and culture. 7.16 Analyze the importance of family, labor specialization, and regional commerce in the development of states and cities in West Africa. 7.17 Explain the importance of Mansa Musa and locate his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. 7.18 Compare the indigenous religious practices observed by early Africans before and after contact with Islam and Christianity

Cover Page Activity INB page 43 we will work on this until the end of class Purpose/Objective: to preview material from our course and to help make this notebook your own `Procedure: Write the title Unit 3: African Civilizations in the center of your page so you have blank space ABOVE & BELOW. Take some time to flip through your textbook looking at images, maps, or anything else that catches your eye. You are looking at Chapters 6 pages 123-149. Try to find images and vocabulary terms that appeal to you to draw Create illustrations to show me what images or ideas caught your eye while you were previewing your text and include a brief caption to explain your drawing. You can include words you think will be important BUT YOU MUST HAVE IMAGES!!! I will not grade you on your artistic ability but on your effort and completion of the assignment. Minimum number of images is 6

Cover Page Example How to set it up Title in the middle Chapter Number and dates underneath your title Then look for things about African Civilizations from Chapter 6 to put in draw in those areas. Include captions about what you drew

African Geography Wednesday 9/27 7.13 Analyze the growth of the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai including trading centers such as Timbuktu and Jenne, which would later develop into centers of culture and learning. 7.14 Draw evidence from informational texts to describe the role of the trans- Saharan caravan trade in the changing religious and cultural characteristics of West Africa and the influence of Islamic beliefs, ethics and law.

World History Bellwork INB 44 use textbook page 125 to help you Staple in the MAP at the top of INB 44 and complete the following steps: Color each different climate zone a different color Create a KEY explaining your color choices

Mastery Objective: I can describe the beginnings of civilization & trade in Africa and identify the four basic geographic regions of the continent. What are today s State Standards? 7.13 Analyze the growth of the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai including trading centers such as Timbuktu and Jenne, which would later develop into centers of culture and learning. 7.14 Draw evidence from informational texts to describe the role of the trans-saharan caravan trade in the changing religious and cultural characteristics of West Africa and the influence of Islamic beliefs, ethics and law. Strategies/Activities: Bellwork: Map Reading/Note-taking Strategy Text-to-notes African Beginnings Closure: Geography chart END OF DAY PRODUCT: By the end of today s class you should have a completed text-tonotes organizer and a complete, accurate chart of the geographic regions.

Text to Notes Strategy INB Page 45 African Beginnings and Trade Staple in your reading to INB page 45: Highlight the main idea of each section of text one color Highlight the noteworthy information in each section of your text Take bullet-point notes about your reading in the space on the right (in your own words!) Come get a copy of the handout from me

African Beginnings People have lived in Africa for a very long time. Scientists believe that the first humans appeared in eastern and southern Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago. Early human groups in Africa lived as hunters and gatherers. These early peoples moved from place to place to hunt and gather food. About seven or eight thousand years ago, hunters and gatherers in Africa began to settle in villages. They learned to tame animals and grow crops. Around 3000 B.C., as farming villages became more widespread and organized, Africa's first civilizations developed. These early civilizations were Egypt and Kush.

A Vast and Varied Landscape The people of Africa found opportunities and challenges in the geography of the continent. First of all, Africa is very large in size. After Asia, Africa is the world's largest continent. Most of Africa lies in the tropics. However, this enormous continent is made up of four distinct geographic zones. Rain forests stretch along the Equator, which slices through the middle of the continent. These forests make up about 10 percent of Africa's land area. The rain forest zone gets heavy rainfall, and it is warm there all year long. The dense growth of trees and plants in the rain forest can make farming difficult. Farmers, however, clear some of the forestland to grow root crops, such as yams.

Grasslands and Deserts Vast grasslands make up the second zone. They stretch north and south of the rain forest. Savannas are tropical grasslands dotted with small trees and shrubs. These flat or rolling plains cover about 40 percent of Africa's land area. The savannas have high temperatures and uneven rains. However, they get enough rainfall for farming and herding. Farmers grow grains, such as millet and sorghum. Herders raise cattle and other animals. In northern Africa, the savannas connect with an area of even drier grasslands known as the Sahel. Plants that grow there provide barely enough food for people and animals. The people of the Sahel were traditionally hunters and herders. Deserts are Africa's third zone. They are found north and south of the grasslands. About 40 percent of the land in Africa is desert. The world's largest desert the Sahara stretches across much of North Africa. The Kalahari, another desert region, lies in southwestern Africa. For many years, the deserts limited travel and trade. People had to move along the coastline to avoid these vast seas of sand. Small areas of mild climate the Mediterranean make up the fourth zone. These areas are found along the northern coast and southern tip of Africa. In these areas, adequate rainfall, warm temperatures, and fertile land produce abundant crops. This food surplus can support large populations.

Africa's Landforms and Rivers Most of Africa is covered by a series of plateaus. A plateau is an area of high and mostly flat land. In East Africa, mountains, valleys, and lakes cross the plateau. Millions of years ago, movements of the Earth's crust created deep cuts in the surface of the plateau. This activity created the Great Rift Valley. In recent years, scientists have found some of the earliest human fossils in the Great Rift Valley. Many large river systems are found in Africa. The civilizations of Egypt and Kush flourished along the banks of the Nile River in North Africa. The major river system in West Africa is found along the Niger River. Trade and farming led to the growth of villages and towns throughout the Niger River area. People living south of the Sahara also learned to make iron. This skill spread from East and Central Africa to West Africa. By 250 B.C., Djenné-jeno emerged as the largest trading center in West Africa. Its artisans produced iron tools, gold jewelry, copper goods, and pottery.

Plateau

Closure/Processing under Bellwork Geographic Region Definition INB 44 Description Rain Forest Ex. Lush, tropical forests Climate is warm with heavy rainfall Farmers grow some crops and gather food from the forest Savanna Desert Mild Mediterranea n Climate

West African Kingdoms Thursday 9/28 7.13 Analyze the growth of the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai including trading centers such as Timbuktu and Jenne, which would later develop into centers of culture and learning. 7.14 Draw evidence from informational texts to describe the role of the trans- Saharan caravan trade in the changing religious and cultural characteristics of West Africa and the influence of Islamic beliefs, ethics and law.

World History Bellwork INB 46 write the question and correct answer 1.Egypt and Kush were the earliest civilizations to appear in Africa. A. TRUE B. FALSE 2.The only continent larger than Africa is. A. Europe B. Asia C. North America D. South America 3.For many years, Africa s limited travel and trade. A. rain forests B. grasslands C. Sahel D. deserts

West African Kingdoms

Mastery Objective: I can identify the West African Trading Kingdoms and explain why they rose and fell. What are today s State Standards? 7.13 Analyze the growth of the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai. Strategies/Tasks: Bellwork: Comprehension check Reading/Note-taking: identifying main ideas and supporting details graphic organizer Closure: Question Olympics! Are you a Bronze, Silver, or Gold level scholar? END OF DAY PRODUCT: By the end of today s class you should have an annotated reading and graphic organizer on the three major West African Kingdoms and as many of the Bronze, Silver, and Gold level questions as you can accurately complete.

West African Kingdoms INB 47 7.13 Analyze the growth of the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai Ghana Mali Songhai Be sure you have title and objective on your graphic organizer! Directions: We will use the text to locate and the noteworthy information for each kingdom. We will paraphrase what we find on our graphic organizer.

Ghana Ghana was the first great trading empire in West Africa. It rose to power during the A.D. 400s. The kingdom of Ghana was located in the Sudan. This area was mostly grassland, stretching across north central Africa. Fertile soil and iron tools helped the farmers of Ghana produce enough food. Ghana was located between the Sahara salt mines and gold mines near the West African coastal rain forests. As a result, Ghana became an important crossroads of trade. From Ghana, trade routes extended into North Africa and down the Niger River. They also linked to kingdoms in the Central African rain forest. Some routes reached all the way to Africa's eastern coast. Traders interested in salt or gold had to pass through Ghana, which came at a price. Traders had no choice but to pay taxes to Ghana's kings. First, Ghana had iron ore and knew how to make iron weapons. Although Ghana owned no gold mines, it controlled the West Africans who did. Second, Ghana's kings had a well-trained army to enforce their wishes. Third, people were willing to pay any price for salt, a highly desired item used to flavor and preserve food. Berber traders wanted gold so they could buy goods from Arab countries and from Europe. Abdullah Abu-Ubayd Al-Bakri, an Arab travelling writer in about A.D. 1067, described the way Ghana taxed merchants: " The king [of Ghana] exacts the right of one dinar [of gold] on each donkey-load of salt that enters his country, and two dinars of gold on each load of salt that goes out. " from Ghana in 1067 Ghana reached the height of its trading power in the A.D. 800s and 900s. Muslim Arabs and Berbers involved in the salt and gold trade brought Islam to Ghana.

Mali During the A.D. 1100s, invaders from North Africa disrupted Ghana's trade, and the empire fell. As Ghana weakened, local groups separated to form new trading states in West Africa. In the A.D. 1200s, a small state named Mali conquered Ghana. Mali created a new empire. West African griots, or storytellers, credit a great king for Mali's rise. His name was Sundiata Keita the "Lion Prince." Sundiata ruled from 1230 to 1255. He united the people of Mali. Sundiata conquered territory extending from the Atlantic coast inland to the trading city of Timbuktu. His conquests put Mali in control of the gold mines in West Africa. As a result, Mali built its wealth and power on the gold and salt trade.

Songhai Mali weakened after the death of king Mansa Musa in 1337. One of the states that eventually broke away from Mali's control was Songhai. In 1464, Sunni Ali became the ruler of Songhai. He seized control of Timbuktu. Sunni Ali used Songhai's location along the Niger River to extend his territory. He took control of the river and then seized the salt mines. Songhai soon controlled the trade in salt from the Sahara and gold. By 1492, Songhai was the largest empire in West Africa. Invaders from North Africa ended the empire by A.D. 1600. The West African kingdoms ruled the savannas. The rain forest, near the Equator, also had its own kingdoms. They included Benin, which arose in the Niger delta, and Kongo, which formed in the Congo River basin.

World History Closure INB 46 Answer as many questions as you can starting with the Bronze level The higher you can go shows how well you know the material answer in COMPLETE SENTENCES Bronze (Knowledge): What was probably the most important trade good in the Sahara? What geographic region were all three regions in that we studied today? What were the results of trade for the West African kingdoms? Silver (Comprehension/Application): Why do you think Ghana s location helped it become a powerful trading empire? Read the primary source by Al-Bakri in the section on Ghana from today s reading and explain which trade good you think was most valuable in the region and why. Gold (Analyze): Why do you think that African kingdoms of this time period were larger than those in Europe during the same time period? (hint: think back to Unit 1 on Rome) If you had to live in one of the three West African kingdoms we studied today which one would it be and why?

Bellwork INB 48 In 3 5 brief sentences summarize the BASIC plot of the Lion King

Mastery Objective: I can explain how Sundiata became the king of Mali and describe how traditional stories are handed down over time. What are today s State Standards? 7.15 Examine the importance of written and oral traditions in the transmission of African history and culture. Strategies/Activities: Summary of the Lion King Close Read Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali with Text Dependent Questions Closure Summary of HOW Sundiata became king of Mali. END OF DAY PRODUCT: By the end of today s class you should have a completed set of text dependent questions and an annotated reading of Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali along with a summary of HOW Sundiata became king.

Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali INB 49 Number the sections of the story Listen to the story being read TO you Re-Read the story to yourself Circle words that are unfamiliar to you Underline or highlight what you think is important in the text. COMMENT on what you highlight Does it make you question something you think? Does it surprise you? Why? Does it seem super important? Why? Does it connect with something else you have learned? How?

Sundiata An Epic of Old Mali Answer in complete sentences on INB 49 1.When Sundiata was living, what had happened to the kingdom of Ghana? 2.Who was the most powerful king at the time? 3.What made that man so powerful? 4.What did the king of Mema do for Sundiata? 5.How did Sundiata become king? 6.What actions did Sundiata take to govern the kingdom of Mali?

Closure INB 48 Underneath your bellwork Summarize the story of Sundiata and HOW he became the king of Mali What similarities do you see to the story of the Lion King? 5-7 Sentences minimum

East African Kingdoms Monday 10/2 7.13 Analyze the growth of the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai including trading centers such as Timbuktu and Jenne, which would later develop into centers of culture and learning. 7.14 Draw evidence from informational texts to describe the role of the trans- Saharan caravan trade in the changing religious and cultural characteristics of West Africa and the influence of Islamic beliefs, ethics and law.

World History Bellwork INB 50 Questions & CORRECT answer please 1.Which of the following was Africa s first great trading empire? A. Kush B. Ghana C. Songhai D. Mali 2.The warrior king Sundiata Keita was an important ruler of. A. Egypt B. Kush C. Mali D. Ghana 3.Which of the following became the largest empire in West Africa? A. Benin B. Ghana C. Mali D. Songhai

Mastery Objective: I can identify the East African Kingdoms and explain why they rose and fell. What are today s State Objectives? 7.13 Analyze the growth of the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai including trading centers such as Timbuktu and Jenne, which would later develop into centers of culture and learning. 7.14 Draw evidence from informational texts to describe the role of the trans-saharan caravan trade in the changing religious and cultural characteristics of West Africa and the influence of Islamic beliefs, ethics and law. Strategies/Activities: Bellwork: Chart creation and analysis Reading/Note-taking: identifying main ideas and supporting details graphic organizer Closure: Narrative Writing Practice END OF DAY PRODUCT: By the end of today s class you should have a completed color coded reading and graphic organizer on the three major East African Kingdoms and a complete, accurate, and creative narrative writing piece imagining yourself as a traveler to East Africa.

East African Kingdoms INB 51 7.13 Analyze the growth of the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai Axum/Kush Coastal States Inland trading States Kush located on the Nile Axum near the Red Sea Both important trading kingdoms fought for control of trade Axum connected trade in Africa, the Mediterranean & India Axum exports: ivory, incense, & slaves Imports: cloth, metal, & olive oil Axum King Ezana conquered Kush and made Christianity the official religion in the 300s settled by Arab traders who got there by boat in the 600s/700s Shared culture, language, and religion with the native East Africans Opened a series of trading posts need to remember Mogadishu, Kilwa, Mombasa, and Zanzibar Rich in copper and gold Traded with the Coastal City states during the 900s Imported: silk, glass, beads, carpets, and pottery Exported: minerals, ivory, coconut oil, slaves Most important inland trading state was Zimbabwe

Closure: Scholar s Choice Under your bellwork INB 50 Creative Writing Journal Entry Imagine you live in West Africa and your family is traveling to East Africa - Write a journal entry to describe what you might experience when you arrive in East Africa (specifically mention people, land, and what you might see and do there). How is it different from what you are used to in West Africa? Venn Diagram Create a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast what you have learned about the West and East African trading states.

Bellwork INB 52 Read the print out of the Blog Post that is on your desk and respond to the following 3 questions in complete sentences: 1. What is the article ABOUT? 2. What is the CLAIM made by the article? 3. What EVIDENCE does it offer to support these claims?

Mansa Musa (1280-1337) The 10 th Mansa of the Manden Kurufaba (Mali Empire) in West Africa Ruled from 1312-1327.

Mali Empire, 1350 Mali, Gambia, Cote d Ivoire, Senegal, Niger, and Mauritania

Mansa Musa s Wealth Sources of Wealth Salt Gold Control of trade routes

Mansa Musa s Reign He was a devout Muslim who made the hajj to Mecca in 1324 He returned to Mali with Muslim architects and scholars who helped turn Timbuktu into a renowned center of learning. He ordered the building of mosques, libraries, and a university Mali reached its greatest size under the rule of Mansa Musa

Mansa Musa s Reign Sankore Mosque, Timbuktu

Document B: The Catalan Atlas, 1375

The Catalan Atlas This Black lord is called Musa Mali, Lord of the Black people of Mali. So abundant is the gold which is found in his country that he is the richest and most noble king in all the land. Catalan Atlas inscription

Document B: The Catalan Atlas, 1375 What kind of document is this? Who created it and when? How does the Catalan Atlas compare to the Huffington Post blog in terms of how it describes Mansa Musa? Do you think this is an accurate depiction of Mansa Musa? Why or why not?

Document C: Al-Umari, 1337-1338 Al-Umari was an Arab historian from Damascus, Syria. He visited the city of Cairo in Egypt several years after Mansa Musa passed through there on his pilgrimage in 1324 CE. He then wrote this account of Mansa Musa s visit, as told to him by the people of Cairo. Mansa Musa flooded Cairo with his gifts. He left no emir or holder of a royal office without the gift of a load of gold. The people of Cairo made incalculable profits out of him and his caravan in buying and selling and giving and taking. They traded away gold until they depressed its value in Egypt and caused its price to fall. This has been the state of affairs for about twelve years until this day by reason of the large amount of gold which they brought into Egypt and spent there.

Document C: Al-Umari, 1337-1338 Who is Al-Umari? Do you think he is a reliable source of information on Mansa Musa s pilgrimage to Mecca? Why or why not? How does this document compare to the Huffington Post and the Catalan Atlas in how it depicts Mansa Musa? Do you think this account is accurate? Why or why not?

Closure: What Do You Think? In paragraph form respond to the following questions (remember to cite EVIDENCE from the sources to support your responses) Based on all the evidence, how would YOU describe Mansa Musa? Do you think it is possible that he was the richest person ever? Do you think the claims made by the Huffington Post were accurate? Why or why not?

World History Bellwork INB 54 1. Shade each religion represented in Africa a different color 2. Create a key and record and label the colors you used. 3. Answer: 1. What religion dominated the northern part of Africa? 2. What religion dominated the southern part of Africa? Use Textbook page 137 to help you

Mastery Objective: I can describe early African religions and explain how Islam spread in Africa. What are today s State Standards? 7.17 Explain the importance of Mansa Musa and locate his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. 7.18 Compare the indigenous religious practices observed by early Africans before and after contact with Islam and Christianity. (Anchor Standard) Strategies/Activities: Bellwork: quick quiz Reading/Note-taking Strategy text to notes reading on African Religions Closure: Comparison Chart Africa before and after Islam END OF DAY PRODUCT: By the end of today s class you should have a completed text to notes handout along with your comparison chart of Africa before and after Islam.

Text to Notes Strategy INB Page 55 this page will be glued or stapled in Staple in your reading to INB page 55 : Read each paragraph on the left and HIGHLIGHT the main idea Highlight the note-worthy info a second color Take bullet point notes about your reading on the right Traditional African Religions

Traditional Religions Shape African Life Most African societies shared some common religious beliefs. Many shared a belief in a single creator god. Some wanted to keep their own religious practices. These practices varied in different places. Even though religious beliefs differed, they served similar purposes. They provided rules to live by. They also helped people remember their history. Africans believed that religion could protect them from danger and help them succeed in life. Some believed that a group of people called diviners could foretell the future. Kings hired diviners to guarantee good harvests and protect their kingdoms.

Traditional Religions Shape African Life Religion was different from place to place Most believed in a single creator god The purpose was to give rules for living, remember history, protect people from danger, and make you successful Thought that diviners could tell the future and bring good harvests

Islam Arrives in Africa The arrival of Islam began to challenge traditional religions starting in the A.D. 700s. Berber and Arab merchants took Islam to West Africa as they traded. African rulers welcomed the Muslim traders. They allowed their people to accept Islam. During the A.D. 1000s, African rulers themselves finally began to accept Islam. Much of Africa s population south of the Sahara converted to Islam by the end of the 1400s. "On Fridays, if a man does not go early to the mosque [a Muslim place of worship], he cannot find a corner to pray in, on account of the crowd. It is a custom of theirs to send each man his boy [to the mosque] with his prayer-mat; the boy spreads it out for his master in a place befitting him [and remains on it] until he comes to the mosque. Their prayer-mats are made of the leaves of a tree resembling a date-palm, but without fruit." from Travels in Asia and Africa, by Ibn Battuta

Islam Arrives in Africa Challenged traditional religions Spread through trade Welcomed by African rulers Most converted by 1400s

The Journey of Mansa Musa Mansa Musa became Mali s most famous ruler. He worked hard to spread Islam. He used his wealth to build mosques. He also set up libraries in the capital, Timbuktu. Mansa Musa became well-known for his journey to the Muslim holy city of Makkah. In Makkah, Mansa Musa made sure the people knew he was the ruler of a great empire. He brought a large caravan of camels carrying gold. Mansa Musa gave this gold to the poor he met along his journey. Islam in Songhai In Makkah, Mansa Musa met Muslim scholars. He talked them into returning to Mali with him. These scholars helped spread Islam in West Africa. A young Arab lawyer from Morocco named Ibn Battuta was impressed by Mansa Musa. In 1325 he set out to see the Muslim world. In West Africa, he discovered many people were Muslims. However, some people still followed traditional African religions.

The Journey of Mansa Musa Mansa Musa became Mali s most famous ruler. He worked hard to spread Islam. He used his wealth to build mosques. He also set up libraries in the capital, Timbuktu. Mansa Musa became well-known for his journey to the Muslim holy city of Makkah. In Makkah, Mansa Musa made sure the people knew he was the ruler of a great empire. He brought a large caravan of camels carrying gold. Mansa Musa gave this gold to the poor he met along his journey. In Makkah, Mansa Musa met Muslim scholars. He talked them into returning to Mali with him. These scholars helped spread Islam in West Africa. A young Arab lawyer from Morocco named Ibn Battuta was impressed by Mansa Musa. In 1325 he set out to see the Muslim world. In West Africa, he discovered many people were Muslims. However, some people still followed traditional African religions.

The Journey of Mansa Musa Most famous ruler Spread islam in Africa Built mosques & libraries Best known for his hajj to Makkah Convinced scholars to come back to Timbuktu

How Did Islam Develop in East Africa? Islam spread slowly in East Africa. A new society called Swahili helped it spread beginning in the 1100s and 1200s.The Swahili culture and language are a mixture of African and Muslim cultures. The Muslim influences came from Arab and Persian settlers. Swahili comes from an Arabic word meaning people of the coast. Swahili culture and language remain important in modern Africa.

How Did Islam Develop in East Africa? Spread slow in East Africa Swahili helped it spread Swahili was a mix of African/Arab cultures

Islam's Effect on Africa Islam had a major impact on Africa. Many people accepted the laws and ideas of Islam. Muslim schools introduced the Arabic language. Islam also had an effect on art and architecture in Africa. Muslim builders created beautiful mosques and palaces in African cities such as Timbuktu.

Islam's Effect on Africa New laws and ideas Arabic language Art & architecture

Closure Under your bellwork INB 54 use your notes and your reading to complete the following chart Africa before Islam Africa AFTER Islam

Africa s Society Tuesday 7.15 Examine the importance of written and oral traditions in the transmission of African history and culture. 7.17 Explain the importance of Mansa Musa and locate his pilgrimage to Mecca in AD 1324. 7.18 Compare the indigenous religious practices observed by early Africans before and after contact with Islam and Christianity.

Bellwork INB 56 remember to only use the TOP ½ of your page Draw the chart and complete the Frayer Model you see below for the term matrilineal : Definition in YOUR own words Dictionary Definition: 1. The tracing of descent through the female line Examples Matrilineal Use it in a sentence

Homework Ibn Battuta homework Due tomorrow!

Mastery Objective: I can describe common cultural traditions of Africa and explain why much of Africa shared similar customs and traditions. What are today s State Standards? 7.15 Examine the importance of written and oral traditions in the transmission of African history and culture. 7.16 Analyze the importance of family, labor specialization, and regional commerce in the development of states and cities in West Africa. Strategies/Activities: Vocabulary Study Reading/Notetaking Strategy Guided Reading Closure: Explanatory Writing Practice END OF DAY PRODUCT: By the end of today s class you should have a completed guided reading along with a paragraph that explains WHY Africa has similar customs and traditions.

African Society Strategy: Guided Reading INB 57 A Guided Reading is one that asks you questions along the way to ensure that you understand the material: 1. Read each section and highlight the main idea 2. Answer the each question after you read and highlight the parts of the text that helped you answer the question (evidence!)

African Society In early Africa, most people lived in rural villages. Their homes consisted of small, round dwellings made of packed mud. Villagers generally were farmers. Africa's urban areas often began as villages with protective walls. These villages grew into larger communities. African towns and cities were centers of government and trade. Traders and artisans thrived in these communities. Artisans were skilled in metalworking, woodworking, pottery making, and other crafts.

Rural Villages vs. Cities and Towns Villages Most people lived here Made up of small round mud huts Most people were farmers Cities Started as villages with walls Grew into cities Became centers of trade & government

Family Ties Family was the basis of African society. Many people lived in extended families. These were families made up of several generations. Extended families belonged to larger groups of people called lineage groups. All of the people in a lineage group could trace their family history to one common relative. Members of these groups supported and cared for each other.

Place in order by SIZE extended family, lineage group, and family family Extended family Lineage group

The Bantu Migrations A group of people called the Bantu began to migrate from West Africa around 3000 B.C. The migrations lasted hundreds of years. The Bantu shared common cultures, languages, and technologies, such as farming and ironworking. These migrations spread similarities throughout Africa. Today, more than 200 million Africans speak Bantu languages. Many villages were matrilineal. This means that people traced family history through mothers instead of fathers. However, women joined their husbands families when they married. Women s families would receive gifts to make up for this loss. Gifts might include cattle, metal tools, goats, or cloth.

What effect did the Bantu Migrations have on African culture? The Bantu Migrations had a major effect on African culture. They spread skills, language, and customs. If the Bantu had not migrated the people of Africa would not have as many things in common as they do.

The Bantu Migrations

The Griots of Mali

How Did African Children Learn? African families valued children. Children meant that families would live on and prosper. Family members and other villagers educated children. In West Africa, griots taught children through oral history. These are stories told out loud and passed down from generation to generation. The stories often contained a life lesson. These lessons were told as proverbs, or short sayings that are easy to remember. Children also learned basic skills they would need when they grew up.

Compare education for African children then with education for American children today. Education in Africa Taught by everyone Taught their history Taught basic skills Taught stories by griots Education Today Mostly taught at school Taught by teachers Have many different subjects to learn It s very organized

Women in African Society African women acted mostly as wives and mothers. They had fewer rights than men. However, some women served as soldiers and rulers. Queen Dahia al-kahina led an army to fight off Arab invaders who attacked her kingdom. Another woman ruler was Queen Nzinga. She spent many years fighting the Europeans and the slave trade.

World History Closure INB 56 Under Your Bellwork Explanatory writing practice: Write a 6-8 sentence paragraph that explains why much of Africa has very similar customs and traditions. Include and underline the following terms: Word bank: Bantu Migration, griot, oral history, extended families, matrilineal.