Do Now 1. Try and define the term religion. 2. How is the cultural landscape marked by religion? Think of obvious and subtle ways.
Do Now The cultural landscape is marked by religion- most obviously by churches and mosques, cemeteries and shrines statues and symbols. There are other, more subtle markers too, such as the presence or absence of stores selling alcohol Also, religion is proclaimed through modes of dress, and personal habits. The Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1991 proclaimed that the growing of a beard would be a sign of the appointment of judges.
Why let them collapse? Why not tear them down?
Religion and Language lie at the foundation of culture. Like languages, religions are constantly changing Interaction among people can cause one language to become extinct and another to thrive. The same is true for religions, where interaction can sometimes lead to conversion. Conversion, migration, missionary efforts and conquest
Universalizing religions Seek to appeal to all people Ethnic religions Appeal to a smaller group of people living in one place
World Distribution of Religions
21.422 N, 39.826 E: Holy Mosque and the Kaaba, Mecca (Makkah), Saudia Arabia 31.778 N, 35.231 E: Jerusalem, Church of Resurrection 41.903 N, 12.453 E: Vatican City 40.770 N, 111.893 W: Temple Square, Salt Lake City 55.752 N, 37.623 E: St. Basil s Cathedral, Moscow 27.469 N, 83.275 E: Lumbini (Buddha s birthplace), Nepal
Universalizing religions Christianity The largest world religion (about 2 billion adherents) Many adherents in Europe, the Americas Three major branches Roman Catholicism (51 percent) Protestant Christianity (24 percent) Eastern Orthodox (11 percent) Other, smaller branches of Christianity comprise 14 percent of all Christians
Distribution of Christians in the United States
Universalizing religions Islam The second-largest world religion (about 1.3 billion adherents) Significant clusters in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia Core of Islamic belief = the five pillars Two significant branches Sunnis (83 percent) Shias or Shiites (16 percent)
Universalizing religions Buddhism About 400 million adherents (difficult to quantify) Significant clusters in China, Southeast Asia The Four Noble Truths Three branches Mahayana (China, Japan, Korea) Theravada (Southeast Asia) Tantrayana (Tibet, Mongolia)
Holy places in Buddhism. Note how most are located in northeastern India and southern Nepal because they were sites of important events in Buddha s life.
Ethnic religions Hinduism The third-largest religion in the world (900 million adherents) 97 percent of Hindus are found in India Many paths to spirituality. Caste System (based on reincarnation principle) Many followers tend to worship Vishnu or Shiva or Krishna.
Animist Religions Native American System based upon belief of in a supreme or Great Spirit that oversees the universe. It is interpreted by shamans. Diffusion by migration diffusion north to south through the Americas. Voodoun (Voodoo) West African, Afro-Brazilian, Afro Caribbean descendents Multiple deities that control different parts of the lived world. Diffusion by relocation diffusion as West Africans were forced to migrate under European directed slavery.
Ethnic religions Other ethnic religions Confucianism (China) Daoism (China) Shinto (Japan) Judaism (today: the United States, Israel) Considered first monotheistic religion Ethnic African religions Animism
Buddhism Hinduism Locals meet Figure with Monks 6-4 and present them with food. Hindus bathe in Figure the Ganges 6-5 River
Religions of the United States How would having approx. 30 million citizens who are atheist or nonreligious affect the nation? How could you explain why such a strong number exists in the United States?
Origin of religions Universalizing: precise origins, tied to a specific founder Christianity Founder: Jesus Islam Prophet of Islam: Muhammad Buddhism Founder: Siddhartha Gautama
Origin of religions Ethnic: unclear or unknown origins, not tied to a specific founder Hinduism No clear founder Earliest use of Hinduism = sixth century B.C. Archaeological evidence dating from 2500 B.C.
Diffusion of religions Universalizing religions Christianity Diffuses via relocation and expansion diffusion Islam Diffuses to North Africa, South and Southeast Asia Buddhism Slow diffusion from the core
Diffusion of Universalizing Religions Church of the Holy Selpuchre, Jerusalem
Diffusion of Universalizing Religions Hindu Temple Complex in Cambodia.
Limited diffusion of ethnic religions Universal religions usually compete with ethnic religions Examples of mingling: Christianity with African ethnic religions Buddhism with Confucianism in China and with Shinto in Japan Ethnic religions can diffuse with migration Judaism = exception
Holy places In universalizing religions Buddhist shrines Holy places in Islam = associated with the life of Muhammad In ethnic religions Holy places in Hinduism = closely tied to the physical geography of India
Read the key at the bottom. Take a sampling of the sites and note the main deity or form of worship.
The calendar In ethnic religions = celebration of the seasons The Jewish calendar The solstice In universalizing religions = celebration of the founder s life
Places of worship Many types: Christian churches, Muslim mosques, Hindu temples, Buddhist and Shinto pagodas, Bahá í houses of worship Figure 6-19
Sacred space Disposing of the dead Burial Other ways of disposing of the dead Religious settlements Religious place names
Religious Toponyms Compare religious toponyms within Quebec s boundaries with that of Ontario s, New York s, and Vermont s. Quebec has a predominantly Roman Catholic population and a large number of settlements are named after saints. Figure 6-21
Administration of space Hierarchical religions Latter-day Saints Roman Catholics Locally autonomous religions Islam Protestant denominations
Roman Catholic Hierarchy in the United States Hierarchy in religion. The Pope (Bishop of Diocese in Rome) Roman Catholic Church divides the U.S. into provinces. Provinces headed by Archbishop Provinces divided into dioceses Diocese that were headed by archbishops Figure 6-22 are archdioceses