Important Periods during the Age of Discovery Renaissance (1300 1600 CE) A period in European history during which renewed interests in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in arts, learning, and worldly views. Early Modern Age (1500 1800 CE) The period in world history when European expansion and rebirth of knowledge cause the development of new colonies, strong centralized governments, and the early formation of nation-states. Age of Discovery (1418 1778 CE) A period in world history when Europeans engaged in or Age of Exploration extensive exploration, improvements in navigation, and direct contacts with people in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Oceania, resulting in the establishment of colonial settlements and alternate trade routes around the globe. Commercial Revolution (1520 1820 CE) A period in European history when the expansion of trade caused a growth in towns, business and banking that transformed the world and developed the ideologies of mercantilism and capitalism between European markets and the New World. Reformation (1530 1700 CE) A period in European history when secular views and dissatisfaction with the practice of the Catholic Church (ie: Simony and Indulgences) promoted the establishment of new Christian Churches that rejected Papal Authority in Europe. Elizabethan Age (1558 1603 CE) A period considered the Golden Age of English History when the height of the English Renaissance promoted literature, poetry, the arts, theater, and the protestant reformation in England. Also marked by the great struggle Anglo-Spanish war between England and Spain. Important Groups during the Age of Discovery African Civilizations (300 C.E. 1500 C.E.): 1. Nok (West Africa s earliest known cultural group located in the area of modern Nigeria) 2. Bantu (A term meaning The People used to describe the various tribal groups who had a common language and migrated from the Sub-Saharan region around Nigeria to other parts of Africa) 3. Griot (West African storytellers who were responsible for maintaining the Oral History of their tribe and passing it on from generation to generation) 4. Swahili (Eastern African language group created by the mixing of Bantu and Arabic dialects to promote trade between East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula)
Important Groups during the Age of Discovery Groups of the Muslim World (800 C.E. 1500 C.E.) 1. Berbers (Indigeneous People of the Trans-Saharan Region who adopted the Islamic faith) 2. Tuareg (Pastoral Berber tribal group that dominate trade along the Trans-Sahara Trade Routes) 3. Almoravid (Berber group of Muslim reformers in the region of Mauritania who established an empire around 1100 C.E.) 4. Almohads (Berber group of Muslim reformers in the region of Morocco who seized power from the Almoravids in the mid-1100 s) 5. Hausa (Bantu speaking tribe united by their common dialect who established powerful citystates in the region of Nigeria) 6. Yoruba (Bantu speaking tribe united by their common dialect who established small city-states in the forests of the modern countries of Benin and Nigeria) 7. Ottomans (Descendents of the Seljuk Turks who established a Muslim Empire in Anatolia around 1300 C.E. under the leadership of Osman or Othman) 8. Samarkand (Nomadic Warrior tribe from the Asia Steppe regions around the Caspian Sea who invaded Persia, India, and Anatolia under the leadership of Timur the Lame) 9. Janissaries (Elite force of Muslim Warriors within the Ottoman Empire) 10. Ghazis (Term used to describe Warriors for Islam within the Ottoman Empire) Groups in Asia (1000 C.E. 1600 C.E.) 1. Mughals (Descendents of the nomadic Mongols & Samarkand who established an Empire in India) 2. Sikhs (Non-violent religious group in India who practiced elements of Hinduism and Sufism) 3. Ming (Powerful Chinese Dynasty that established vassal states in Korea and Southeast Asia between 1368 1644 C.E., whose Emperor s became known as Empire Builders) 4. Manchus (People from the Northern region of China known as Manchuria who invaded the Ming In 1644 C.E.) 5. Qing (Chinese name adopted by the Manchu when they established their own Dynasty) 6. Tokugawa (Dominant Japanese family of Samurai Warriors who gained control of Japan as Shogun in 1600 C.E.) Groups of the New World (1400 C.E. 1800 C.E.) 1. Aztec (Native tribal group who established an early Empire located in the Valley of Southern Mexico near modern Mexico City and were conquered by Hernando Cortez in 1521 C.E.) 2. Inca (Native tribal group who established an early Empire located in the Andes Mountains of South America and were conquered by Francisco Pizzaro by 1533 C.E.) 3. Mayans (A Native tribal group who lived in Southern Mexico and Northern Central-America from 200 B.C.E. to 900 C.E.) 4. Conquistadores (Spanish Explorers who conquered & claim most of Central & South America for Spain) 5. Pilgrims (Colonists who established a colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts in order to Escape Religious Persecution in England) 6. Puritans (Colonists who established a colony near Massachusetts Bay in order to Escape Religious Persecutions from the Anglican Church) Movement of Ideas during the Age of Discovery Major Social, Political & Economic Movements during the Age of Discovery (1500 1800 C.E.) 1. Renaissance (The Rebirth of Classical Learning that spread from Italy across Western Europe between the mid-1400 s to late 1800 s due to trade and the development of new worldly values) 2. Reformation (Changes in the Christian Church brought about by the new worldly views of the Renaissance and Persistent Dissatisfaction with Church Power & Authority since the Crusades)
Movement of Ideas during the Age of Discovery Major Social, Political & Economic Movements during the Age of Discovery (1500 1800 C.E.) 3. Exploration (New Age of Curiosity and Discovery promoted by ideas of the Renaissance, new Navigational tools and inventions, and the European desire to find new trade routes to India and the Spice Islands following the end of the Crusades) 4. Scientific Revolution (Period when Scientific thought was promoted by the new ideas of the Renaissance allowing for new developments in physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology, and human anatomy between 1520 1720 C.E.) 5. The Enlightenment (A period in Western philosophy when intellectual, scientific, and cultural life was centered on the ideas of reason as the primary source for legitimacy and authority in all things between the 1630 s and the 1820 s) 6. Colonization (Period when European Nations began Empire Building by obtaining new lands in the America s, Africa, and Asia for settlement and economic gains between the 16 th and 19 th Centuries) 7. Columbian Exchange (The Global transfer of foods, plants, animals, and diseases during the colonization of the Americas between the 16 th and 19 th Centuries that brought the Eastern and Western Hemisphere s closer together and affected nearly everyone in the world) 8. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (A major economic network developed for buying and selling Africans for work in the Americas between the 15 th and 19 th centuries, which ultimately transported nearly 9.5 million African and killed nearly 2 million at sea) History Makers during the Age of Discovery Renaissance Men (1300 C.E. 1600 C.E.) (Italians) 1. Leonardo De Vinci (Painter, Sculptor, Inventor Create the Mona Lisa, Last Supper) 2. Michelangelo Buonarroti (Painter, Sculptor, Architect Statue of David, Sistine Chapel) 3. Rafael Sanzio (Painter and Architect School of Athens, Wedding of the Virgin) 4. Donatello de Betto Bardi (Artist, Painter, Sculptor Bronze Statue of David, St. George Statue) 5. Niccolo Machiavelli (Philosopher & Writer Father of Political Thought - The Prince) 6. Baldassare Castiglione (Courtier, Diplomat, Soldier The Courtier) 7. Dante Alighieri (Author and Poet The Divine Comedy) (Non-Italians) 8. William Shakespeare (English Author and Poet Romeo & Juliet, Hamlet, Othello) 9. Geoffrey Chaucer (English Author and Poet Book of the Duchess, Canterbury Tales) 10. Thomas More (English Philosopher & Author Utopia) 11. Johann Gutenberg (German Inventor Printing Press and the Gutenberg Bible) 12. Jan van Eyck (Flemish Painter The Madonna of Chancellor Rolin) Leaders of the Reformation (1400 C.E. 1600 C.E.) 1. Martin Luther (German Monk, Wrote the 95 Thesis, Influenced Protestant Reformation) 2. John Calvin (Student of Law, Published the Institutes of the Christian Religion, Believed in Predestination and Theocratic Governments, Lead Reformation in Reformation) 3. John Knox (Scottish Preacher who promoted Church Leadership by a group of Elders) 4. Ignatius of Loyola (Catholic who Published Spiritual Exercises and formed a Society of Jesus known as the Jesuits to create Schools, Missions, and Covert people) 5. Henry VIII (King of England who opposed Power of the Pope in England and sparked a Reformation by creating the Church of England) 6. Elizabeth I (Queen of England who created the Anglican Church to try and reduce Conflict in England between Protestants and Catholics)
History Makers during the Age of Discovery WORLD HISTORY Islamic Leaders of the Golden Age (1300 C.E. 1700 C.E.) 1. Osman / Othman (Ghazis warrior who established the Ottoman Empire and became Sultan) 2. Timur the Lame (Nomadic Leader from Samarkand who Temporarly halted Ottoman Expansion) 3. Mehmed II (Ottoman Sultan who Conquered the Byzantine Capital of Constantinople) 4. Suleyman the Lawgiver (Ottoman Sultan who Expanded the Ottoman Empire north to Russia and created a Consolidated Code of Laws) 5. Ismail (12 year old warrior leader who created the Safavid Empire and became Shah) 6. Abbas the Great (Safavid ruler who led Empire into Golden Age through Cultural Blending) 7. Babur (11 year old warrior leader who created the Mughal Empire in India) 8. Akbar (Mughal ruler who led Empire into Golden Age through Culutral Blending) 9. Shah Juhan (Mughal ruler who directed the building of the Taj Mahal dedicated to his wife) Famous Explorers (1400 C.E. 1800 C.E.) 1. Prince Henry of Portugal (Developed the Navigation School to Promote Exploration) 2. Bartolomeu Diaz (First Portuguese Explorer to sail around the tip of Africa) 3. Vasco da Gama (First Portuguese Explorer to reach Calicut in India) 4. Zheng He (Chinese Muslim Admiral who led Seven Voyages to India, Africa, and Arabia with a fleet of 300 ships) 5. Christopher Columbus (Discovered the Caribbean Islands while trying to find a western route to India) 6. Hernando Cortez (Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Aztecs) 7. Francisco Pizarro (Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Incas) Native America Leaders (1500 C.E. 1600 C.E.) 1. Montezuma II (Aztec Emperor who was defeated by the Spanish under Hernando Cortez) 2. Atahualpa (Incan Ruler who Captured and Killed by the Spanish under Francisco Pizarro) 3. Pachacutec (Incan Ruler who expanded the Empire to include the city of Cuzco and the mountain location of Manchu Pichu) Governance During the Age of Discovery The Muslim World (1300 C.E. 1700 C.E.): 1. Sultan ( Overlord or Ruler who was the One with Power within the Ottoman Empire) 2. Sultanate (Major Territory controlled by a Muslim ruler of the Ottoman or Mughal Empires) 2. Shah (The hereditary ruler of the Safavid Empire and early Afghanistan) MesoAmerica and South America (250 C.E. 1500 C.E.): 1. City-States (An urbanized area and its surrounding territory that functions as an independent political unit with its own ruler) 2. Triple Alliance (The unification of the three city-states of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan that established the Aztec Empire) Spanish America (1400 C.E. 1800 C.E.): 1. Colony (A Territory in a foreign land under the immediate political control of another kingdom, State, or nation) 2. Viceroy (A Royal Official who governs over a colony, province, country, or state as a Representative of a Monarch) 3. Viceroyalty (A Territory, colony, province, country, or state ruled by a Royal Representative of a Monarch)
Military Conflicts During the Age of Discovery Conflicts during the Early Modern Age (1500 1800 CE): Reconquista (1400-1492 C.E.) Conflict in Spain between Catholics and Muslims over control of the Iberian Peninsula. This was a continuation of several earlier efforts to push the Muslims out of Spain and led to efforts like the Spanish Inquisition, to get rid of all non-christian influences in Spain. Spanish Conquest of America (circa 1500-1600 C.E.) During the Age of Exploration and global expansion the Spanish sent military soldiers known as Conquistadores to the America s to conquer the native Indian empires. As a result, military campaigns against the Aztecs and Incas were led by Hernando Cortez and Francisco Pizzaro. Social Classes During the Age of Discovery Spanish America (1400 C.E. 1800 C.E.) UPPER CLASS 1. Spaniards (People born in Spain who only visited the American Colonies and returned home) 2. Peninsulares (People of the Spanish Colonies who were born in Spain but settled in America) MIDDLE CLASS 3. Creoles (People Born in the Spanish Colonies who s parents were both born in Spain) LOWER CLASS 4. Mestizo (People of the Spanish Colonies who were of mixed Spanish and Indian Descent) 5. Mulattos (People of the Spanish Colonies who were of mixed European and African Descent) 6. Slaves (People of Native Indian or African Descent forced to work as laborers for the Spanish) Religious Beliefs during the Age of Discovery Europe (1200 C.E. 1800 C.E.): 1. Gutenberg Bible (The first Bible to be mass produced on the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg during the Renaissance) 2. Reformation (Period of major changes in the traditional practices of the Christian Church that created many new Christian Churches in Europe) 3. 95 Thesis (Document written by Martin Luther outlining the problems with certain practices in the Catholic Church) 4. Indulgences (The act of providing a pardon for sins in exchange for a monetary donation to the Catholic Church Intended to raise money to build St. Peter s Basilica in Rome) 5. Lutherans (The followers of Martin Luther s teachings who formed their own church in Europe) 6. Papal Bull (A Decree issued by the Pope) 7. Diet of Worms (The formal Church Tribunal or Trial of Martin Luther on the charges of Heresy and Blasphemy held in the German city of Worms) 8. Protestants (Christians where noble princes and their followers who protested against the Catholic Churches authority to put people on trial and banish them from the church) 9. Peace of Augsburg (Agreement signed in 1555 allowing the rulers of each kingdom to decide what Christian Religion their kingdom would adopt signed in the city of Augsburg) 10. Annul (The act, reserved by the Pope s authority, to set aside a marriage to make it void) 11. Anglican (The Church of England established by Queen Elizabeth, which combined practices from both the Catholic and Protestant religions, with the intent of ending religion conflict) 12. Calvinism (A Religion established during the Reformation based on the ideas of Predestination and Theocracy taught by John Calvin) 13. Predestination (Ideology promoted by John Calvin that God chooses a very few people to saw and already decided who was to be saved)
Religious Beliefs during the Age of Discovery Europe (1200 C.E. 1800 C.E.) - Cont: WORLD HISTORY 14. Theocracy (Ideology supported by John Calvin that governments should be greatly influenced, or even led, by religious leaders and/or guidelines) 15. Presbyterians (A Religion established during the Reformation by John Knox in Scotland based on the idea that the Church Community should be governed by a group of laymen called elders) 16. Anabaptists (A Religion established during the Reformation that promoted baptism at birth and rebaptism at adulthood and taught that church and state should be separate) 17. Huguenots (The members of a Protestant Religion established in France during the Reformation) 18. Jesuits (Members of the Society of Jesus established as a Catholic order in 1540 as an effort to counter the Protestant reformation and preserve the Catholic Church through education and conversion) 19. Council of Trent (Conference of Catholic Bishops and Cardinals held in the Italian city of Trent in an effort to reform the Catholic Church) The Muslim World (1300 C.E. 1700 C.E.): 1. Ghazis (An Turkic term used to describe Turkish warriors for Islam) 2. Taj Mahal (Burial Tomb or Memorial dedicated to Mumtaz Mahal, wife of Shah Jahan of India) Spanish America (1400 C.E. 1800 C.E.): 1. Treaty of Tordesillas (An agreement established by Pope Alexander VI setting boundaries for exploration and conquest between Spain and Portugal to prevent possible armed conflict in the New World) 2. Conquistadores (Spanish Soldiers and Explorers given authority by the Monarchy and Church in Rome to spread the influences of Spain and the Catholic Church throughout the New World By the Book or By the Sword. ) Colonial North America (1650 C.E. 1800 C.E.) 1. Pilgrims (Colonists who settled in Massachusetts after being persecuted for their Religious beliefs in England) 2. Puritans (Colonists who settled in Massachusetts after being persecuted by the Anglican Church in England) 3. Huguenots (Colonists who settled in Carolina and Georgia after being persecuted for their Religious beliefs in France and the Netherlands)