Notes Chapter One. The Iranian Purgatory 1. A couple of weeks after the electoral heist, Etemad Melli was closed on a technicality and has still not been allowed to resume publication. Chapter Two. The Myth of the Great Satan 1. PRO (Public Record Office), Iranian International Situation, 12 October 1978, PREM 16/1719. 2. CIA, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 23 October 1978. I obtained a copy though a Freedom of Information Act request. 3. Marvin Zonis, Majestic Failure: The Fall of the Shah (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991). Zonis used psychological theories to argue that the men and women the Shah relied on for his selfhood were all gone by the time of the revolution. 4. CIA, Profile of the Shah, Freedom of Information Act request. 5. Gen. Huyser was a NATO commander. Like nearly every high-ranking U.S. official dealing with Iran in those days, he published a memoir, Mission to Tehran (New York: Harper Collins, 1987).
132 Notes to pages 34 48 6. NSA (National Security Archives), No. 603, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, Studies in Political Dynamics in Iran, Secret Intelligence Report 13. 7. William Shawcross, The Shah s Last Ride (London: Pan Books, 1989), 99. 8. PRO, 30 October 1978, Prime Minister s Office to Foreign Ministry, PREM 16/1719. 9. Bani-Sadr now lives in exile, protected by the French government against the Islamic regime s potential assassins; Qotb-Zadeh was sent to the firing squad on the charge of attempting a coup against Khomeini; and Yazdi is a marginalized member of the opposition in Iran today. He was arrested in the aftermath of the post-election protest. 10. NSA, No. 1298, Sullivan, Understanding the Shiite Islamic Movement, American Embassy, Tehran, Feb. 2, 1979. Chapter Three. Purposes Mistook 1. Charles Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004). 2. Two studies, one by poet Mohammad Mokhtari and one by Mehdi Bazorgan, first prime minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran, came up with slightly different percentages about the content of the slogans. For a discussion of the two studies, see Mohsen Milani, The Making of the Islamic Revolution, 2nd rev. ed. (Boulder: Westview Press, 1999), 136. 3. For a brief account of his life, see Rezazedeh Shafag, Howard Baskerville: The Story of an American Who Died in the Cause of Iranian Freedom and Independence (Cambridge, Mass.: Ty Aur Press, 2008). The monograph is a translation of an article that had earlier appeared in Persian in Tehran Times, December 14, 1959. 4. NSA, no. 244, Current Foreign Relations, April 11, 1979.
Notes to pages 50 63 133 5. Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics, Harper s, November 1964, 77 86. The seminal essay was later republished as part of a book, The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996). 6. PRO, The British Hand, September 25, 1978, PREM/ 16/179. 7. U.S. embassy in Tehran, Alternative Views from the Provinces, in Asnad-e Laneye Jasusi (Documents from the Den Of Spies), (Tehran, n.d.), vol. 16. This multi-volume collection included reprints of thousands of pages of confidential documents students found when they occupied the U.S. embassy. It has been said that some of the most sensitive documents were earlier sent out and some were shredded as the students were staging their assault. Faced with shredded documents, the Iranian regime is reported to have used the services of carpet weavers to piece together most of them. In their reprints, they look distinctly different than those found intact. 8. George Ball, Issues and Implications of the Iranian Crisis, December 1978, George Ball Papers in Princeton University Library, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Box 30, Doc. MC031. 9. Y. Armajani, Alborz College, Encyclopaedia Iranica. 10. For a detailed account of Soviet machinations, based on Soviet archives, see Jamil Hasanli, At the Dawn of the Cold War: The Soviet-American Crisis Over Iranian Azerbaijan, 1941 1946 (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006). 11. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952 1954 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing, 1989), 695. 12. Ibid., 751.
134 Notes to pages 63 75 13. Ibid., 754. 14. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952 1954 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing, 1989), 695. 15. Ibid., 606. 16. Ibid., 613. 17. NSA, no. 369, Political Internal Issues. 18. PRO, Tehran to Foreign Office, 6 July 1978, FCO 8/ 3184. 19. Ball, Issues and Implications, 3. 20. JFK Library (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library), FRUS, vol. XVIII, Microfilm Supplements, Tehran to State Department, May 13, 1961. 21. JFK Library, Tehran to State Department, May 14, 1961. 22. CIA, Profile of the Shah, 28 September 1973, Freedom of Information Act request, Ref. F-2006-00113. 23. JFK Library, Tehran to State Department, May 13, 1961. 24. There are several scholarly reports about the land reform and they are more or less in consensus that Arsanjani had a radicalizing effect. See, for example, Afsaneh Najmabadi, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1987), 83. 25. JFK Library, Tehran to State, June 28, 1961. 26. Ibid. 27. JFK Library, 25 May 1961 Memo for Philip Talbott. 28. Abolhassan Ebtehaj, The Memoirs of Abolhassan Ebtehaj (London: Paka Print, 1991), 853 857. 29. This was the most important result of the Shah s visit to the White House in 1962. For details of their last joint press
Notes to pages 76 88 135 conference, see JFK Library, NSC Box 116, Robert Komer to Bundy, April 23, 1962. 30. NSA, no. 9799, U.S. embassy, Tehran, End of Tour Report, August 4, 1975. 31. For a detailed account of the role of the U.S. embassy and CIA in these developments, see Abbas Milani, Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution (Washington, DC: Mage Publishers, 1999), particularly the chapters Progressive Circle and White Revolution, 135 171. 32. NSA, no. 2048, Religious Leaders Fear Departure of the Shah, January 9, 1969. 33. Ball, Issues and Implications, 9. 34. Asadollah Alam, Yadashtha-ye Alam, [The Diaries of Asadollah Alam], ed. by Alinaghi Alikhani (Washington, DC: Ibex Publishers, 2008), vol. 6, 21 23. 35. NSA, A Brief Overview of U.S.-Iran Relations, 27. The report was prepared in the early 1980s; it has no author or indication of who commissioned it. 36. Ball, Issues and Implications. 37. For a more or less impartial description of the group, see Ervand Abrahamian, The Iranian Mojahedin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009). The Murphy Report prepared for the State Department describing the group as a terrorist organization is a critical account of its work. The group has taken the State Department to federal court four times to have its name removed from the list, all to no avail. 38. For a detailed account of this romance, see Janet Afary and Kevin B. Anderson, Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
136 Notes to pages 89 96 39. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Answer to History (New York: Stein and Day, 1980), 93 97. 40. PRO, Embassy in Tehran to Foreign Office, 8 September 1978, FCO 8/3184. 41. PRO, Embassy in Tehran to Foreign Office, November 9, 1978, FCO 8/3184.