List of Illustrations xiii Preface to the Second Edition xv Introduction xvii Chapter 1. The Late Medieval Background 1 Introduction 1 Spirituality 4 1. Thomas à Kempis, The Imitation of Christ 4 The Papacy 13 2. Boniface VIII, Unam Sanctam 13 3. Leo X, Pastor Aeternus 14 The Status of Women 14 4. Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies 14 5. Heinrich Kraemer, O.P., and Jacob Sprenger, O.P., Malleus Maleficarum 17 6. Henricus Cornelius Agrippa, Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex 25 7. Desiderius Erasmus, The Abbot and the Learned Lady 28 Exegesis 32 8. Jacobus Faber Stapulensis, Introduction to the Commentary on the Psalms 32 Moral Instruction 35 9. The Fasciculus Morum 35 Theology 43 10. Thomas Bradwardine, The Cause of God against the Pelagians 43 11. Gabriel Biel, The Circumcision of the Lord 51 Indulgences 56 12. Clement VI, Unigenitus 56 13. Sixtus IV, Salvator noster 57 14. Albert of Mainz, Instructio summaria 57 Eating, Sleeping, and Dying 59 15. Dietrich Kolde, Mirror for Christians 59 Criticism 63 16. Desiderius Erasmus, In Praise of Folly 63 Recommended for Further Reading 74 vii
viii Contents Chapter 2. Martin Luther 75 Introduction 75 The Person 78 17. Autobiographical Fragment: Preface to the Complete Edition of Luther s Latin Writings 78 18. Letter to His Father: Dedication of On Monastic Vows 83 19. Luther on His Monastic Life 84 20. From Luther s Table Talk 85 21. Letter to Katie 87 Theological Writings 88 22. Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences 88 23. A Meditation on Christ s Passion 93 24. To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate 98 25. The Freedom of a Christian 105 26. Preface to the New Testament 113 27. Preface to the Old Testament 117 28. The Small Catechism 118 29. The Smalcald Articles 130 Lutheranism 146 30. Argula von Grumbach, Letter to the University of Ingolstadt 146 31. The Augsburg Confession 150 32. Philip Melanchthon, Apology of the Augsburg Confession 150 33. Formula of Concord 158 Recommended for Further Reading 162 Chapter 3. Thomas Müntzer and the Peasants War 163 Introduction 163 Thomas Müntzer 165 34. Vindication and Refutation 165 35. A Sermon before the Princes 165 36. Open Letter to the People of Allstedt 167 The War 168 37. The Twelve Articles of the Peasants 168 38. Luther, Admonition to Peace 170 39. Johann Herholt, The Massacre of Weinsberg 173 40. Report Concerning a Female Participant 173 41. Report of Women Planning to Storm a Convent 174 42. Count Philipp von Solm s Report 174
ix The Aftermath 175 43. Michel Gross s Report on Treatment of the Defeated Peasants 175 44. Luther, Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants 177 45. Valerius Anshelm of Bern on the Aftermath of the Uprising 177 46. Hermann Mühlpfort on Luther s Role and Responsibility 179 Recommended for Further Reading 182 Chapter 4. Zwingli and the Anabaptists 183 Introduction 183 Ulrich Zwingli 186 47. Letter to Utinger 186 48. Of Freedom of Choice in the Selection of Food 186 49. Petition to the Bishop of Constance 187 50. Of the Clarity and Certainty of the Word of God 188 51. Sixty-seven Theses 189 52. On True and False Religion 193 53. Letter to Vadian 195 54. The Marburg Colloquy: Another Report 197 55. Zwingli s Death: Two Accounts 198 Anabaptist Origins 200 56. The Beginnings of the Anabaptists 200 57. Balthasar Hubmaier, Concerning Heretics and Those Who Burn Them 202 58. Balthasar Hubmaier, A Christian Catechism 204 59. The Schleitheim Confession 208 60. The Trial and Martyrdom of Michael Sattler 212 61. Hans Denck, Concerning True Love 214 Münster Extremism 222 62. Bernard Rothmann, A Restitution of Christian Teaching 222 63. The End of Jan van Leiden 223 Theology and Testimony 224 64. Menno Simons, A Meditation on the Twenty-fifth Psalm 224 65. The Trial and Martyrdom of Elizabeth Dirks 228 66. Janneken Munstdorp, Letter to Her Daughter 231 67. Peter Walpot, True Yieldedness and the Christian Community of Goods 236 Recommended for Further Reading 243 Chapter 5. John Calvin 245 Introduction 245 Calvin on Himself 247 68. Preface to the Commentary on the Psalms 247
x Contents 69. Letter to Melanchthon 254 Practical Matters 256 70. Geneva Ordinances 256 71. Records of the Geneva Consistory 260 72. Letter Concerning a Pious Woman 261 73. Letter on Usury 262 The Servetus Affair 265 74. Letter from David Joris to Servetus s Judges 265 75. Letters from Servetus to the Geneva Council 268 76. Verdict and Sentence for Michael Servetus 268 Theology: Institutes of the Christian Religion 270 77. Knowledge of God 271 78. Scripture 273 79. Original Sin 280 80. Christ 288 81. The Holy Spirit 294 82. The Christian Life 297 83. Predestination 305 84. The Church 313 85. The Lord s Supper 321 86. Civil Government 323 A Female Advocate 325 87. Marie Dentiere, Letter to the Queen of Navarre 325 Recommended for Further Reading 328 Chapter 6. The Reformation in England 329 Introduction 329 Origins 332 88. Henry VIII s Act of Supremacy 332 89. Henry VIII s Act of Six Articles 332 English Theology 341 90. Thomas Cranmer, Preface to the Great Bible 341 91. Thomas Cranmer, A Sermon of the Salvation of Mankind 350 Marian Reversal 357 92. Queen Mary: The Marian Injunctions 357 93. The Examination of Lady Jane Grey 360 Elizabethan Settlement 362 94. Elizabeth I s Act of Supremacy 362 95. Elizabeth I s Act of Uniformity 364 96. The Elizabethan Injunctions 365
xi 97. The Thirty-nine Articles 368 Recommended for Further Reading 376 Chapter 7. The Counter/Catholic Reformation 377 Introduction 377 Early Reactions 381 98. Leo X, Exsurge Domine 381 99. Leo X, Decet Romanum 383 100. Adrian VI to the Diet of Nuremberg 386 101. Cajetan, On Faith and Works 387 102. Contarini and Carafa, Consilium de emendanda ecclesiae 400 103. Paul III, Licet ab initio 401 104. Jeanne de Jussie, The Leaven of Calvinism 402 The Council of Trent 405 105. Decree and Canons on Justification 405 106. Canons on the Sacraments in General 415 107. Canons on the Eucharist 416 108. Canons on Penance 417 109. Reform Decree on Establishing Seminaries 419 110. Reform Decree on Preaching 421 111. Rules on Prohibited Books 422 The Jesuits 425 112. Ignatius Loyola, Autobiography 425 113. An Early Jesuit Report on Rome 426 114. Ignatius Loyola, Prima summa 427 115. Ignatius Loyola, The Spiritual Exercises 427 116. Letter of Juan de Polanco to Antonio de Araoz 430 117. Letter of Ignatius Loyola to Peter Canisius 432 The New World 434 118. Paul III, Sublimis Deus 434 119. Francisco de Vitoria, De Indis 434 120. Bartolome de las Casas, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies 435 Rome and England 436 121. Pius V, Regnans in excelsis 436 A Mystical Voice 436 122. Teresa of Avila, The Book of Her Life 436 Recommended for Further Reading 442 Sources and Acknowledgments 443 Index 447