CHAPTER IV KOLHAPUR DISTRICT: A REVIEW

CHAPTER IV KOLHAPUR DISTRICT: A REVIEW 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Reorganization of Kolhapur district 4.3 Historical Background 4.4 Geographical Location 4.5 Population 4.6 Socio-Cultural Background 4.7 Financial Scenario 4.8 Women Self Help Groups 4.9 Co-operative Sector 4.10 District Administration 4.11 Political Background of Kolhapur 4.12 Education in the district 4.13 Importance of Education 4.14 Educational Changes 4.15 Geographical Location of Ajara, Gadhiglaj and Chandgad. 4.16 References

CHAPTER IV KOLHAPUR DISTRICT: A REVIEW 4.1 Introduction Kolhapur district is an important place on the national map. The land of Kolhapur has purified by Ambabai, the bravery of Chatrapati Shivaji and radical thinking of Rajarshi Shahu and got uniqnenen at the national Level. Kolhapur is a progressive district almost in all the walks of life like religion, politic, social, industrial, natural, education and tourism etc. Al these factors have an impact on the schools weated in the district. The researcher has studied all these factors for the evaluation of the problems of teaching English in the Marathi medium primary schools located in the three tehsils of southern Kolhapur district selected for the present study. 4.2 Reorganization of Kolhapur district In 1949 the Kolhapur sansthan merged into Maharashtra 956 villages from and Southern, 6 villages from Kurundwad Southern one villages from Miraj Southern and 7 villages from Belgaum district were merged together to form Kolhapur district. After this reorganization there were eight tehsils namely shahuwadi, Hatkanagle, Shirola, Karveer, Radhanagari, Kagal Bhudargad and Gadhinglaj and three mahals namely Panhala, Ajara and Gaganbawada. In 1950 two villages from kolhapur were merged into Ratnagiri district. Maharashtra state came into existence on 1 st May 1960. After this on 30 th June 1983, 37 villages from Kolhapur were merged into Sindhudurg district. The geographical area of Kolhapur district is 7746 sq. Kms. It is 2.5% of the area of state of Maharashtra and it is the 24 th Largest district in the state. Now there are twelve tehsils in Kolhapur district namely Ajara, Changad, Karveer, Radhanagari, Gaganbawada, Bhudargad, Gadhinglaj, Hatkangale, Kagal, Panhala, Shirol and Shahuwadi.

4.3 Historical Background 4.3.1 Ancient Period Kolhapur district has ancient glorious history. The brave land of panhalagad and prosperous land of Panchaganga has contributed to the history of Kolhapur. The protest and artfulness are the dominant factors in the history of Kolhapur. In Karveer Mahatma Kolhapur refered an Dakshina-Kashi. It is the land of Knowledge and ancient culture in Southern India. 2 The written political history of Kolhapur is tall of up downs. Up to 218 A. D It was ruled by satwahan from 100 B. C. In the later history the Kings from Rashtrakut, Chalukya, Kalyani, Shivhar and Devgiri Yadavs have ruled Kolhapur Southern all of them were the Hindu kings. Allandin Khilaji was the first Muslims king who ruled Kolhapur. In 1306 Malik Kapur attacked south India and defeated Devgiri Yadav and brought it under his rule. After the separation of Bahamans State, the Kolhapur state was under the Adilshah s Even today we find the proofs of the political ruler is Kolhapur district is the ancient sculpture. 4.3.2 The Modified Period. During the Modified period Panhalga was important in the wartime and Kolhapur for peace. Shivaji brought Kolhapur under his region after assassination of Kolhapur with Vijapur from south Kokan. He won Kolhapur on 25 th Nov. 1659 and won Panhala on 28 th No. 1959. In a conflict between Shahu and Tarabai, she formed Panhala a separate state for her son Shivaji and declared him the King. Satara and Panhala were two Political centers during the Maratha Reigion. Queen Tarabai planned several Policies in protest against Shahu. In 1714 Rajabai the co-wife arrested Tarabai and Shivaji and her son Sambhaji was coronated as the king of Kolhapur. It was revolutionary charge in the political history of Kolhapur. In 1731 the war between Sambhaji and his cousin Shahu came to an and after a truce between them at Karad on 27 th feb. 1731 Known on Warana - truce after the truce Sambhaji became the king of Kolhapur state of 401000 sq. miles area lying between the rivers Warana-Krishna and Tungabhadra It s annual revenue was Rs. 28, 00, 000/-. 4.3.3 The British Rule By the end of 18 th Century, The Britishers entered India. The begining of 19 th century marked decline of Maratha reign. The Maratha- British truce of 1812 in the begining of the Maratha reign in Kolhapur to save themselves from the Nipaneese, and then the Kolhapur state

came under the British Rule. During the Maliny of 1857, the Maratha defeat once again shown the history of the victory of British Rule and now Kolhapur was completely under the British Raj. 4.3.4. Shahu Maharaj (19874-1922) The era of Shahu Maharaj the most glorious period in the history of Kolhapur. It was the period of progress in Kolhapur in every walk of life, in politics, in social and in educational field too. The age of the reign of Shahu in Kolhapur once again provided the ancient glory and prosperity to Kolhapur and a place on national map. Chatrapati Shahu was born on 26 th June 1874, and coroneted as the king of Kolhapur on 2nd April 1894, He ruled Kolhapur for more than two decades only for the welfare of the masses and betterment of the massed. His chief protest wan against ancient Hindu orthodoxy and the caste system. He realized the need of education as the only way for the welfare of the masses. He provided on opportunity to masses to share the politics. He also worked to nurture the art music, literature, journalism and wrestling etc. 4.4 Geographical Location The Kolhapur district is one of the southernmost districts of Maharashtra state. The district s courtiers a total area of 7, 685 sq. kms. It lies between 15 0 43 to 17 0 17 North latitude and 73 0 40 to 78 0 42, East longitude. The length of the district South to North is 160 Kms. and East to west is 60 Kms. The Sahyadri ranges to the west and Warna River to the north, The river Krishna and Belgaum district to the South and East, forms the natural boundaries of the district. 4.4.1 Rivers: In the district there are main six rivers, these are Krishana, Warana, Panchanganga, Dudhganga, Vedaganga and Hiryankeshi the Krishan River flows only for a short distance in Kolhapur district. The rivers Warana, Panchanganga, Dudhganga and Vedganga are tributeries of Krishna. These are merging in to the Krishna. The Kasari, Kumbhi, Tulsi and Bhogavati rivers are the main tributaries of Panchanganga.The Panchangaga mergs into Krishana at Narsinvhawadi. The river warna flows nearly 125 kms of distance in Kolhapur district. The Rivers Ghantprabha, Hiryankeshi, Vedganga flows in the southern part of the district towards east and then into Karnataka state.

4.4.2 Climate The overall climate of Kolhapur district is Salubrious. All the seasons in Kolhapur are moderate. In winter during the months of Nov to Feb. the temp, is to be 72 0 to 75 0 F and in summer 81 to 85 0 F in the dry climate. 4.4.3. Rainfall Generally Mansoon begins in the first week of June. The average annual rainfall in the district is 1025mm, but there is uneveness in the annual rainfall in the district. In the western region of Satyadri ranga. In the tehsils Gaganbawada, Radhangari, Chandgad and Ajara the average rainfall is 6000mm. In southeast regions of Shirol and Hatkangale the rainfall is 500 mm. 12 4.4.4 Soil and Crop The soil differs in characteristics in the district. The soil on the hills is Reddish in water which cannot hold the rain water In the Mawal region the soil in more fertile and black in colour or sometimes is reddish brown. In the eastern region of the district the soil is fertile and black. In the drainage of rivers Krishana, Warana and Pnachanga the soil is black in colour. The crop pattern in the district is mainly dependent upon the type of soil. Mainly in the tehsils, Gaganbawada, Shahuwadi, Radhanagri, Panhala, Chandgad, Bhudargad and Ajara the soil is reddish an colours the chief crops are wari, Nachani, sawa and Ratala and in the forests of the region the main trees are sag, Jambhul, Amba Behada, Kinjal, Umbar and some of the medicinal Plants. The crop Dawana popular in Kekhale village. Malai Brinjal of Kurundwad are also famous. In the eastern region, here the rainfall is low, Tobacco is the main corp. In addition to this the district has Onions, Potatoes, Grapes and Bananas are the main fruits. The Green House technique is also used is the district. The soil in Hatkangale, Karveer, Radhanagri, Bhudargad and Ajara tehsil is moderately fertile and low black in colour. The crops like Rice, Jawar and groundnut were taken during the Kharif season Sugarcane and Vegetables were cultivated where the irrigation facilities are available. The black and highly fertile land is found in the eastern region of districts in Shirol, Hatkangale, Karveer, Kagal and Gadhinglaj tehsil here Jawar, Sugarcane and groundnut are the main crops. In the drainage portion of rivers Warana, Kumbhi, Kasari, Bhogawati, Tulsi,

Vedganga, Panchagnga, Tamraparni, Ghataprabha, Dudhaganga, Hiryankeshi the soil is very fertile and availability of water results in Sugarcane as a main crop. 4.4.5 Minerals In Kolhapur district the minerals are bauxite, iron and silica the economically important mineral in Kolhapur district is bauxite, it is alloy of Aluminum. The areas with bauxite in sufficient quantities are Udgiri, Dhangarwadi, Panhalgad Radhnagari Gargoti, Nagartaswadi kanur, kasarwada, Mogalgad and Tasingigad. Iron is found in the western hilly region of the district in Shahuwadi and Radhanagri Tehsils. Silica is found in Radhanagri Tehsils, Porcelain is fourd in Bhndurgad tehsil. 4.4.6 Forest Mainly the forest is found in the western region of district with high rainfall. In this forest Hirada, Aain, Jambhul, Dalchini and sag plant species were found and at the height the trees like Chandon, Shisav, Kindal, Panbabhl, Khair and Bambu trees were commonly found. In the forest, the rainfall is low, the trees like babali, bori, tadwal were found. Also the medicinal plants like Kuda, Wakore, Bharang, Bawding, Satawi, Dhawari, Biba and Bhuikolha were found is these forests. According to the survey carried out in 2007-08 the total area under forest is 1742 sq.kms. Out of these 633 sq.kms. forest is reserved forest, 417 sq.kms. is protected forest and remaining 692sq.kms. is the unclassified forest in the district. The percentage of land occupied forest is 17% out the total Geographical area of the district. 4.5 Population: According to census of 2001, population of Kolhapur district is 35, 23,162 consisting of 1807470 male population and 1715692 female population. The urban population in the district is 50,353 and the rural population is 2472809. The percentage of urban population is 29.65 and rural population is 70.35. The population of children below six years is 449833. Table No. 4.1, shows the tehsil wise population in the district.

Table No. 11 : Tehsil wise population of Kolhapur district. S. Name of Total Urban Rural Percentage Population No. Tehsil population population population of literacy Density 1 Shahuwadi 176859 5504 171355 66.93 169 2 Panhala 238383 3452 234931 74.16 419 3 Hatkangle 709628 355003 354625 80.25 1155 4 Karveer 906866 548814 358052 83.16 1354 5 Shirol 359179 64394 294785 80.15 714 6 Gagnbawada 32525-32525 60.74 116 7 Radhanagari 188107-188107 71.33 211 8 Kagal 248237 32980 215257 73.58 454 9 Bhudargad 144910-144990 72.92 225 10 Ajara 121430 14849 106581 69.37 221 11 Gadhinglaj 216257 25357 190900 71.81 450 12 Chandgad 180781-180781 66.67 190 Total 3525162 1050353 2472809 76.93 455 Source: Census of India 2001, Home Ministry, GOVT of India Director, Census office, Maharashtra state 4.5.1 Population Feature / characteristics. Kolhapur district is at 9 th position in Maharashtra state in case of its population. The highest percentage of population (26%) found is Karveer tehsil and the lowest (1%) in Gaganbawada tehsil of Kolhapur. The highest density of population is in karveer tehsil and lowest in Gaganbawada thesil. Kolhapur district is at the third position in the state incase of density of population. Out of the total urban population of the district 47% of population is in Kolhapur city 25% in Ichalkaranji town and remaining 28% is distributed in eight municipal councils in the district. 4.5.2 Literacy: Education has been widely spread into district due to the great visionary Chatrapati Shahu, who beloved to Kolhapur. Kolhapur is at 14 th position in the state incase of literacy. Table No. 4, consist of urban rural, male female classification of literacy in Kolhapur district.

Table No. 12 : Tehsil wise classification of population on the basis of literacy. S. No. Name of the tehsil 1 Shahuwadi 2 Panhala 3 Hatkangle 4 Karveer 5 Shirol 6 Gagnbawada 7 Radhanagari 8 Kagal 9 Bhudargad 10 Ajara 11 Gadhinglaj 12 Chandgad Total Urban Percentage of Literacy Rural Total male female Total 66.93 81.08 53.83 Rural 66.20 80.56 52.93 Urban 89.16 96.22 82.13 Total 74.16 86.21 61.36 Rural 73.88 86.01 61.05 Urban 92.52 97.81 85.31 Total 80.25 89.12 70.66 Rural 77.52 87.45 66.99 Urban 82.98 90.76 74.39 Total 83.16 91.04 74.71 Rural 75.28 86.59 63.04 Urban 88.17 93.90 82.08 Total 80.15 89.33 70.59 Rural 79.43 88.87 69.56 Urban 83.42 91.44 75.21 Total 60.74 75.29 46.01 Rural 60.74 75.29 46.01 Urban 0 0 0 Total 71.33 85.40 56.67 Rural 71.33 85.40 56.67 Urban 0 0 0 Total 73.58 85.70 61.08 Rural 72.45 85.06 59.40 Urban 81.02 89.91 71.94 Total 72.92 86.14 59.89 Rural 72.92 86.14 59.89 Urban 0 0 0 Total 69.37 82.58 57.45 Rural 97.18 81.19 54.78 Urban 85.03 91.77 78.03 Total 71.81 83.96 60.07 Rural 69.76 82.54 57.55 Urban 86.97 93.92 79.64 Total 66.67 80.74 53.29 Rural 66.67 80.74 53.29 Urban 0 0 0 Total 76.93 87.47 66.02 Rural 76.07 85.22 60.70 Urban 85.87 92.56 78.69 Source : an that of table 4.1

4.5.3 Male Female Ration: According to census of 2001, Number of female in Kolhapur district is 949 per 1000 male. Incase of urban area it is 919 and in rural area it is 962. There is tehsil wise variation in the ration of male female population. There is remarkable decrease in the number of female from 1961 in the district. Table No. 13 : Show the male female ratio in Kolhapur district Year 1951 61 71 81 91 2001 Urban 927 885 887 895 914 919 Rural 982 987 987 993 978 962 Total 970 967 965 967 961 949 Source : Directorate of Finance and Stations, GOVT it Maharashtra Socio economic study of Kolhapur district, 2007 08 4.6 Socio Cultural Background. Kolhapur district is located at the border of Maharashtra and Karnataka state. From the time ancient the people Hindu, Lingayat, Jain, Muslim, Tailangi, Gujarati and Marwari are the inhabitants of the district. Deshastha were the original inhabitants of the region. The Deshastha were Panchdravidatmaka, Kokanastha, Karhade, Senavi and Prabhu origins. Maratha occupies the main position as per their population is concerned. The Deshas thas were Ragvedi and Krishanayajurved. The population can be classified in diffrent communities and castes. Castes were existing but there was no casticism until the British Raj and there were no caste struggles. The people are to celebrate each other s festivals and rituals Agricultural was the chief occupation of people and at the second position was Knighthood. The former is the regions were popularly known as Kunbis and the knights as Marathas. Marathas were dominant. They were enjoying power over the state, region and village level. The people belonging to other communities were dependent on the Marathas. Every house has their own goods,. Worship daily. The Rich knights have appointed Brahamins for worship. All the daily poojas and rituals like shradhas were performed by these brahamins. The festivals like Padwa, Dasara, Diwali, Nag Panchami, Rang Panchami, and Gauri Ganpati were the main festival of celebration.

The people were fond of exercise and wrestling from the time ancient. In Kolhapur, ever today, there are number of Akhadas (professional clanes of wresting). Chatrapati Shahu was the patron for wresting. People have the habit of drinking fresh warm milk. Today there are more than 1000 families in Kolhapur, engaged in the sell of fresh warm milk and this is one of the uniqueness of Kolhapur. Buddhism, thirnduism and Jainism are the three religions from ancient time in Kolhapur. There are sculptures in Kolhapur showing the ancient teachings of Buddhism. Mahalaxmi of Kolhapur, Jyotiba at Gajananwad, Khandoba of Jejuri, Ram, and Narsimha are the chief Goods and places of pilgrimage of Hindus in the district. The sect of Varkari, Datta and Ramdasi are the sects to follow the way of worship and ritual in the district. The Varkaris per forming wari of both Kartiki & Ashadhi at Pandharpur were found in large number in Kolhapur. Nersobachi Wadi is the well known place of pilgrimage for the Datta Sampradaya in the district. The yatras at Narsobachiwadi and Jejuri were famous among the people of Kolhapur district. Bahubali and the ancient caves at Khidrapur were the places of pilgrimage for Jains. Ramteerth at Ajara is the famous tourist centre in the district. Darga at Gaganbawada and the Vaijyanath temple at Mahipalgad in Chnadgad trlsils are also the places of tourist interest. Another ancient spiritual centre is at Sidhgiri kshetra- Kaneri Math in the district for the Hindus. Radhanagari and Lakshmi Dam are also the places of tourist interest in the district. Dajipur and Chandoli are famous places for a wild life sanctuary. The historically famous places are Panhala and Pargad forts, now developing as the places of tourist interest. 4.7 Financial Scenario: Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. People leading rural life and with diverse sensibilities and traditions are living in Kolhapur district. The availability of irrigation, fertile land and hard working farmers are the features of Agriculture in Kolhapur district. The economy of the district is rich because of the production of the sugar and Jaggury in the district. It has ultimately resulted in the standard of life. Ichalkaranji in Kolhapur is famous for textile industry, specially incase of hand spinning of cloths. Ichalkaranji is known as Machester of India. In addition to Sugar & textile another important industry in manufacturing motar engines and spare parts. Kolhapur is also known for the silver articles with fine artistry. The manufacturing of agricultural implements in the district has a significant place on the national map. According to

the annual Industry Survey of 2006, the number of registered industries in the district is 1490 and the sick units are 180. The employees in the industrial sector are 47081 on record. 4.8 Women Self Help Groups: For the empowerment of women, to improve their financial status the govt. of India declared 2001, as the year for women empowerment as a matter of social indebtness women was encouraged to form groups. In Kolhapur district 377000 women were engaged in there groups, to be financially independent. The district central Co-operative Bank has provided financial assistance to these groups of Rs. 19.87 crores to 19121 self help groups. The bank has also provided finance to 1760 self help groups of below poverty line of Rs. 13.23 carors. The life standard of women has improved due to this financial help. 4.9 Co-operative Sector: Kolhapur district has shown an example of co-operation in the historical period. The ancient Watekari and Fund system are the origins of cooperative movement by farmers. The Mnshtifund system of collective grains for the needy people during the off seasons is also found in Kolhapur district. The existing Bhishi system is also an example of the co-operative movement in the district. Rajarshi Shahu has implemented the law of cooperative in 1912-13. The Urban cooperative Credit Society is the first co-operative society in Kolhapur district, later on it was converted into Urban Cooperative Bank. The cooperative law of 1925 was implemented in Kolhapur district in 1927, when there were 32 cooperative societies were existing in the district. The cooperative movement established by R.B.I. was spread into district within eight years. The Farmer s cooperative Organization established in 1939 worked for the sale and purchase of agricultural products. The district cooperative Bank of Kolhapur, the supporter of co-operative sector was established in 1938. The branches of the bank opened in rural areas of Kolhapur district contributed a lot for the development of cooperative sector.

Table No. 14 : The co-operative societies in Kolhapur district Sr. No. Name of the Co-operative Society Numbers 1 Kolhapur District central co-operative Bank 1 2 Primary famer co-operative Society 1504 3 Anya dhanya Bank 16 4 Primary Urban Co-operative Bank 62 5 Employment Co-operative Credit Society 294 6 Market Committee 51 7 Process Co-operative Society 64 8 Urban Co-operative Credit Society 2158 9 Co-operative Farmer Society 15 10 Co-operative Water Suppliers Society 541 11 Khadi Co-operative Society 15 12 Electrical Co-operative Society 318 13 Industrial Co-operative Society 119 14 Industrial Vasahat Society 17 15 Consumer Co-operative Society 291 16 House Construction Co-operative Society 94 17 Labor Co-operative Society 94 18 Co-operative Sugar Factories 18 19 Vinkari Co-operative Society 47 20 Transport Co-operative Society 64 21 Milk Product Co-operative Society 2755 22 Co-operative Fishing Society 22 23 Co-operative Poultry Society 67 24 Co-operative Animal Society 271 25 Other Co-operative Societies 175 Total 9153 Source : http/info.kolhapur world.com/kolhapur cooperative html. 4.9.1 Co-operative Sugar Industry:

The first sugar factory in Kolhapur district was established in 1958-59 at Bhogawati. The Sugar industry plays a vital role in the economic, political and social development of the district. The great leaders of the cooperative movements Maharshi Tatyasaheb Kore, Dadasaheb Patil, Ratnappa Kumbhar, D. S. Narake have contributed a lot for the development movement of cooperative sector in the district. There are 18 co-operative sugar factories in the district including first women s cooperative sugar factory in the district including first women s cooperative sugar factory in the Asia continent Tamoboli in Bhudargad Tehsil of district. There are 3.18 lacks of member of these cooperative sugar factories. The cooperative sugar industry has provided financial support to the farmers in the village. The sugar industries also hasits impact on the politics and economics of the district. Table No. 15 : List of Co-operative sugar Factories in Kolhapur district. Sr. No. Name of the Factory Location 1 Udya Singh Gaikwad Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Shahuwadi Sonvade 2 Varna Varnanagar Panhala 3 Datt Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Asrle-parle Hatkangle 4 Panchganga Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd.Echalkarangi Hatkangle 5 Jawar Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Huppari Hatkangle 6 Sharad Farmer Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Narnde Hatkangle 7 Datt Farmer Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Shirol Shirol 8 Bhogawati Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Parite Karveer 9 Kumbha kasari Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Kudige Karveer 10 Chh. Rajaram Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Kasba Bavada Karveer 11 D. Y. Patil Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Vesarf Gaganbawada 12 Sadashivrao Mandalik Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Kagal Hamidwada 13 Chh. Shahu Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Kagal Kagal 14 Dhudhaganga Vedganga Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Kagal Bidri 15 Indira Mahila Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Tamboli Bhudrgad 16 Ajra Farmer Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Gavase Ajara

17 Gadhinglaj Tahasil Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Harali Gadhinglag 18 Daolat Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Halkarni Chandgad Total 18 Out of the above mentioned sugar industries, the industries located at Bhogawati, Kumbhi, Daulat, Datta (Shirol), warana and Shahu have started their own distilleries for alcohol manufacturing. The units at Jawahar and Shahu has started the Project of electricity generation, near about 60% of the population of the district are the stake holders of co-operative sugar industry. There is a direct impact of this co-operative sector on the social, economic, educational and political scenario of the district. 4.9.2 Co-operative Dairy Industry : The co-operative Dairy industries in the district have been proved as one of the supportive occupation to Agriculture. There were two different pictures in the district, there were some people who are waiting for the milk and on the other hand some milk producers were waiting for the customers. The cooperative dairy industry has given solution to both the problems. A landless agricultural labour and a landlord, both are connected with the dairy industry. The annual transaction out of dairy industry has given solution to both the problems. The annual transaction out of dairy industry in the district is more than 1000 carores. It is the second largest industry next to sugar industry in the district. Gokul Sahakari Dudh Sangh and Warana Sahakari Dudh Sangh are the largest co-operative dairy units in the district. In addition to these, there are near about 3988 co-operative dairy units in the district collecting and processing milk. 4.9.3 District Central Cooperative Bank : There are 207 branches of K.D.C.C. Bank in the district. 1697 cooperative organization and 710 individual are the members of K.D.C.C. Bank. The share capital of the bank is Rs. 92.8 lack and the working capital is Rs. 20.57 corers. Deposits in the bank is of 15.93 corers and the bank has provided short term, medium term and long term loan of Rs. 88.3 lacs, 508 lacs and 7.5 corers respectively. The data collected in table No. 4.5 and 4.6 clearly shows the wide-spread co-operative sector in the district. There is no even a single village without a cooperative venture. More than

95% of the population in the district is connected with some cooperative movement. The cooperative movement is a remarkable achievement of Kolhapur district. 4.10 District Administration: For the purpose of effective administration, twelve tehsils in the district have beendivided into four revenue divisions. Karveer, Shahuwadi, Ichalkarnji and Gardhiglaj. 1. The tehsils under Karveer Revenue Division are Karveer, Panhala, Shahuwadi and Kagal. 2. The tehsils under Ichalkaranji subdivision are Hatkanangale and Shirol. 3. The tehsils under Gadhinglas revenue division are Gadhiglaj, Chandgad and Ajara. 4. The tehsils in Radhanagri division are Bhudargad, Radhanagri and Ganganbawada. There are 127 villages in the district and out of this 21 villages are without human inhabitant and 18 towns. Table No. 16 : Tehsil wise Urban/Rural area, no to towns and villages and distance from Kolhapur city. Sr.No. Name of tehsils 1 Shahuwadi 2 Panhala 3 Hatkangle 4 Karveer 5 Shirol 6 Gagnbawada 7 Radhanagari Rural urban Area in sq.kms. Total 1043.50 Rural 1041.50 Urban 1041.60 Total 568.80 Rural 566.20 Urban 2.60 Total 609.40 Rural 543.10 Urban 66.30 Total 671.10 Rural 578.10 Urban 93.00 Total 507.90 Rural 480.70 Urban 27.20 Total 279.30 Rural 279.30 Urban 0 Total 892.30 Rural 892.30 No.of villages No. of towns Distance from Kolhapur 133 1 47 130 1 18 58 5 20 125 5-54 2 60 39-48 114-48

Urban 0 Total 547.50 Kagal 8 Rural 506.60 86 2 18 Urban 40.90 Total 644.40 9 Bhudargad Rural 644.40 114-64 Urban 0 Total 548.80 10 Ajara Rural 541.00 96 1 101 Urban 7.80 Total 481.20 11 Gadhinglaj Rural 472.10 91 1 80 Urban 9.10 Total 952.20 12 Chandgad Rural 952.20 156-142 Urban 0 Total 7746.40 Total Rural 7497.60 1196 18 - Urban 248.80 Source Collector & district election officer, Kolhapur District Election Plan 2009 4.11 Political Background of Kolhapur: Indian Freedom Struggle was led by Bhartiya Rashtriya Congress all over India and the small states were also led by Bhartiya Praja Parishad against the British Rule in India. There was a political agent appointed by British Rule as an observer in Kolhapur State, thus it gave secondary place to the king. Rajarshi Shahu died in 1922, after that his son Chatrapati Rajaram was coronated as the King of Kolhapur state, he ruled from 1922 to 1940. The year was the beginning of Gandhian era in Indian Freedom struggle in India. Gandhi visited Kolhapur in 1927 and addressed a large gathering. The Raja Parishad was established in Kolhapur on 6 th Feb, 1939 by Madhavrao Bagal and Ratnappa Kumbhar. The Praja Provishad worked for social welfare and national awareness agains British Rule in India. The existing King of Kolhapur was against the Praja Parishad, he decleard prohibition general meetings and press publication, later on in 1943, Madharao Bagal, the leader of praja Parishad was arrested by the king of Kolhapur. The praja Parishad has played viatal role in Indian Freedom struggle in Kolhapur during 1939 to 1949. The great leaders of praja parishad Madhavrao Bagal, Ratnappa Kumbhar, Dinkarrao Desai, Nanasaheb Jagdale, Ranoba Minche, T. S. Karkhanis, Daulatrao Nikam has their contribution for Indian Freedom struggle in Kolhapur state. In the course of time there was

a difference of opinion between Ratnappa Kumbhar and Madhavrao Bagal. It ultimately resulted in the weakening of the movement in Kolhapur state and as a result of this the Praja Parishad in Kolhapur was aboslished by Ratnappa Kumbhar on 19 th Feb. 1949. The activists of Praja Parishad after it abolition, turned towards different movements like Congress, Socialist movement and Communist movement in pre-independent India. On 2/3 Aug., 1947. Shetakari Kamagar Paksha was established/formed at Alandi and developed in Kolhapur. In the election of 1952, the candidate of Bhartiya Kamgar Paksha got victory and elected though the shetkari Kamgar Paksh is at the declining stage in the state, but it is strong even today in Kolhapur. There is dispute among the congress leaders in Kolhapur. The division of congress at the National level in 1999 also has its impact the Kolhapur district. Today there is impact of both the congress parties in INC and Nationalist Congress in Kolhapur district politics. The other political parties in the district are Shivsena, Indian Communist Party and Marxist Communist Party. Jan Suraja a new political party formed by Vinay Kore has its headquarter at Warana in Kolhapur district. The farmers in district are also under the impact of Shetakari Sanghatana and Raju Shetty s Swabhimani Shetkari Sanghatana. Raju Shetty has the massive public support for a protest against the govt. regarding the prices of sugarcane and Milk. The details of two general Election of 2004 and 2009, voting the elected members of Parliament and Assembly election were shown in the table 4.8 Table No. 17 : Parliamentary Election of 2004 (A) Sr.No. Name of the Total No. of voters voted Constitution Voters Male Female Total Percentage 1 Ichalkaranji 1215059 417168 364013 791181 65.11 2 Kolhapur 1162212 428602 385018 813620 70.01 Total 2377271 845770 749031 1604801 67.51 Table No. 18 : Parliamentary Election of 2009 (B) Sr. Name of the Total No. of voters voted No. Constitution Voters Male Female Total Percentage 3 Hatkanngle 1454889 518058 458714 976772 67.14 4 Kolhapur 1575932 542471 472588 1025059 65.04 Total 3030821 1060529 941302 2001831 66.05

Source : District Election Officer, Office of District Collector, Kolhapur Table No. 19 : Details of Assembly Election 2004 (A) Sr.No. Name of the Total No. of voters voted Constitution Voters Male Female Total Percentage 1 Shirol 236124 91837 82386 174223 73.78 2 Echalkaranji 264467 97020 85785 183805 61.12 3 Wadgaw 218553 83116 73678 156794 71.74 4 Shahuwadi 171070 71054 70938 141992 83.00 5 Panhala 160412 68142 66968 135110 84.33 6 Sangarul 194456 86295 78363 164658 84.88 7 Radhanagari 198668 79767 76253 156020 78.53 8 Kolhapur 217736 75797 65886 141683 65.07 9 Karveer 258178 101377 92461 193838 78.08 10 Kagal 183059 81923 79623 161546 88.25 11 Gadhinglaj 177008 65571 68419 133990 75.70 12 Chandgad 179187 70670 75741 146411 81.71 Total 2458938 972569 916501 1889070 76.82 Source, District Election Officer, Office of District Collector, Kolhapur Table No. 20 : Details of Assembly Election 2009 (B) Sr.No. Name of the Total No. of voters voted Constitution Voters Male Female Total Percentage 1 Shirol 254606 99390 28359 187749 73.74 2 Echalkaranji 261436 97442 85557 182999 70.00 3 Shahuwadi 240728 98310 94856 193166 80.24 4 Radhanagari 279337 107813 103689 211502 75.72 5 Kolhapur(w) 275565 91175 91050 190225 69.03 6 Kolhapur (E) 265753 81880 70043 151923 57.17 7 Karveer 257866 114260 121308 215568 83.60 8 Kagal 275921 113448 111571 225019 81.55 9 Chandgad 263518 101896 104860 206756 78.46 Total 2651137 1017618 941897 1959475 73.91

Source : District Election Officer, Office of District Collector, Kolhapur

Table No. 21 : Members of parliaments 2004 (A) Sr. No. Name Constitution Voters Political Party 1 Sou. Nivedeeta Mane Echalkaranji Rashtrawadi Congress 2 Sadashivrao Mandlik Kolhapur Rashtrawadi Congress Sr. No. 22 : Members of parliaments 2009 (B) Sr. No. Name Constitution Voters Political Party 1 Raju Shetti Hatkangle Swabhimani Party 2 Sadashivrao Mandlik Kolhapur Rashtrawadi Congress Table No. 23 : List of Assembly M.L.A. Oct. 2004 Sr. No. Name of MLA Constitution Political Party 1 Raju Shetti Shirol Swabhimani Party 2 Prakash Awade Echalkaranji Congress 3 Rajiv Awale Vadgaw Jansurajya Party 4 Satyajit Patil Shahuwadi Shiv Sena 5 Vinaya kore Gaganbawada Jansurajya Party 6 P. N. Patil Sangrula Congress 7 K. P. Patil Radhanagari Congress 8 Chh. Malojiraje Kolhapur Congress 9 Satej / Banti Patil Karveer Congress 10 Hasan Mushrif Kagal Rashtrawadi Congress 11 Babasaheb Kupekar Gadhinglaj Rashtrawadi Congress 12 Narshingrao G. Patil Chandgad Jansurajya Party Source: District Election Officer, Office of District Collector, Kolhapur 4.12 Education in the district: In the ancient history, Kolhapur was famous was famous as Dakshin Kashi. The ancient Sanskrit literature has nourished in Kolhapur. There were number of Ved Pathashalas teaching the ancient Sanskrit writing like Yajurved, Rugveda, Vyakaran, Nayaya, Sahitya Shastra, Kayva, Jyotisha and Vedant. There were number of teaching communities in Kolhapur who were the

experts in ancient Sanskrit literature. Before the reign of Rajarshi Shahu, there were four Marathi Medium Schools located at Kolhapur, Panhala, Alate and Shirol. In 1851, the first English medium school was opened in Kolhapur and in 1867 the primary school was extended as an high school. There were revolutionary changes in the educational scenario of Kolhapur after 1894, i.e. the coronation of Rajashri Shahu as the King of Kolhapur State. The financial weakness was the only problem of masses to keep them deprived of education. Rajashree Shahu, a great revolutionary who had the keen interest in the welfare of the unprevilaged classes opened first school in Kolhapur and it was financed by the state of Kolhapur. Rajarshi Shahu was of the firm belief that providing education to his subjects in the responsibility of the King. In 1997, he made the primary education as mandatory for the children below the age of 14 years. It was the beginning of a new era in the National history of India. Rajashri Shahu opened 22 hostels in Kolhapur state to provide lodging and boarding to the students belonging to different castes. He opened castewise hostels like Maratha Hostel, Lingayat Hostel, Muslim Hostel, Jain Hostel, Sonar Hostel and Chambhar Hostel for the students belonging to the particular castes in the state. As a result of this, students from the entire country were attracted at Kolhapur for education. Education was now under the patron hood of the king, ultimately it flourished and nourished in Kolhapur state and Kolhapur come forward as one of the best centre of education in India. Alike Rajarshi Shahu, his son Chatrapati Shahu has taken all the care of education in the state. The contemporary educationist, thinkers and philosophers, supported the kings for the sake of education in the Kolhapur state, among them the notable are Rakhamabai Kelkar, Vasudev Topkhane, Dikshit Guruji, Kramaveer Dr. Bhaurao Patil, Dr. Appasaheb Pawar, Bapuji Solunkhe, Dr. D. T. Patil Dr.. J. P. Naik etc. were the pioneers of education. There is a vast development of education in Kolhapur at all the level like primary, secondary, higher secondary, Graduate, Post Graduate and at the Research Level, in the post independent India of last sixty years. 4.12.1 School Education: According to the survey of 2005-2006, there were 2150 primary, 667 Secondary & 125 higher secondary schools in the district. The total numbers of students were 6.9 lacks, out of this 55% of the students were of primary education, 29% of students were of secondary education

and remaining 16% of the students were at higher secondary level. The 80% students of primary education were found in the schools run by Local Governing Agencies and 99% of student of secondary level were in the schools run by private organizations. Table No. 24 : Primary and Secondary Schools in Kolhapur District Sr.No. Year Primary Schools Secondary Schools 1 1952-53 945 40 2 1963-64 1704 169 3 1973-74 1883 235 4 1983-84 1930 253 5 2005-2006 2150 667 Source: Maharashtra Gazetteer Kolhapur district, 1989 4.12.2 Higher Education: Shivaji University Kolhapur was established on 18 th Nov. 1962. It was the land mark in the educational history of Kolhapur. The first vice-chancellor Dr. Appasaheb Pawar started Earn and learn scheme in the university especially for the students of weaker section who came from the rural background. There are 34 post graduate departments in the university campus. The university also provides education through the distance mode and Adults. There are 248 college in the region affiliated to Shivaji University Kolhapur. Now a day s numbers of private organizations are coming forward in the field of education and turn very useful in the course of time. 4.13 Importance of Education : There is a close relationship between education and society. The events and affairs of the contemporary age have an impact on the day-today life. The age long traditions, rituals, values, faith and standards also gives an impact on the human life. There are number of historical changes that took place in social, religious, cultural, economic and educational life of India, we may find the roots of these changes in the ancient times. Thus the social change is one of the important factors for the scientific study. The ancient Sanskrit saying, Sa Vidya Ya Vimuktaye Nahi Dnyan Sadrusham Pavitramih Vidyate represents the importance and significance of education. The nations who realized the importance of education are only marching ahead today.

4.14 Educational Changes: For thousands of years, Indian masses were the victims of ignorance. The basic cause of misery in their life was their ignorance. The education, in India was considered as the right of elites/forward castes and the masses were kept deprived of education. The history in India turned upside down and resulted in a change, a social change took place. 4.14.1 Education Before the British Rule in India : In India, before the British Rule, the educational institutions were very rare, and they were of private ownership. The rulers never considered themselves responsible for the came of education. The education provided by the Hindu Pathashalas was traditional education, they use to teach Maths, Grammar, Philosophy, logic, ancient Sanskrit literature and astrology. Sanskrit was the medium of instruction and in madarsa the condition was the same, the difference was only of medium in Madarsas it was either Urdu or Arabi. In the ancient time the purpose of education was not the personality development of mankind, it was not to bring awareness about the external world it was only for the sake of providing ancient traditional knowledge. The primary education was given for the day to day transaction and higher education was religious and philosophic in nature. Education before the British Rule in India was limited for a category of people. It was specially for Brahmins, Kings and princess the rich people and elite classes. The education was not the right of masses the unprivileged classes, they were kept deprived of education up to the Britishers arrival in India. 4.14.2 Education in India, During The British Rule : The British Rule established in India at the beginning of 19 th century. It brought drastic changes in the Indian social life. In the history of India, number of forgein political rulers, rolled India but there was no much impact of the foreign rulers on Indian life, The British Rule in India has charges the frame of Indian Social life. The educational changes brought by the British Rule in India equally brought a drastic change in Indian social life. The modern education system was started in India by the British Rule. As a result of it both the rulers and the ruled were equally benefited and it helped to bring a social change in Indian life.

The public education system came into existence in India during the British Rule. There were charges in the system of education from tradition to modern. Now education was not the right of a group of people only. But it was now open for each and everybody apart of his caste, class and religion. The political rulers before the British Rule were not ready to accept the responsibility of education of subject, but East India Company for the first time in India accepted the responsibility of education with consent from the British Parliament. Even before the East India Company, the Christian Missionaries in India were working for the Promotion and Propaganda of Public education in India. The Britishers were in need of clerks in India for their administration and also they were in need of skilled salesman to sell the goods manufactured in England and being sold in India. It was the basic purpose of British Rule to provide education to native Indians. Apart from it they were the true lovers of knowledge. Whatever may be the purpose of British Rule, but they led the foundation of modern education in India. 4.14.3 Development of Modern Education in India : Education is the powerful medium of social change. Education was the beginning of modernization in India. The modern education in the begining of renaissance in India. The British Rulers have changed the age long Indian way of life. The Indian Renaissance thinkers were impressed by the new British way of life and they realized the need of it. The education, modern way of life and the material progress are the result of modern education. The Indian social activists, thinkers and Philosophers traced the need of Modern Education and make persuasion to open new educational institution in India during the British Rule. It was the beginning of modern education in India. 4.14.4 Educational Development of Education in Kolhapur District: Kolhapur district is a significant place in the religious, social, political, literary, cultural and educational life of Maharashtra state. Kolhapur district has tremendous contribution in the development of social life of the state of Maharashtra Kolhapur is popularly known as Shakti Peeth and Dharma Peeth of Maharashtra, and also known as Dakshin Kashi. Tradition of teaching and learning of ancient knowledge is one of the specialities of Kolhapur district. Rajarshi Shahu, the king who had keen interest in the well being of the people and who got a prominent place in the development of Modern Maharashtra. He worked to bring

education, Social and economic awareness among the people of his state. Before Rajarshi Shahu s Coronation on the king, it was highly difficult to get even a single youth in the backward community, who had completed his education up to Matriculation. The masses and backward communities were the rictims it ignorance and superstition. Education was only the right of brahimins and some other rich people Brahimins was the dominant community in the education from, ages in India and the massen were leading the life of ignorance and poverty. Chatrapati Shahu has ignited the lamp of knowledge in the dark life of the unprestiaged classes at large He provided free primary to higher education to the subjects of his state. Eucation is the source of desired prosperity. Chatrapati shahu a king who is aware of the well being of the subjects ruled his state very successfully. He provided education to the rural masses to bring desired changes in their personality, He provided free and mandatory primary education to masses He had truly popularized and prapogated education in the state of Kolhapur. After the death of Rajarshi Shahu, his son Rajaram was coroneted as the king of Kolhapur on 31 may, 1922, a like his father he also worked for the well being of masses and provided them free and mandatory primary to higher education in the state of Kolhapur. Zilla Parishad Kolhapur was established in 1962. The educational administration was now the responsibility of Z. P. In the urban region the responsibility was taken by the Municipal corporation and Municipal Councils.. As per the statutes of Maharashtra Zilla Parishads and Panchayat Samitee s the power were given to these organizations to inspect the schools. In addition to Z. P. There are numbers of N.G. O. S. who are working in the field of education. 4.15 Geographical Location of Ajara,Gadhiglaj and Chandgad. Kolhapur is the rich district. The three tehsils selected for the present study are located in the southern region of district. The irrigation facility for agriculture is available throughout the year in this region and ultimately the region has a good crop yield. Total numbers of villages including three tehsils are 349 (Ajara 99, Gadhinglas 93, Chandgad 157). The geographical area of the region selected for study is 1982.18 Sq. Km. (Ajara 548.74 Sq. Km., Gadhinglaj 480.92 Sq. Km., Chandgad 952.74 Sq. Km.) and the population is 4,63,765 (Ajara 4,06,425, Gadhinglaj 1,97,600 and Chandgad 1,59,740). The eastern portion presents a relatively plain area where as to western part has varied topography with narrow basin and small hills the western and southern boundary of the region is delimited by Western Ghats

Table 25 : Chandgad, Ajara & Gadhinglas Tahsil : At a Glance Sr. Details Aspects No. Chandgad Ajara Gadhinglas 1 Climate 18.5 Min. Temp. 30.0 Max. Temp. 18.5 Min. Temp. 30.0 Max. Temp. 18.5 Min. Temp. 30.0 Max. temp. 2 Forest Area 22747.11 Hec. 15768.75 Hec. 1791.61 Hec. 3 Agriculture Area 53,97,153 Hec. 40,50,142 1009,21 Hec. Hec. 4 Density of Population 188 / Sq. Km. 218 / Sq. Km. 446 / Sq. Km. 5 Literacy 66.7 80.7 Male 53.3 Female 69.4 82.6 Male 57.5 Female 71.8 84.0 Male 60.1 Female 6 Temperature 13.1 0 C Min. 35.5 0 C Max. 13.1 0 C Min. 35.5 0 C Max. 13.1 0 C Min. 35.5 0 C Max. 7 Sex Ratio (M/F) 1000/1033 1000/1082 1000/1016 8 Villages 157 99 93 9 Rainfall 2700 Mm. 3140 Mm. 965 Mm. Historical Background Ajara and Gadhinglas are the two tehsils, which are included in Kolhapur district, even before the reign of Rajarshi Shahu, so there is well impact of Rajarshi Shahu as a ruler on these two tehsils. Gadhinglas and Ajara tehsils have a glorious historical tradition. There was historic Devdashi Movement that took place in the historical timings. The historical forts Samangarh, Godargardh, Hargapurgarh, Pargarh, Kalanandigarh and Gandharvgarh are located in this region and they are in good condition. Chatrapati Shivaji visited this region. There is the Samadhi of Prataprao Gujar in this region. Chandgarh was the part of Belgaon district up to 1956. It was only the Marathi speaking tehsil in Belgaon district, and thus remained neglected by the Karnataka state. Chandgarh is

geographically prosperous tehsil, but it remained educationally backward. In 1956, on 1 st November, Chandgarh was included in Kolhapur district. All the three tehsils have literary significance as the great Marathi writers are from this region like Shivaji Sawant and Ranjeet Desai. These three tehsils have a rich history. Social and Cultural Activities In Chandgarh, Ajara and Gadhinglas Tehsil, people belonging to different castes, cultures and religion are living together happily. There are socio-cultural organizations like Bhajani Mandals, play groups, Rotary Club, Lion s Club, Friends Club and Mahila Atyachar Nirmulan Samitee working efficiently and effectively for the purpose for which they have formed. Traditional festivals were celebrated in a secular way. The festivals like Navratri, Rawalnath Mahotsav, Ganesh Utsav, Yatra Utsav, Holi, Deepawali, Nagpanchami, Pola, Id-Ul-Fitra, Ambedkar Jayanti, Shiv Jayanti, Buddha Pornima etc. are celebrated together traditionally by the people belonging to different castes and religions. Educational Background There are number of schools and colleges in the selected area of study. The colleges located are Shivaji College, Dr. Ghali College, Omkar College and Women s College in Gadhinglas tehsil, Ajara College in Ajara, R. B. Madkholkar College, Y. C. College and Arts College in Chandgarh tehsil. The N. G. O s like Khedut Shikshan Santha, founded by the great visionary R. B. Madhkholkar in 1953 is working efficiently for the cause of education in the region. It is working specially in the rural area for rural students. As the concept of Global village, picking up momentum, the world is facing tremendous changes in the English language today. In this changing scenario, the role of teachers, teaching English language, assumes more significant, thus the role of English teachers has become more challenging to face the changing scenario for the better future of students. The importance of English, as a language is increasing day by day, but on the other hand the teaching of English in the Marathi medium schools located in the area selected for the study is found incapable of facing the contemporary challenges. English teachers, teaching in Marathi schools are far behind the challenges to face. Table 26: Educational Background